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A series of fluorinated and non-fluorinated poly(mono- and diitoaconate)s and a perfluorinated acrylate, poly(2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfanamido)ethyl acrylate) have been synthesised, by both solution and bulk chain growth polymerisation methods, characterised and some of their properties (thermal behaviour, surface energy and marine antifouling peformance) have been investigated. Chemical structures were confirmed by Gourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H & 13C NMR) spectroscopies, as well as mass spectrometry. Poly(itaconate)s prepared by solution chain growth polymerisation resulted in low average relative molecular mass (Mw <15000), whereas those prepared by bulk chain-growth polymerisation were of high average molecular mass (Mw ca 60000). The thermal degradation behaviour of polu(monoitaconate)s, Mwca60000, was dominated by dehydration/de-esterification reaction at ca 170 deg.C which yielded a poly(anhydride) structure. Poly(diitaconate)s Mwca 60000, were thermally stable up to ca 285 deg.C above which a chain-unzipping process resulted in the formation of monomer as the major degradation product. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) were not observed for poly(monotaconate)s; for poly(hexanoyl diitaconate) Tg was ca -18 deg.C whereas poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanoyl diitaconate) exhibited two glass transition temperatures, attributed respectively to the relaxation of the alkyl side chain (ca 5 deg.C) and the overall polymer transition (ca 35 deg.C). Poly(hexadecanoyl diitaconate) was the only dditaconate to exhibit a melting endotherm. Surface energy contributions were calculated using the surface tension component (Good-Girafalco-Fowkes) theory. Recently-advanced and recently-receded contact angle measurements were performed at 25.0 + or - 0.2 deg.C for drops of water, diiodomethane and ethylene glycol on the itaconates that could be formed into films. Both recently-advanced and recently-retarded contact angles demonstrated the time-dependency of the wetting behaviour for drops of water, attributed to the slow, stepwise absorption of water by the polymer. Contact angles for drops of diiodomethane and ethylene glycol remained constant over time. Poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanoyl diitaconate), PI-2, possessed the most hydrophobic surface (initial recently-advanced water contact angle: ca 120 degrees), whereas the least hydrophobic material was poly(hexadecanoyl diitaconate), PH-2; initial recently-advanced contact angle: ca 96 deg. Poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanoyl diitaconate), PI-2, exhibited the lowest surface energy (advanced ca 7 mJm-2; receded: mean 9.7 mJm-2), whereas poly(hexadecanoyl diitaconate), PH-2 had the highest (advanced: ca 31-37 mJ m-2; receded 39.7 mJm-2). Poly(dodecanoyl monoitaconate), PA-5/6 exhibited surface energies of ca 22 mJ m-2 (advanced) and ca 31 mJ m-2 (receded). The low surface energy of poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanoyl diitaconate), PI-2 is attributed to both the high hydrophobicity of the surface and the presence of pendent fluorocarbon side chains, which prevent the interaction of diiodomethane molecules with the polymer backbone. The relatively high surface energy of poly(hecadecanoyl diitaconate), PI-2, is due to the lower contact angles measured for this material. Increases in the basic contribution over time and its larger value relative to corresponding acidic contributions are attributed to the uptake of water by the polymer; hydrogen bonding with oxygen atoms of the ester linking group may provide the driving force behind the observed phenomenon. Antifouling performances were evaluated in seawater exposure trials over two fouling seasons. The sequence of fouling events was similar in both seasons: initial settlement by barnacles and algae follwed by settlement of tunicates. In the 1995 exposure trial polymers prepared by solution chain-growth polymerisation as well as a selection of commercial materials were evaluated. All samples exhibited almost no resistance to marine fouling. Suggested contributory factors to their poor performance was their low average relative molecular mass (Mw <15000), a variability of sample coatings or the ineffectiveness of the samples against the inhibition/prevention of settlement/attachment by marine fouling organisms. In the 1996 trial, high average molecular mass poly(itaconate) films prepared by bulk chain-growth polymerisation reactions were exposed. Poly(dodecanoyl monoitaconate)(PA-6), poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanoyl monoitaconate) (PE-6) and poly(hexadecanoyl diitaconate) (PH-2) exhibited slight resistance to marine fouling, with resistances for these materials after seven months of exposure, of 13%, 18% and 34% respectively (control surfaces had fouling resistances of -5%). Areas free from coverage by fouling organisms were observed on all samples. The overall low resistance of poly(itaconate) can most likely be attributed to the absorption of water by these polymer films.

The maritime industry is an economic activity that enables global trade and travel. However, the transportation network is threatened by security risks that seek to exploit vulnerabilities and cause damage to ships, interrupt the global supply chain network, and endanger the lives of crewmembers and passengers. While policies exist to aid in the prevention of attacks, these policies, alone, are insufficient to sustain global maritime domain security and awareness. Policies must be effectively enforced and complemented with highly trained crewmembers who have the knowledge and skills to efficiently prevent, detect, and respond to threats. This study analyzed maritime security policies and model courses to benchmark training requirements and create a topic development matrix for a centralized training academy for maritime security personnel. A course overview, syllabus, and learning objectives were created to reflect required and recommended security training components, with a focus on the cruise industry. This study concluded that a centralized training academy has significant benefits not only directly to the company where it is applied, but also to the maritime industry as a whole. Additional research would conduct evaluations of the academy and customize this curriculum for other companies engaged in ocean trade to enhance global maritime security and awareness.

This thesis explores the concept of heritage within the context of the maritime environment of Aotearoa/ New Zealand. Three case studies, The New Zealand National Maritime Museum in Auckland, TSS Earnslaw which operates on Lake Wakatipu from a base in Queenstown and the Port of Lyttelton, Canterbury, are used to investigate the relationship between the international literature of heritage and the expression of maritime heritage in Aotearoa/ New Zealand. The research is focussed through the investigation of the presentation, and management of maritime heritage. The relationship between the concept of heritage as a global phenomenon and its expression in relation to the maritime heritage of Aotearoa/ New Zealand is discussed using the information obtained through fieldwork. The themes of mobility and conflict are identified as significant in the explanation of the role played by maritime heritage in the interaction between society and its maritime past.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Hamburg.

Thesis (doctoral)--Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen.

Inaug. _ Diss.: Rechts- und staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät: Zürich: 1976. Bibliogr. p. 181-189.

Zugl.: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 2008

Proefschrift--Utrecht. / "Stellingen": [3] p. inserted. "Lijst van literatuur en gedrukte bronnen": p. [302]-307.

Inaug.-Diss.-Kiel.