No description available.

Universiẗat, Diss., 1999--München.

Regensburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2004.

No description available.

No description available.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--München.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2000--München.

Les systèmes quantiques ouverts décrivent l'évolution d'un système de référence S en interaction avec un ou plusieurs autres systèmes appelés environnements. Pour les étudier on rencontre deux approches dans la littérature: l'approche hamiltonienne, où on décrit complètement les systèmes et leurs interactions, et l'approche markovienne, où on abandonne l'idée de décrire l'environnement et on considère une dynamique, dite effective, du système S seul mais prenant en compte les effets de l'interaction avec l'environnement.Nous nous intéresserons dans cette thèse à une classe particulière de tels systèmes: les système quantiques avec interactions répétées. Le système S interagit successivement avec une suite de sous-systèmes indépendants. L'approche de ces systèmes est à la fois hamiltonienne et markovienne. Leur étude joue un rôle fondamental dans la compréhension pratique et théorique des processus d'interaction matière-lumière ainsi qu'en optique quantique (expérience du maser à un atome).Cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'un système de type maser à un atome. Le modèle considéré décrit un champ électromagnétique dans une cavité et traversé par un faisceau d'atomes mais auquel on ajoute un réservoir supplémentaire interagissant de façon continue avec le champ électromagnétique. L'idée est que la cavité n'est pas parfaitement isolée et le réservoir permet de modéliser les fuites dans la cavité. Ainsi l'interaction entre le champ électromagnétique et les atomes est décrit par un système quantique avec interactions répétées et l'interaction entre le champ électromagnétique et le réservoir est décrit par une approche hamiltonienne des systèmes quantiques ouverts.Le système "cavité+réservoir" à été étudié par Könenberg en se basant sur des travaux de Arai. Via une diagonalisation du Hamiltonien du système couplé il montre des propriétés de retour à l'équilibre. Dans une première partie nous donnerons une nouvelle approche de ces travaux en utilisant des résultats récents de Nam, Napiórkowki et Solovej sur la diagonalisation des hamiltoniens bosoniques quadratiques.Dans un premier temps, nous étudierons l'auto-adjonction des Hamiltoniens du système et on s'intéressera notamment à la diagonalisation de l'un d'eux. Dans un second temps, nous étudierons le comportement en temps long du système, nous obtenons entre-autres des formules explicites pour l'évolution à un temps donné des observables de Weyl. Ces résultats nous permettent d'étudier la variation d'énergie totale ainsi que les échanges d'énergies dans le système. Enfin on terminera en étudiant la production d'entropie dans le système que l'on reliera aux formules de variation d'énergie. Pour cela on généralisera au préalable la formule dite de production d'entropie de Jaksic et Pillet. / Open quantum systems describe the evolution of a system S in interaction with one or more other systems called environments. Two approaches in the literature to study such systems: the hamiltonian approach in which the entire system is considered, and the markovian approach in which one gives up the idea of describing the environment and only considers a so called effective dynamics of the system S which takes into account the effect of the environment.A particular class of such systems will interest us: the quantum systems with repeated interactions. The system S interacts successively with a series of independent subsystems. The approach of these systems is both Hamiltonian and Markovian. Their study plays a fundamental role in the understanding of light-matter interactions as well as in quantum optics (like one-atom maser experiment).In this thesis we study a repeated interaction system of the one-atom maser type. The model describes an electromagnetic field trapped in a cavity and a beam of atoms passing through it but with an additional reservoir interacting continuously with the electromagnetic field. The idea is that the cavity is not perfectly isolated and we describe the leaks in the cavity via the interaction with this reservoir. Thus the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the atoms is described by a quantum system with repeated interactions and the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the reservoir is described by a Hamiltonian approach of open quantum systems.The system "cavity+reservoir" has been studied by Konenberg, based on previous works by Arai. Usingan explicit diagonalization of the hamiltonian he proved some properties of return to equilibrium. In a first part we will give a new approach to it using recent results by Nam, Napiorkowski and Solovej about the diagonalization of quadratic bosonic hamiltonians.First we study the self-adjointness of some Hamiltonians which will play an important role in this thesis and we consider the diagonalization of one of them. In a second time, we study the long time behavior of the system, we obtain an explicit formula for the evolution at a given time of Weyl observables. These results will also allow us to study the total energy variation as well as the energy exchanges in the system. Finally we study the entropy production in the system and relate it to the energy variation. To do so we will need to slightly generalize the Jaksic-Pillet entropy production formula.

Even though low mass stars (< 8 solar masses) vastly outnumber high mass stars (< 8 solar masses), the more massive stars drive the chemical evolution of galaxies from which the next generation of stars and planets can form. Understanding mass loss of asymptotic giant branch stars contributes to our understanding of the chemical evolution of the galaxy, stellar populations, and star formation history. Stars with mass < 8 solar masses form planetary nebulae, while those with mass < 8 solar masses go supernova. In both cases, these stars enrich their environments with elements heavier than simple hydrogen and helium molecules. While some general info about how stars die and form planetary nebulae are known, specific details are missing due to a lack of high-resolution observations and analysis of the intermediate stages. For example, we know that mass loss in stars creates morphologically diverse planetary nebulae, but we do not know the uniformity of these processes, and therefore lack detailed models to better predict how spherically symmetric stars form asymmetric nebulae. We have selected a specific group of late-stage stars and observed them at different scales to reveal the uniformity of mass loss through different layers close to the star. This includes observing nearby masers that trace the molecular shell structure around these stars. This study revealed detailed structure that was analyzed for uniformity to place constraints on how the mass loss processes behave in models. These results will feed into our ability to create more detailed models to better predict the chemical evolution of the next generation of stars and planets.

Silicon monoxide maser emission has been detected in many evolved stars in circumstellar envelopes in different vibrationally-excited rotational transitions. It is considered a good tracer to study the dynamics in a region close to the photosphere of the star. We present multi-epoch, total intensity, high-resolution images of 43 GHz, v=1, J=1-0 SiO maser emission toward the Mira variable R Cas. In total we have 23 epochs of data for R Cas at approximate monthly intervals over an optical pulsation phase range of φ = 0.158 to φ = 1.782. These maps show a ring-like distribution of the maser features in a shell, which is assumed to be centred on the star at average radius of 1.6 → 2.3 times the radius of star, R⋆. It is clear from these images that the maser emission is significantly extended around the star. At some epochs a faint outer arc can be seen at about 4 R⋆. The intensity of the emission waxes and wanes during the stellar phase. Some maser features are seen infalling as well as outflowing. We have made initial comparisons of our data with models by Gray et al. (2009). We have investigated the polarization morphology by mapping the linear and circular polarization of SiO masers in the v=1, J=1-0 transition. We found that some of the polarization vectors are either tangential or radial, which indicate a bimodal structure of the linear polarization morphology. Other angles can be seen as well. This is consistent with a radial, stellar-centred magnetic field in the SiO maser shell. We found in some isolated features the fractional linear polarization exceeds 100%. In other features, the polarization angle abruptly flips by 90◦. We found that our data are in the regime that the Zeeman splitting rate g is much greater than the stimulated emission rate R which in turn is greater than the decay rate , which indicates that the solution of Goldreich et al. (1973) can be applied.