O tecido adiposo, através da leptina, desempenha um papel permissivo sobre a maturação sexual do indivíduo. Apesar da importância do tecido adiposo para a puberdade, pouco se sabe a respeito do processo de formação deste tecido neste período da vida. Estudos em humanos têm descrito a presença de resistência à insulina puberal. Assim, frente à importância do tecido adiposo para a puberdade, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a resposta do tecido adiposo à insulina no período puberal. Foram utilizados os coxins adiposos subcutâneo e periepididimal. Na puberdade, paralelamente à intolerância à glicose transitória que ocorreu nas semanas iniciais, e, portanto, prejuízo da utilização da glicose pelos tecidos insulino-dependentes, o tecido adiposo (SC e PE) teve sua responsividade normal à insulina e uma melhor capacidade de incorporação de glicose em lipídeos o que leva a crer que há um desvio da utilização deste substrato energético, a glicose, para a formação do tecido adiposo. / The adipose tissue is critical to puberty. Leptin exerts a permissive role to hypothalamic-hypophysial-gonadal maturation and, thereby, adipose tissue is necessary to pubertal development. Despite its importance to puberty, little is known about the process of adipose tissue formation during this period of life. Researches have described insulin resistance at pubertal period in humans. The adipose tissue importance to puberty added to pubertal insulin resistance described in humans lead us to investigate how the adipose tissue responds to insulin at this period since it is essential at this time. We assessed two distinct fat pads: the subcutaneous fat pad and the epididymal one. At the puberty, despite the temporary glucose intolerance and the constraint for glucose utilization by insulin-dependent tissues, the adipose tissue had normal insulin responsiveness plus an improved capacity to synthesize lipids from glucose which led us to hypothesize that glucose could have been deviated towards the adipose tissue.

Triclosan é um composto orgânico de baixa solubilidade que vem sendo utilizado em formulações de cremes dentais e faciais, xampu, sabonetes, embalagens de gêneros alimentícios e diversos tipos de materiais, tais como, adesivos, brinquedos, sapatos, selantes, tintas, colchão, roupas, pisos, toldos e rejuntes. O amplo uso deste composto deve-se à grande eficácia contra bactérias Gram negativas e Gram positivas. Por seu extenso uso, evidências da presença de Triclosan têm sido frequentemente relatadas em efluentes urbanos e industriais, águas superficiais e sedimentos de ambientes dulcícolas, estuarinos e marinhos, como também em organismos aquáticos como algas, peixes e mamíferos. Neste contexto, o presente estudo avaliou a toxicidade aguda e crônica de Triclosan para diferentes invertebrados marinhos de águas tropicais. Para tanto, ensaios de toxicidade aguda foram realizados com o copépodo Nitokra sp (mortalidade) e com o ouriço-do-mar Lytechinus variegatus (taxa de fertilização). Para a avaliação do efeito crônico, ensaios de toxicidade de curta duração (desenvolvimento embriolarval) foram realizados com o ouriço-do-mar L. variegatus e Perna perna. Além desses métodos, o ensaio do Tempo de Retenção do Corante Vermelho Neutro foi empregado com a finalidade de se avaliar os efeitos do Triclosan sobre a estabilidade da membrana lisossômica de hemócitos de P. perna. Na avaliação do efeito agudo, o valor médio da CL(I)50;96h encontrada para o copépodo foi de 0,20 mg.L-1 enquanto que o valor médio da CI(I)50;1h para ouriço-do-mar foi de 0,28 mg.L-1. Já na avaliação do efeito crônico, o valor médio da CI(I)50;24h para ouriço-do-mar foi de 0,14 mg.L-1 e para o molusco bivalve a média da CI(I)50;48h, foi de 0,13 mg.L-1. O efeito na estabilidade da membrana lisossômica de hemócitos de P. perna ocorreu em concentrações a partir de 12 ng.L-1. Estes resultados evidenciam o risco ecológico da introdução contínua desse composto em ambientes marinhos, e devem ser considerados para identificação de concentrações seguras e futura regulação do bactericida Triclosan na legislação ambiental nacional e internacional. / Triclosan is a low solubility organic compound that has been used in toothpastes, face cream, shampoos, soaps, food packages, and a variety of other materials such as stickers, toys, shoes, paints, clothes, tiles, awnings and grout. The reason for its intense use as biocide is its great efficacy against Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria. Evidences of Triclosan presence in urban and industrial effluents, superficial waters and sediments from freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments, as well as aquatic organisms (algae, fishes, mammals) have been reported in the literature. In this context, the present study assessed the acute and chronic toxicity of Triclosan to different tropical marine invertebrates. Acute toxicity bioassays using the copepod Nitokra sp (mortality) and the sea-urchin Lytechinus variegatus (fertilization rate) were performed. Short-term chronic toxicity bioassays with Lytechinus variegatus and the bivalve mussel Perna perna were carried out in order to assess