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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Glasgow, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 328-340). Print version also available. Mode of access : World Wide Web. System requirements : Adobe Acrobat reader required to view PDF document.

Th.--Lett.--Tours, 1982.

This thesis studies the use and management of a portion of the backcountry in Manning Provincial Park, located 140 miles east of the Vancouver area. Like many other North American wildlands near urban centres. Manning Park is experiencing increased pressure due to population growth in the surrounding area and the current popularity of hiking and camping activities. Demand for backcountry recreation areas appears to be increasing faster than new lands are added to park systems. The result: trails and campsites become more crowded, with possible negative effects on both the physical environment and on the "wilderness experience" of hikers. Environmental quality deterioration, which may indicate that a given area's biophysical carrying capacity has been exceeded, can include pollution of streams, presence of litter, and the chopping of live trees for firewood. Psychological consequences of heavy use have been recognized more recently as important for backcountry management. These refer to the hiker's tolerance for other humans in the area, for some backpackers the wilderness experience is enhanced by social encounters, while for certain individuals, the mere evidence of another camping party can ruin a trip. Little information on Manning Park's backcountry— biophysical characteristics and problems, and visitor numbers, types and needs—has been collected. Additionally, it is felt managers and planners have not given adequate attention to the preferences and opinions of backcountry visitors. Thus, the following steps were undertaken: 1) An examination of various management choices available in planning for backcountry hiking areas, through a review of relevant literature; 2) A case study of the backcountry of Manning Park, focusing on the Heather Trail. First, data were obtained regarding visitors--their backgrounds, preferences for backcountry facilities, numbers of visitors, and management alternatives. Half-hour personal interviews were conducted at campsites in the summer of 1975, followed up with mailed questionnaires in October 1975. Second, information about present management practices, planned future developments, and the opinions of managers on backcountry use and development, was obtained. Personal interviews were conducted with naturalists, administrators, and planners, and the conceptual plan developed fox the area by the Parks Branch planners was examined. 3) Suggestion of practicable management procedures which would help to create a backcountry environment meeting user needs and desires, while aiding in the maintenance of environmental quality. The case study revealed that managers lack the data on use levels, visitor opinions, and environmental conditions, which would greatly assist future management and planning efforts. Visitors, too, lack information concerning the park, its features, and facilities. Additionally, they are not exposed to information about the proper types of behaviour, those least likely to damage the biophysical environment. Two primary reasons exist for this deficiency: the park supplies little information, and visitors tend to avoid the Nature House, thus not receiving the available information. The following recommendations were set forward: 1) That a hiker registration system be implemented; 2) That mere extensive information be made available, and that visitors be encouraged to take advantage of it; *3 That a naturalist be hired to hike the Heather Trail loop during peak use times; *4 That unobtrusive physical measures be taken to curb trail erosion and widening; *5 That a new lec-p trail be constructed connecting the Three Brothers peaks; and *6 That park managers participate in seminars and workshops dealing with biophysical and psychological carrying capacity problems in the backccuntry, and various workable solutions to them. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The manning of a ship is a major driver of life cycle cost. The U.S. Government Accounting Office (GAO) has determined that manpower is the single most influential component in the life cycle cost of a ship. Life cycle cost is largely determined by decisions made during concept design. Consequently, reliable manpower estimates need to be included early in the design process, preferably in concept design. The ship concept exploration process developed at Virginia Tech uses a Multi-Objective Genetic Optimization to search the design space for feasible and non-dominated ship concepts based on cost, risk and effectiveness. This requires assessment of thousands of designs without human intervention. The total ship design problem must be set up before actually running the optimization. If manning is to be included in this process, manning estimate tools must be run seamlessly as part of the overall ship synthesis and optimization. This thesis provides a method of implementing a manning task network analysis tool (ISMAT, Integrated Simulation Manning Analysis Tool, Micro Analysis and Design) in an overall ship synthesis program and design optimization. The inputs to the analysis are ship systems (propulsion, combat systems, communication, etc), maintenance strategy, and level of automation. The output of the manning model is the number of crew required to accomplish a given mission for a particular selection of systems, maintenance and automation. Task network analysis programs are ideal for this problem. They can manage the probabilistic nature of a military mission and equipment maintenance, and can be used to simplify the problem by breaking down the complex functions and tasks of a ship's crew. The program builds large and complex functions from small related tasks. This simplifies the calculation of personnel and time utilization, and allows a more flexible scheme for building complex mission scenarios. In this thesis, ISMAT is run in a pre-optimization step to build a response surface model (RSM) for calculating required manning as a function of systems, maintenance and automation. The RSM is added to the ship synthesis model to calculate required manning, and a concept exploration case study is performed for an Air Superiority Cruiser (CGX) using this model. The performance of the manning model in this case study is assessed and recommendations are made for future work. This research shows that there is a difference between minimum manning and optimal manning on US Navy Ships. / Master of Science

