This thesis is about problematics of creating Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model suited for analysis of airflow around sitting passive person. Thesis includes analysis of velocity field distribution, thermal distribution and thermal losses in the surroundings of sitting thermal dummy (computational model) and comparison of these values with experimental measurements. Thesis is a part of large experimental research (this research is not included here) focused on creating of functional method used for person-surrounding airflow analysis in future commercial use.

The clothing is the closest envelope of the human body, and hence, has the primary im-pact on thermal comfort, physiological response of the human body and environmental strain. On the other hand, the clothing microenvironment is affected by physiological reactions (sweating, temperature distribution, body movement). Nowadays, thermal sweating manikins used to study the interactions of the body-clothing-environment system are unable to simulate adequately the spatial and transient thermal behaviour of the human body. Ideally, a human simulator should ‘feel’ and re-spond dynamically to the thermal environment as real humans do. In this work thermal sweating devices were coupled with the iesd-Fiala multi-node model of human physiology and thermal comfort. The coupling procedure was first de-veloped for the iesd-Fiala model and a single-sector cylinder Torso. A new single-sector thermophysiological human simulator reproduced adequately the overall physiological response of the average human, which was proved by comparison with results of human subject tests for a wide range of environmental conditions. In the next step, the elaborated coupling method was applied to the multi-sector, ana-tomically-shaped thermal sweating manikin SAM. The multi-sector thermophysiologi-cal human simulator with homogenous surface temperature distribution reproduced the thermal behaviour observed in human subject tests with good accuracy. However, an attempt to advance this human simulator to one with a heterogeneously distributed sur-face temperature was unsuccessful, as the results predicted by the simulator differed greatly from those obtained from human subject tests. The single-sector physiological simulator has been shown to perform well in the valida-tion tests with use of clothing ensembles. Time saving testing, repeatability of the measurement of the physiological response of an average individual and the ability of testing in conditions unsafe for humans are major advantages of this human simulator.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the influence of different types of HVAC system outlets on convective heat transfer from a human body. The first part of the thesis consists of an overview of essentials important for understanding the issue, specifically, metabolism, thermoregulation, heat transfer mechanisms, thermal vote and fluid dynamics. The second part defines the main working hypothesis and describes the used experimental approach leading either to confirmation or disproval of the hypothesis. The chosen approach is based on a measurement with thermal mannequin “Newton” using two different configurations: constant surface temperature and constant generated heat flux. In case of the first configuration, the convection intensity indicator was the value of heat flux generated from each of surface segments of the thermal mannequin. Their surface temperature was the indicator when running the experiment using the second configuration. The value was evaluated by the thermal mannequin as well as the thermal camera Flir i7 which provided more detailed division of the surface. The final part of the thesis describes the progress of the experiment itself, represents gathered values involving analysis of contaminants and confirms or disproves the original thesis.

Empathetic communication enhances the nurse-patient relationship and improves patient outcomes and needs to be taught and evaluated during simulated clinical experiences. Experience in healthcare education has shown students' empathy levels decrease over time. The purpose of this quasi-experimental pretest posttest, study was to compare nursing students' empathy levels, self-confidence, and satisfaction with simulation between the use of the high-fidelity manikin simulator (HFMS) and a standardized patient (SP) used during their simulated clinical experience. Kolb's experiential learning theory was used to guide the study through the four phases specific to simulation and learning. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 135 nursing students in the pre-simulation survey; 123 participants completed the post-simulation survey with 64 in the control group (HFMS) and 59 in the experimental group (SP). Data were analyzed using an independent t-test to determine if there were any mean differences between the HFMS and SP groups in terms of empathy, satisfaction, and self-confidence. Empathy was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professions Student and the NLN's Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Scales. Results revealed there were no significant difference in students' empathy levels, self-confidence, and satisfaction. Positive social change through prioritizing nursing students' empathetic communication in patient care may be enhanced in the simulated clinical environment with various approaches. Recommendations for future research are to determine what interventions best develop nursing students' empathy, satisfaction, and self-confidence in patient care .

