Abstract The near shore water intake pollutants from the land area and is heavily polluted. In order to assess such impact efficiently, the focus of marine environmental monitoring is shifting from inspecting pollutants in a water body to the measurement of pollutants adhered to sediments on seabed. The statistical methods are then used to analyze survey data for the purpose of interpretation. As for the problem of identifying the spatial distributions of classified pollutants over the water around Kaohsiung harbor, the result from the commonly used K-Means Cluster Analysis is not very satisfactory. It is therefore that the proposed research is trying to use the Fuzzy Cluster Method (FCM) to achieve better results. Through adaptive searching approach, the FCM should be able to generate the appropriate cluster centers for discerning the pollutants¡¦ spatial distribution, which in turn would convey more meaning to support feasible interpretation. The FCM model developed by this research will also help to trace the most suspicious or new pollutant source with the assistance from the domain expertise if an unusual pollutant were found in the study area. The benefit is therefore obvious that the authority in charge of marine environment can respond efficiently and correctly against such pollution event and take appropriate actions. FCM has been heavily applied to the research on computer vision and pattern recognition with great success. Recently quite amounts of literatures in the environmental and natural resource management study, including geo-statistical modeling, pollution mitigation, and groundwater quality management, have probed into the applications of cluster analysis using FCM. The problems of marine environment are highly complex and full of uncertainty in nature. Nevertheless by introducing advanced analysis techniques, such as FCM, for tackling such problems, the overall managerial efficiency of marine environment will be improved.

Whales are an enigma. It is difficult to pin them down because they straddle categories. Whales were difficult not just because of their extraordinary size, but rather because they were peculiar sorts of fish, with meat more like wild boar than tuna. In the same way that they existed at the intersection of classifications, with features of land and sea creatures, whales also were a nexus in a web of linkages between the ocean and the shore. By focusing on whales and the boundaries they straddle, this dissertation highlights the often surprising interconnections between coastal activities and inland life in early modern Japan (1600-1900). / East Asian Languages and Civilizations

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第25058号 / 法博第304号 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 濵本 正太郎, 教授 酒井 啓亘, 教授 玉田 大 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

The west coast of Taiwan is densely populated with frequently activities for industrial and economic developments. The area is also the site with the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (CWD). Because the arising of ecosystem conservation, the government has attempted to promote the west coast as the marine protected areas (MPAs) for the CWD. Nevertheless, it is required to assess changes of environmental condition and marine environmental quality around the area before the establishment of marine protected areas to the site. If ineffective monitoring is implemented, then the establishment of marine protected areas will be no use. This study was initiated to assess the marine environmental condition by collecting and surveying the long term monitoring data that were published under the government reports and documents to assess the temporal and spatial trends of environmental factors. The data consists of rivers, trench, and marine water or sediments. The study areas covered Taichung County to Yunlin County. The methods for assessing the environmental quality included the use of geographic information system (GIS) for the biological distribution, regression analysis for the trend monitoring of chemical contaminants and physical environmental factors between 2001 ¡V 2010 year surveys. The overall environmental quality within the studied sites were further evaluated for the river pollution index (RPI) and the habitat suitability index (HSI). The survey results of 10 years river monitoring from Taichung to Yunlin showed that Hsin-Huu-Wei River belong to serious pollution with RPI 6.67 value. Yuanlin drainage, one of the six drainages of Chang Hua Coast Industrial Park, belongs to serious pollution with RPI 6.08 value. The RPI results of Six trenches around the Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park showed that Tien-Wei trench 2, Lun-Wei trench 1, and Ji-An trench belong to mid level of pollution (RPI 3.7~3.975). In the marine water survey, the results showed that the pH values were found lower at southern-ward monitoring station nearby the Formosa Petrochemical Corporation No. 6 Naphtha Cracking Industry site. The nitrogen-NH3 concentrations were found high in Jhuo-Shuei River and No. 6 Naphtha Cracking industry. The concentration of Chlorophyll-a was high in Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park. In the survey of sediment, Hsin-Huu-Wei River arsenic concentration (As) was over the EPA guidelines, but the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn were within the level of required limits. In the biological survey, the results showed that abundance and species were not evenly distributed with non-comprehensive trends related to the environmental condition or changes. These indicated that biological monitoring survey displayed less important than physical and chemical monitoring for the assessment of man-made pollution or environmental impact from the industrial activities. Overall the monitor sites of river, drainage and trench were differed without a consistent sampling scheme. The offshore sites were sampled greatly in distance, i.e. the farthermost point at four sea miles that had caused difficulties for the comparison of data results collected in different time. It is very uneasy to evaluate the pollution monitoring results. Thus, it is required to develop a long-term environmental quality monitoring plan for the assessment of water quality and sediment of river and marine water with appropriate / consistency sampling method, monitor time and site scheme. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is required to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine environment.