The total cost of ownership of a naval ship is largely influenced by decisions made during concept design. In recent years the US Navy has undertaken numerous initiatives to reduce total ownership cost. This has prompted particular interest in reducing manning, as this is the largest single expenditure in total ownership cost. Normally ships are designed and then a study is performed to determine their required manning, but manning has a significant design impact and designs can either be too small to accommodate necessary manning or too large and costly if manning is overestimated. Manpower analysis implemented early in the design process and included in design synthesis could significantly minimize total ownership cost while optimizing ship design performance. The Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering at Virginia Tech has developed a Multi-Objective Genetic Optimization process to aid in ship concept exploration. This thesis describes a manning model created to be incorporated into this ship synthesis and optimization. DDG-51 guided missile destroyer manning is used as a baseline for a guided missile destroyer (DDGx) concept exploration. ISMAT (Integrated Simulation Manning Analysis Tool) discrete event manning tool is used to decompose complex ship operations into functions and tasks to build scenarios and assign crewmembers to accomplish maintenance and ship operations and ultimately calculate manning requirements as a function of ship mission, system, size, automation and maintenance strategy. The manning model results are then linked to the ship synthesis model and design optimization to determine an estimated crew number for a particular ship design. This thesis demonstrates that a manning estimation tool can effectively be linked to a naval ship concept exploration process and have a significant impact on selected designs. / Master of Science

This study is aimed at understanding and comparing the organizational management system and performance among the TV center of Republic Of China's armed forces, and collects info of the multi-media units of the USAF and educational program production unit of the Open University of Kaohsiung to get a picture of the current status of those organizations pertaining to multi-media program production, and serves as a reference for the future development of the TV centers of ROC's armed forces. The research approach used there is characteristic-oriented. TV centers of the Army, Navy, and Air Force are the study objects. Through interview with members of each service's TV center and the Open Universality of Kaohsiung to gain more detail information to be used as reference. From the result to understand the organization, manpower, equipment investment, production quantities and contents, then further the study on those multi-media units of USAF and the Open Universality of Kaohsiung to induce two discussion topics:merging and outsourcing. The first issue is to discuss whether it's practicable for merging the TV centers of the services. The second issue is to find whether it's feasible for the programs to be outsourced. Finally I'd like to bring up the limitation, contribution and suggestion of this study.

Human Systems Integration Capstone. / Unlimited distribution. / Expeditionary Helicopter Sea Combat Squadrons (HSC) operate on Navy amphibious assault ships to provide search and rescue (SAR), logistics and combat support. When embarked, the detachments are the primary SAR asset and have requirements levied upon them by NAVAIR 00-80T-106 to maintain aircraft SAR readiness postures in support of ship and embarked Marine Corps aircraft operations. The goal of this study was to identify what impacts would occur to flight support personnel effectiveness if OPNAV 3710.7U sleep requirements were deviated from in order to meet minimum personnel requirements. The conclusion reached was that safety concerns are present when OPNAV 3710.7U sleep requirements for flight support personnel are violated to maintain NAVAIR 00-80T-106 operational requirements. The study found that worker effectiveness varies systematically with the duration of sleep interruption encountered. Minimum predicted effectiveness comes at three hours with the predicted values at two, three and four hours being essentially equal. When sleep interruptions exceed 1.55 hours, effectiveness levels drop below 70%, equivalent to experiencing a .08 BAC. A model for subsequent interruptions over the preceding days found that worker effectiveness varies systematically with the number of days between interruptions. The effect of sleep interruptions of multiple nights was greatest two days between interruptions. A minimum of four to five days between sleep interruptions is required for interruption effects to not be cumulative.