Increasing concern about energy consumption and thesimultaneous need for an acceptable thermal environment makesit necessary to estimate in advance what effect differentthermal factors will have on the occupants. Temperaturemeasurements alone do not account for all climate effects onthe human body and especially not for local effects ofconvection and radiation. People as well as thermal manikinscan detect heat loss changes on local body parts. This factmakes it appropriate to develop measurement methods andcomputer models with the corresponding working principles andlevels of resolution. One purpose of this thesis is to linktogether results from these various investigation techniqueswith the aim of assessing different effects of the thermalclimate on people. The results can be used to facilitatedetailed evaluations of thermal influences both in indoorenvironments in buildings and in different types ofvehicles. This thesis presents a comprehensive and detaileddescription of the theories and methods behind full-scalemeasurements with thermal manikins. This is done with new,extended definitions of the concept of equivalent temperature,and new theories describing equivalent temperature as avector-valued function. One specific advantage is that thelocally measured or simulated results are presented with newlydeveloped "comfort zone diagrams". These diagrams provide newways of taking into consideration both seat zone qualities aswell as the influence of different clothing types on theclimate assessment with "clothing-independent" comfort zonediagrams. Today, different types of computer programs such as CAD(Computer Aided Design) and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)are used for product development, simulation and testing of,for instance, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)systems, particularly in the building and vehicle industry.Three different climate evaluation methods are used andcompared in this thesis: human subjective measurements, manikinmeasurements and computer modelling. A detailed description ispresented of how developed simulation methods can be used toevaluate the influence of thermal climate in existing andplanned environments. In different climate situationssubjective human experiences are compared to heat lossmeasurements and simulations with thermal manikins. Thecalculation relationships developed in this research agree wellwith full-scale measurements and subject experiments indifferent thermal environments. The use of temperature and flowfield data from CFD calculations as input produces acceptableresults, especially in relatively homogeneous environments. Inmore heterogeneous environments the deviations are slightlylarger. Possible reasons for this are presented along withsuggestions for continued research, new relationships andcomputer codes. Key-words:equivalent temperature, subject, thermalmanikin, mannequin, thermal climate assessment, heat loss,office environment, cabin climate, ventilated seat, computermodel, CFD, clothing-independent, comfort zone diagram. / <p>QCR 20161027</p>

" The Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility (NCTRF) has been conducting fabric research for many decades. This project is a joint effort in establishing new test methods for evaluating the thermal protection garments provide. As a result of this project a new full scale test facility was constructed and is now operational. In this facility, a new traversing manikin test has been developed and will hopefully become a recognized test standard in the future. The traversing manikin test is designed to work with current test methods but also to provide a more detailed evaluation of a garment. Incorporated into the facility is the ability to reconfigure the fire source to recreate design fires that resemble those likely to occur onboard naval ships. While the data gather thus far is limited, it is believed with future testing a large set of data will be available to allow a cross comparison of this test with established test methods. "

<p>Increasing concern about energy consumption and thesimultaneous need for an acceptable thermal environment makesit necessary to estimate in advance what effect differentthermal factors will have on the occupants. Temperaturemeasurements alone do not account for all climate effects onthe human body and especially not for local effects ofconvection and radiation. People as well as thermal manikinscan detect heat loss changes on local body parts. This factmakes it appropriate to develop measurement methods andcomputer models with the corresponding working principles andlevels of resolution. One purpose of this thesis is to linktogether results from these various investigation techniqueswith the aim of assessing different effects of the thermalclimate on people. The results can be used to facilitatedetailed evaluations of thermal influences both in indoorenvironments in buildings and in different types ofvehicles.</p><p>This thesis presents a comprehensive and detaileddescription of the theories and methods behind full-scalemeasurements with thermal manikins. This is done with new,extended definitions of the concept of equivalent temperature,and new theories describing equivalent temperature as avector-valued function. One specific advantage is that thelocally measured or simulated results are presented with newlydeveloped "comfort zone diagrams". These diagrams provide newways of taking into consideration both seat zone qualities aswell as the influence of different clothing types on theclimate assessment with "clothing-independent" comfort zonediagrams.</p><p>Today, different types of computer programs such as CAD(Computer Aided Design) and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)are used for product development, simulation and testing of,for instance, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)systems, particularly in the building and vehicle industry.Three different climate evaluation methods are used andcompared in this thesis: human subjective measurements, manikinmeasurements and computer modelling. A detailed description ispresented of how developed simulation methods can be used toevaluate the influence of thermal climate in existing andplanned environments. In different climate situationssubjective human experiences are compared to heat lossmeasurements and simulations with thermal manikins. Thecalculation relationships developed in this research agree wellwith full-scale measurements and subject experiments indifferent thermal environments. The use of temperature and flowfield data from CFD calculations as input produces acceptableresults, especially in relatively homogeneous environments. Inmore heterogeneous environments the deviations are slightlylarger. Possible reasons for this are presented along withsuggestions for continued research, new relationships andcomputer codes.</p><p><b>Key-words:</b>equivalent temperature, subject, thermalmanikin, mannequin, thermal climate assessment, heat loss,office environment, cabin climate, ventilated seat, computermodel, CFD, clothing-independent, comfort zone diagram.</p>