The west coast of Taiwan is enriched with biological resources. The areas are the economic development sites with highly industrialized activities and densely population. The government attempts to promote the sites for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPA) because of the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa Chinensis) which is the most important issues against the sustainable development of economy. Thus, the present study was initiated to assess the marine environmental quality (MEQ) in the west coast of Taiwan. The research consists of the integral monitoring assessments of rivers, estuaries and the marine areas. This work collected, reviewed and analyzed the environmental monitoring data from industrial environmental impact assessment reports and governmental documents for the evaluation of spatial and temporal trends of the west coast areas over the last ten year. The assessment is required to understand the possible interactive problems between the marine protected areas and the marine environmental quality prior to the establishment of MPA acts. The present work consists of the subsection of coastal areas ranging from Hsinchu Country to Taichung Harbour. Ten annual monitoring data including the water quality or sediments of rivers, estuaries, and marine were assessed for the spatial and temporal trends of physical, chemical and biological changes over the years. The approaches for assessing the sites included the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and linear regression of monitoring data. The levels of pollution were also evaluated by using the river pollution index (RPI). The effect of habitat suitability index (HSI) was also calculated. The results of river water quality assessment showed that the Ke-ya-si, Jhong-gang river, and Nan-gan river were seriously polluted with RPI¡Ö6. The river seiment contaminants (Cu¡BNi) were significantly increased in the Ke-ya-si and Jhong-gang river. The water quality of Taichung Port drainage showed serious pollution with low dissolved oxygen (DO), high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, and high counts of coli-forms. The Taichung Port drainage sediment contaminants (As¡BCu¡BHg¡BZn) had higher than the average of EPA guidelines. This could be resulting from the significant point source of industries pollutants discharged into the river. The significant amounts of waste water discharged into ocean could cause the impacts to the marine environment. The present study demonstrated the impacts to the river monitoring site although the ocean water quality monitoring contaminants were found without signicant changes in all time. This suggests that the ocean water quality monitoring sites were inconsistently sampled at 4 nm away from the coast which caused the dilution of contaminant concentrations and affecting the monitoring effectiveness. The sediment contaminants in Taichung Port monitoring site showed with the exception of appearing unusual change. The results also showed that there is lack of bio-monitoring program carried out in rivers, estuary, and marine that are imperatively needed to resolve the ineffective sampling protocol implemented in the current coastal environmental monitoring. This is owing to the non unified for authorization between the municipality and environmental bureau. The Canada Ocean Acts on assessing the water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine as a whole concept were compared with the present study. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is needed to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine management.

Since the 1950s, more than 6 million dolphins have died as by-catch in the American yellowfin tuna fishery. These deaths were not caused by accidental incidents between fishermen and dolphins but resulted from a method of fishing that purposefully targeted these animals in order to catch yellowfin tuna. Referred to as “fishing on porpoise,” this technique remained an industry secret for decades. By the early 1970s, however, dolphin by-catch had become a major environmental issue in the United States, thanks to the work of William F. Perrin. In the following years, politicians, scientists, environmentalists, and members of the tuna industry struggled with how best to resolve the problem. While the debates that arose from the “tuna-porpoise controversy” helped to dramatically reduce dolphin by-catch, these solutions did not come easily. This thesis looks to bring this forgotten moment in American environmental history to the historical forefront by exploring the origins and early years of the tuna-porpoise controversy. By examining this period, this thesis will show why fishermen first used dolphins to catch tuna in the 1950s, how and why dolphin by-catch became such a major environmental issue in the 1970s, and what various groups and individuals did to ameliorate the problem during the period. / Graduate