This thesis is intended as a detailed examination of Dr. Manning's activities and statements concerning war and peace. It will show his importance as a leader of public opinion on matters of American international responsibility; as a leader of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the same area; and as one of the very few Christian spokesmen of the past decades who anticipated and encouraged America's slowly growing understanding of her place in the family of nations.

Ingeniero Civil / En la presente memoria se brinda una herramienta computacional de acople a HEC-RAS, denominada MR-HR, la cual es capaz de resolver escurrimientos sobre lechos tanto rugosos como macro rugosos en cauces naturales, mediante la implementación de diferentes expresiones no lineales que dan cuenta del efecto de la macro rugosidad. La primera etapa del estudio, consistió en la recopilación de antecedentes generalizados de pérdida de carga en cauces naturales. Posteriormente se recopilaron los antecedentes de pérdida de carga asociados con lechos macro rugosos, particularmente, las parametrizaciones del número de Strickler de Keulgean (1938), Limerinos (1970), Parker y Peterson (1980) y Ayala y Oyarce (1993). Estas expresiones fueron ajustadas para lograr una transición suave entre lechos macro rugosos y rugosos, forzando a que el número de Strickler en lechos rugosos fuera igual a 0.12. Luego se desarrolló una aplicación en un caso real en un tramo particular del río Baker, de 148 km de extensión, comprendidos entre Baker 1 y la desembocadura en caleta Tortel. Esta aplicación se dividió en dos partes. En la primera, se simplificó el lecho del cauce asumiendo un sólo diámetro característico para todo éste, lo que implicó que la macro rugosidad varió únicamente por el desarrollo del eje hidráulico. En la segunda, se abordó el problema lo más general posible, admitiendo que la macro rugosidad variará tanto en función del desarrollo del eje hidráulico como en función de la variación longitudinal del tamaño de los sedimentos del lecho. El sentido de dividir la aplicación en dos partes fue que en la primera etapa, simplificada, se buscó analizar los factores de los que dependían los ejes hidráulicos proporcionados por las distintas parametrizaciones, y en la segunda etapa, se buscó corroborar lo anterior y comparar los resultados con el eje hidráulico proporcionado por un coeficiente de Manning uniforme para todo el cauce que obvió los efectos de la macro rugosidad. Los resultados de la primera etapa sugirieron que el desarrollo de ejes hidráulicos considerando las parametrizaciones aquí revisadas, es un problema que carece de generalidad en términos de que no siempre es posible esperar que una parametrización brinde alturas de escurrimiento mayores que las demás. Esto se debe a que aparte de la parametrización seleccionada, el desarrollo del eje hidráulico está influenciado por la distribución espacial de los números de Strickler que a su vez dependen de otros factores como el caudal, la geometría particular del cauce y las condiciones de borde del problema. En la segunda etapa, se corroboraron las hipótesis anteriores para un caudal en particular, y con respecto a la comparación entre considerar un lecho como macro rugoso y no considerarlo, se obtuvieron diferencias significativas dada la comparación desigual realizada. Finalmente se menciona que los resultados obtenidos son particulares y que por ningún motivo deben extrapolarse a otros problemas sometidos a distintas condiciones, y se proporcionan consideraciones que se deberían tener en cuenta al momento de evaluar los resultados brindados por MR-HR.