Triclosan chronic effects. Besides, the Neutral Red Retention Time assay was employed to evaluate the effect of Triclosan on the stability of lysosomal membrane of hemocytes of Perna perna. In the acute toxicity assays, the mean value of LC(I)50;96h obtained for the copepod was 0.20 mg L-1, whereas the mean value of IC(I)50;1h for the sea-urchin was 0.28 mg L-1. In the chronic toxicity assays, the mean value of IC(I)50;24h recorded for the seaurchin was 0.14 mg L-1, whilst for the bivalve mollusk the mean value of IC(I)50;48h was 0.13 mg L-1. The effect on the lysosomal membrane stability of Perna perna hemocytes started to occur from 12 ng L-1. The results evidence the ecological risk associated to the continuous introduction of Triclosan into marine aquatic environments and must be considered in the identification of safety concentrations and future regulation of this bactericide compound in national and international environmental legislation.

Marine sponges interact and coexist with many different organisms. A two-sponge association between Amphimedon erina and Geodia gibberosa commonly occurs in the Florida Keys. Previous studies have only focused on the ecological influence of the association; they did not examine the cellular basis of the association. This association between A. erina and G. gibberosa was used in the development of an in vitro model to further the understanding of the cellular basis of natural sponge-sponge associations. In this study, sponge cells were cultured individually and in co-cultures and their responses related to apoptosis, cell death, and proliferation were monitored using high content imaging. Co-cultured cells of species that form sponge-sponge associations did not have the same cellular responses compared to co-cultured cells of species that do not form sponge-sponge associations. Protein expression analyses demonstrated that the model that was established does not mimic the cellular response of the association in nature, but this model can be used to test in vitro cellular interactions of sponge species that do not form associations in nature. In addition, the protein expression data that were obtained revealed that sponges use similar apoptotic pathways as humans and suggest that sponge cells may shut down cell cycling in order to repair damaged DNA. This research is a small piece to the puzzle that is sponge cell culture research. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Populations of a marine invertebrate symbiont were found on the outer surface and internal spaces of a keratose sponge from a shallow bay in the Florida Keys in May 2014. A total of 24 specimens of the seagrass and reef-dwelling sponge were collected between May 2014 and August 2015 to provide material to identify both host and symbiont, and elucidate information on the nature of the association. Based on a morphological analysis via light microscopy, histology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 99% similarity in aligned partial sequences from 28S and 18S nuclear ribosomal genes (rDNA), the symbiont was identified as the solitary entoproct Loxosomella vivipara Nielsen, 1966 (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae). A partial sequence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region 2 (ITS2) of L. vivipara was registered to GenBank for the first time. The identity of the host sponge, based on a morphological investigation, is resolved as “velvet sponge” Hippospongia cf. gossypina Duchassing and Michelotti, 1864 (Demospongiae: Spongiidae). This is the first report of an entoproct commensal from Hippospongia cf. gossypina, a sponge that formerly had great commercial value when it was abundant throughout the Bahamas, Florida Keys and Gulf of Mexico. Other common sponge species at the study site were collected to investigate the host specificity of L. vivipara. Evidence that L. vivipara favorably selects the sponges Hippospongia cf. gossypina and Chondrilla nucula over other potential host sponges at the study site is provided. Commensalism is the most plausible justification for this relationship: L. vivipara is dependent on sponges for protection and food particles, while the sponges are unaffected by its presence. Further evidence of host-specific inquilinism is provided for L. vivipara associated with Hippospongia cf. gossypina, but not for L. vivipara associated with C. nucula. An inquilinistic association between an entoproct and sponge is a rare discovery only mentioned in one previous study. Sponge aquiferous qualities such as aperture and canal size, canal and choanocyte chamber arrangement, seawater pumping rate, and food particle size selection are likely factors that inhibit or enable inquilinism in sponge-entoproct associations – a potential topic for future researc / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Ao longo dos últimos 20 anos os organismos marinhos se tornaram uma das fontes mais interessantes para o isolamento de produtos naturais biologicamente ativos. Apesar disso, os organismos marinhos da costa brasileira foram muito pouco explorados como fonte de metabólitos secundários. A presente investigação se insere no