Les phycotoxines lipophiles sont des métabolites secondaires produits par certaines espèces phytoplanctoniques. Elles s'accumulent dans les mollusques filtreurs et peuvent provoquer une intoxication chez l'homme avec une grande variété de symptômes. Ce travail s’est attaché à mieux connaitre leur devenir chez l’homme et leurs effets après ingestion en apportant des données sur leur absorption intestinale et leur métabolisme hépatique puisque ces phénomènes affectent la quantité de toxine circulant dans l’organisme et donc la génération d’effets toxiques. En outre, plusieurs phycotoxines se retrouvent parfois simultanément dans les coquillages alors que les effets de ces mélanges sont encore méconnus. Quatre phycotoxines lipophiles, l'acide okadaïque (AO), la pecténotoxine-2 (PTX-2), la yessotoxine (YTX) et le spirolide (SPX-1), ont été sélectionnées. Le passage intestinal a été évalué à l’aide de cellules intestinales humaines Caco-2 mimant l’épithélium intestinal. Si des différences d’absorption ont été observées pour les 4 phycotoxines, nos résultats ont montré que l’épithélium intestinal était également capable de les renvoyer dans la lumière intestinale, limitant ainsi la quantité circulant dans l’organisme. De même, à l’aide d’extraits de foie, nous avons montré que la structure des 4 phycotoxines était modifiée, principalement par des réactions d'hydroxylation. Concernant les effets mélanges, l'ajout d'une autre toxine (PTX-2, YTX ou SPX-1) à l'AO entraîne des effets moins importants avec de faibles concentrations, et des effets additifs ou plus importants avec des concentrations plus élevées. Ces résultats apportent des données complémentaires pouvant servir à confirmer ou réviser les seuils réglementaires établis pour ces toxines. / Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some phytoplankton species. They accumulate in filter-feeding molluscs and can cause intoxication in humans with a wide variety of symptoms. This work aimed at bringing better knowledge on their fate in humans and their effects after ingestion by providing data on their intestinal absorption and their hepatic metabolism since these phenomena affect the amount of toxin circulating in the body and therefore the generation of toxic effects. In addition, several phycotoxins are sometimes found simultaneously in shellfish while the effects of these mixtures are still unknown. Four lipophilic phycotoxins, okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), yessotoxin (YTX) and spirolide (SPX-1) were selected. The intestinal passage was evaluated using human intestinal Caco-2 cells mimicking the intestinal epithelium. If differences in absorption were observed for the 4 phycotoxins, our results showed that the intestinal epithelium was also able to send them back into the intestinal lumen, thus limiting the amount circulating in the body. Similarly, using liver extracts, we showed that the structure of the 4 phycotoxins was modified, mainly by hydroxylation reactions. For mixtures effects, the addition of another toxin (PTX-2, YTX or SPX-1) to OA results in lower effects at low concentrations, and additive or larger effects at higher concentrations. These results provide additional data that can be used to confirm or revise regulatory thresholds established for these toxins.

Marine biotoxins constitute one of the major hazards associated with seafood consumption. Risk assessments are essential for the effective management of problems arising from marine biotoxins occurrence, as they are a prerequisite for the establishment or periodic re-evaluation of marine biotoxins regulatory limits and for the adoption of appropriate risk management plans. Risk assessments are science-based data-intensive processes, and their successful outcomes are largely dependent on the quality of data used when they are carried out. In fact, data-related challenges are the most frequently reported issues rendering most marine biotoxins’ risk assessments conducted to date as inconclusive. Notably, data quality perceptions among the stakeholders involved in risk assessments may vary significantly, which may be a human factor influencing data quality. As such, the problem addressed in this thesis is the shortage of empirical information on how data quality is perceived by the different stakeholder roles involved in risk assessments relevant to marine biotoxins hazards. The focus of this thesis is thus to investigate the perceptions of diverse stakeholders within the information chain, namely data producers, collectors and consumers/users, regarding the quality of data used in risk assessments of marine biotoxins hazards, to provide a contribution directed towards data quality improvement. This was done by means of a survey, gathering data through interviewing a number of recognized marine biotoxins’ experts with documented experience in risk assessments. The research question of this study is: “What are the perceptions of data quality among diverse stakeholders along the information chain relevant to marine biotoxins’ risk assessments?” To answer the research question, the concept of data quality for marine biotoxins data destined for risk assessments was dissected into seven individual subtopics on which the perceptions of expert participants of all three roles were captured. The subtopics explored included: data quality challenges; changes in marine biotoxins data quality during the last decade; awareness on data quality legislation and standardization; importance of data quality dimensions, objectives and key performance indicators; importance of data quality-related feedback exchange between stakeholders of the relevant information chain; factors for successful adoption of harmonized standardized formats for marine biotoxins data collection; and suggestions for data quality improvement. The perceptions gathered per subtopic were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis, yielding a total of twelve themes, namely communication, compound, data/quality control, Information Technology or Data Collection Framework, legislation, method, organization, people, policy, risk assessment procedure, society/environment and toxicological aspects, with each subtopic containing items categorized within several of these themes. Certain differences were observed in the perceptions between participants of diverse data roles, in the sense that data producers and to a lesser extent data users mostly focused on themes relevant to analytical methodology, compound particularities, data and quality control, toxicological aspects and policies. On the other hand, data collectors’ views were more concentrated on items relevant to Information Technology or Data Collection Framework and organization. It is noted, however, that interpretation of these trends needs to consider that in many of the study participants different roles overlapped in the same person. This indicates that results should be cautiously generalized. Nevertheless, they could constitute a basis for further research to generate deeper knowledge in the field of data quality in risk assessments relevant to marine biotoxins and gain further insights on the differences in perceptions among data roles.

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