Thesis (M. Eng. in Ocean Engineering)--Joint Program in Marine Environmental Systems (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-71). / Optical imaging techniques can be used to provide a better understanding of the physical properties of particle clouds. The purpose of this thesis is to design, perform and evaluate a set of experiments using optical imaging techniques to characterize parameters such as shape factor and entrainment coefficient which govern the initial descent phase of particle clouds in water. Several different aspects of optical imaging are considered and evaluated such as the illumination, camera, and data acquisition components. A description of the experimental layout and procedure are presented along with a description of the image processing techniques used to analyze the data collected. Results are presented from a set of experiments conducted with particle sizes ranging from 250 to 980um. A shape factor is used to demonstrate how the cloud's shape changes from approximately spherical to approximately hemispherical over depth. The entrainment coefficient is shown to vary both as a function of depth and particle size diameter. The experimental cloud velocity is compared to the output of a simplified version of the model, STFATE, used to simulate the short term fate of dredged materials in water. This analysis provides a method of evaluating the experimental results and examining the feasibility of using the experimental data to refine the input parameters to the model. / by Elizabeth J. Bruce. / M.Eng.

This study aims to strengthen elementary school students' marine environmental awareness through various learning approaches and board game activities. More specifically, jigsaw cooperative learning, game-based learning, and problem-solving learning approaches were used in this study to investigate the marine environmental awareness of elementary school students. A mixed-methods approach was employed to understand the research questions comprehensively. A total of 43 Taiwanese elementary school fifth-grade students in two classes participated in the study. Twenty-three students in Class 1 played the board game as the treatment in the experiment, and 20 students in Class 2 did not receive treatment but read articles. Quantitative data were collected by surveys and analyzed with statistical methods to measure changes in student marine environmental awareness. Qualitative data were collected by letters and interviews and analyzed thematically to understand students' perceptions and attitudes toward marine environmental problems. The results showed that the learning activities did not statistically significantly enhance marine environmental awareness among Taiwanese elementary students. Therefore, this study concluded that using jigsaw cooperative learning board games can improve elementary school students' marine environmental awareness without significant differences. Last but not least, the implications of research and practice and suggestions for future research were also mentioned in this study.

Effects of man made pollutants on an ecosystem are initiated at the cellular level where a prime determinant for survival of an organism is its ability to metabolise and excrete toxic chemicals or their metabolites, thereby preventing cellular toxicity or damage to germ cell DNA. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are responsible (in concert with the remainder of the Ah battery enzymes) for the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, including the metabolic activation of most environmental toxic chemicals and carcinogens. Genetic polymorphisms which affect performance of these enzymatic detoxification systems may alter tolerance to pollutants and thus survival in polluted environments. Alterations in the susceptibility of individuals and the development of resistant populations has arisen by forced selection of populations with variant genes, resulting in increased detoxification capacity. There is evidence for such scenarios of variations in activities of pollutant biotransforming enzymes of fish contributing to survival in polluted estuarine environments and several chemically resistant populations have been identified in the USA and Europe. In fish it has been demonstrated that CYP1A enzyme activity is required to activate some carcinogenic xenobiotics to a metabolic state in which they can form DNA adducts. The mechanism of reduced CYP1A expression in highly contaminated populations may therefore represent resistance to chemical stressors. European flounder (Platichthys flesus) from some waterways which have a long history of severe sedimentary contamination do not show elevated levels of CYP1A. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether any heritable differences were apparent between offspring from parents inhabiting long-term polluted and pristine areas. Flounder were obtained from a highly polluted estuary in the UK and crossed with fish from a relatively pristine environment. Offspring were raised in communal tanks in order to standardise environmental conditions, and allow investigations into the genetic variation of CYP1A. To allow identification of offspring to parental fish, polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterised for the flounder. Novel cDNA probes to transcription factors in the detoxification pathway (AhR2 and ARNT2) were cloned for flounder, and RT-PCR / Southern blot methods were developed for quantitation of gene transcript levels. A novel method of CYP1A quantification using real-time PCR was developed. PAH and PCB exposure trials were carried out on mixed batch offspring, and CYP1A gene transcript levels assessed using Northern blot and real-time PCR techniques. Offspring were genotyped to their parents using the microsatellites obtained, and CYP1A transcript levels were correlated with clean and polluted areas. CYP1A was further correlated to transcription factor expression, and data are presented. Following exposure to the commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254, CYP1A transcript levels were found to be significantly lower in families whose parents originated from a polluted area. This observation indicates that there is a possible genetic component to variation in CYP1A levels, and that these fish may have acquired a heritable tolerance to polluted areas. The lack of induction, or correlation with CYP1A levels, of AhR2 and ARNT2 expression indicates a possible AhR independent pathway for the metabolism of PCBs in the flounder. © Tom Dixon 2003 http://www.tomdixon.org