âmbito de dois projetos temáticos, o primeiro desenvolvido entre 2002 e 2006 e o segundo em andamento, que têm por objetivo melhor conhecer as potencialidades de organismos marinhos da costa brasileira como fonte de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos. Assim, foram investigados extratos bioativos de cinco espécies de invertebrados marinhos: três ascídias, uma esponja e um octocoral, todos oriundos da costa brasileira. O fracionamento dos extratos destes animais resultou no isolamento de 15 compostos, dos quais sete inéditos na literatura. A partir do extrato bruto da ascídia Clavelina oblonga foram isolados dois compostos: a 5-[3,5-dibromo-4([2-oxo-5-oxazonidinil)]metoxifenil]2-oxazolidinona e o (2S,3R)- 2-amino-3-dodecanol. Este último apresentou uma potente atividade antifúngica contra Candida albicans. Do extrato da ascídia Didemnum ligulum foram obtidos dois compostos: a asterubina e a N,N-dimetil-O-metiletanolamina. A investigação química do extrato da ascídia Didemnum sp. resultou no isolamento de quatro dicetopiperazinas modificadas denominadas rodriguesinas A e B, e N-acetil-rodriguesinas A e B. As rodriguesinas A e B foram obtidas na forma de mistura inseparável, e puderam ser identificadas por análises espectroscópicas detalhadas, inclusive por experimentos MS/MS. A mistura contendo as rodriguesinas A e B apresentou moderada atividade antibiótica contra um isolado clínico de Streptococcus mutans, contra S. mutans UA159 e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538. A partir do extrato bruto da esponja Plakortis angulospiculatus foram obtidos seis policetídeos: a plakortenona, a plakortina, o plakortídeo P, o 3,6 epoxi, 4,6,8 trietil-2,4,9-dodecatrienoato de metila, a espongosoritina A e o 3,6 epoxi, 4,6,8 trietil-2,4,-dodecadienoato de metila. Os compostos puros obtidos da esponja P.angulospiculatus foram avaliados em testes de atividade antiparasitária contra Leishmania chagasi e Trypanosoma cruzi, antineuroinflamatória e citotóxica frente a quatro diferentes linhagens de células tumorais. O composto plakortídeo P apresentou potente atividade leishmanicida altamente seletiva. Finalmente, a investigação do extrato bruto do octocoral Carijoa riisei resultou no isolamento de um único constituinte, o esteróide 18-acetoxipregna-1,4,20-trien-3-ona, na qual apresentou atividades tripanomicida e leishmanicida. / Throughout the last 20 years, marine organisms have become one of the most interesting sources for the isolation of biological active natural products. However, marine organisms from the Brazilian coastline have been largely underexplored as source of secondary metabolites. The present investigation was developed in the scope of two thematic projects, the first one during 2002 and 2006 the second one, still in progress, aims the discovery of the potentialities of marine organisms of the Brazilian coast as a source of biologically active secondary metabolites. Bioactive extracts of five species of marine invertebrates have been investigated: three ascidians, one sponge and one octocoral. The fractionation of these extracts led to the isolation of 15 compounds, of which seven are unprecedented in the literature. From the crude extract of the ascidian Clavelina oblonga two compounds have been isolated: [3,5-dibromo-4-[(2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl)]methoxyphenyl]-2- oxazolidinone and (2S,3R)-2-aminododecan-3-ol. The last one displayed potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Two compounds have been obtained from the crude extract of the ascidian Didemnum ligulum: asterubine and N,N-dimethyl-O-methylethanolamine. The chemical investigation of the extract of the ascidian Didemnum sp. resulted in the isolation of four modified diketopiperazines: rodriguesines A and B, was well as N-acetil-rodriguesines A and B. Rodriguesines A and B have been obtained as an unseparable mixture, and have been identified by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data including MS/MS experiments. The mixture of the rodriguesines A and B displayed moderate antibiotic activity against a clinical isolate of Streptococcus mutans, against S. aureus mutans UA159 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538. The crude extract of the sponge Plakortis angulospiculatus have been investigated and six polyketides have been isolated: plakortenone, plakortin, plakortide P, methyl 3,6-epoxy-4,6,8-triethyl-2,4,9-dodecatrienoate, spongosoritin A and methyl 3,6-epoxy-4,6,8-triethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate. The polyketides isolated from the sponge P.angulospiculatus have been evaluated in tests of antiparasitic activity against Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi, antineuroinflammatory and cytotoxic against four different human cancer cell lines. Plakortide P exhibited potent and highly selective leishmanicidal activity. Finally, the chemical investigation of the crude extract from the octocoral Carijoa riisei resulted in the isolation of a single constituent, the known steroid 18- acetoxypregna-1,4,20-trien-3-one, which displayed cytotoxic, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity.