Das Menschmodell MANIKIN bietet dem Anwender neue Möglichkeiten in der Analyse des arbeitstechnischen Umfeldes in der bekannten Pro/ENGINEER Umgebung. Dazu kann auf eine anthropometrische Datenbank zurückgegriffen werden. Neben einfachen Analysen, wie Reichweite und Sichtfenster, steht auch ein umfangreiches Angebot an Ergonomie-Analysen zur Untersuchung von Arbeitsprozessen zur Verfügung. Diese basieren auf den bekannten Grundlagen wie RULA, SNOOK und NIOSH91. Weiterhin ist das Modell gut zur Animation von Menschen bzw. Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen geeignet, wobei hier ein spezielles Wissen über den Aufbau und den Einsatz von Körpersperrbedingungen zuträglich ist.

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Une prédiction réaliste de la posture de conduite est requise tant pour la protection individualisée des conducteurs que pour la conception de véhicules, tout particulièrement lorsque des mannequins numériques (DHM) sont utilisés dans les premières phases de développement. Des plages étendues de réglage du volant et du siège sont disponibles dans les véhicules actuels, offrant aux conducteurs de nombreuses postures de conduite possibles. Ce travail de thèse vise à quantifier la variabilité intra- (i.e. la variabilité posturale pour un même conducteur) et inter-individu (i.e. la variabilité entre différents conducteurs), ainsi qu'à développer un modèle statistique de prédiction de posture de conduite. Les postures de conduite de 34 volontaires représentatifs de la population européenne ont été mesurées sur 5 véhicules différents. En faisant varier les ajustements initiaux du siège et du volant, une variabilité intra-individu de 22 ± 14 mm dans la direction longitudinale (x) et de 16 ± 12 mm dans la direction verticale (z) ont été observées pour la position du siège. En ce qui concerne la position du volant, une variabilité légèrement plus faible a été observée, 20 ± 15 mm en x et 13 ± 9 mm en z. La position du bassin dépend à la fois du type de véhicule et de l'anthropométrie du conducteur. Plus la hauteur d'assise du véhicule est basse, et plus le conducteur est grand, plus le siège est positionné bas et en arrière. Fait intéressant, l'angle du dossier par rapport à la verticale n'est affecté ni par l'anthropométrie du conducteur, ni par le type de véhicule. Un modèle statistique pour la prédiction de la posture de conduite basé sur les données expérimentales est proposé et comparé à d'autres modèles prédictifs existant. Les postures de conduite recueillies expérimentalement sont aussi comparées aux prédictions obtenues avec le mannequin numérique RAMSIS. Si l'on se base sur les valeurs de variabilité intra-individu pour la position des yeux et du bassin comme critère d'évaluation des prédictions de RAMSIS, seulement 16% et 30% des prédictions peuvent être considérées comme correctes. Différentes solutions pour améliorer les prédictions sont proposées / Realistic prediction of driving posture is required for both individualized protection and vehicle packaging especially when a digital human model (DHM) is used in early phase of a vehicle design. A large range of seat and steering wheel adjustments is available in today’s vehicles, offering many possibilities in driving position. The present PhD thesis aims at quantifying intra- (i.e. postural variability for a same driver) and inter-individual (i.e. variability between different drivers) variability and developing a statistical driving posture prediction model. Driving postures of 34 volunteers were recorded on 5 different vehicles, covering a large range of European drivers’ anthropometry and vehicle types. By varying initial adjustments and comparing road and laboratory conditions, we observed an intra-individual variation in the seat position, 22 ± 14 mm in longitudinal (x) direction and 16 ± 12 mm in vertical (z) direction on average. For steering wheel position, slightly smaller variations were also observed, 20 ± 15 mm in x and 13 ± 9 mm in z directions. As expected, hip position was strongly affected by both vehicle and driver’s anthropometry. Drivers sat lower and more backward for a taller driver and a higher seat. Interestingly, torso angle relative to the vertical direction was affected neither by vehicle nor by stature group. A statistical driving posture prediction model based on collected data is proposed and compared with other existing statistical models. Collected driving postures were also compared with the predictions by the digital human software modeling package RAMSIS. If we refer to the range of intra-individual variation in hip and eye locations for assessing RAMSIS predictions, only 30% and 18% of the predictions can be considered as good. Solutions for improving predictions are suggested