Macroinvertebrates constitute the backbone of megafaunal communities in benthic ecosystems around the globe. Many macroinvertebrates have vital roles in benthic ecosystems, ranging from enhancing habitat complexity to providing staple food sources for other organisms. Regardless of how familiar macroinvertebrates are to the general public, very few studies have attempted to describe benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages across large spatial scale in the continental shelf waters of the Pacific Northwest. This study describes different subtidal macroinvertebrate assemblages off Washington and Oregon based on species-substrata associations and the key species that distinguish one assemblage from another. Two data sets were used for this study: underwater footage collected by the submersible Delta during 1993-1995 geological surveys, and footage collected by the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Hammerhead during macroinvertebrate surveys in late summer 2011. Footages from these surveys were used to document species-substrata associations and distinguish different assemblages based on species composition similarities and dissimilarities. In addition, I determined if a specific group of invertebrates, Asteroids (Echinodermata), were useful in explaining different assemblage patterns, after all other environmental parameters were taken into account. Findings of this study can be used not only to shed light on the structure of macroinvertebrate communities in the Pacific Northwest, but also as baseline data for future research on the direct and indirect effects of potential offshore installations on macroinvertebrate communities across the continental shelf waters. / Graduation date: 2012

Understanding the factors influencing species ranges and dispersal are becoming increasingly important as climate change alters species distributions worldwide. If species are to persist, life-history strategies must rapidly evolve to accommodate shifting environments. This dissertation assesses the factors modulating dispersal in corals. First, I examined if there were any systematic differences in settlement between Indo-Pacific and Caribbean coral larvae that might explain Caribbean recruitment failures. No differences were observed, however I detected significant divergences in settlement cue preferences among coral species across both the Caribbean (Diploria strigosa, and Montastraea franksi) and the Indo-Pacific (Acropora tenuis, A. millepora, and Favia lizardensis), even for coral larvae from the same reef. Secondly, I established the extent of coral dispersal between remote reefs. I evaluated the genetic diversity and divergence across Micronesia for two coral species and investigated if these islands served as a connectivity corridor between the Indo-West-Pacific (Coral Triangle) and the Central Pacific. I found isolation-by-distance patterns whose strength depended on species, suggesting these corals are not panmictic across their ranges and that island stepping-stones facilitate gene flow to remote Pacific reefs. Next, I investigated genetic structure of symbionts in these same corals, to see if horizontally transmitted symbionts are less dispersive than their coral hosts. Symbiont genetic divergence between islands was an order of magnitude larger than host divergence and both host species and environment modulated symbiont composition. These results suggest that symbiont populations are host-specific and associating with local symbionts might be a mechanism for broadly dispersing corals to adapt locally. Lastly, I estimated heritable variation in dispersal-related traits in coral larvae. I observed strong heritable variation in gene expression, as well as parental effects on two phenotypic traits, settlement and fluorescence. I observed that patterns of differential expression in three-day-old larvae predicted variation in settlement and fluorescence two days later. Correlations between proteoglycan expression and settlement suggest that the larval extracellular matrix plays a role in settlement. Down-regulation of ribosomal proteins and differential expression of oxidative stress genes correlated with increasing fluorescence, possibly indicating reduced growth and increased stress. Overall, this dissertation contributes to our knowledge of factors affecting coral dispersal and the potential for evolution of dispersal-related traits. / text

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: p. [183]-210.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.