The aims of this thesis are to study the fracture behaviour in unreinforced masonry, to carry out a limited experimental program on three-point bending (TPB) masonry panels and to develop a time-dependent fracture formulation for the study of mode I fracture in quasi-brittle materials. A micro-model for fracture in unreinforced masonry is developed using the concept of the discrete crack approach. All basic masonry failure modes are taken into account. To capture brick diagonal tensile cracking and masonry crushing, a linear compression cap is proposed with a criterion for defining the compression cap. The failure surface for brick and brick-mortar interfaces are modelled using a Mohr-Coulomb failure surface with a tension cut-off and a linear compression cap. The fracture formulation, in nonholonomic rate form within a quasi-prescribed displacement approach, is based on a piecewise-linear constitutive law and is in the form of a so-called ?linear complementarity problem? (LCP). The proposed model has been applied to simulating fracture in masonry shear walls and masonry TPB panels. An experimental program was undertaken to investigate the failure behaviour of masonry panels under TPB with relatively low strength mortar. The basic material parameters were obtained from compression, TPB and shear tests on bricks, mortar and brick-mortar interfaces. The experimental results showed that the failure of masonry TPB panels is governed by both tensile and shear failure rather than just tensile failure. The simulation of the masonry TPB tests compared well with the experimental results. In addition, the LCP fracture formulation is enhanced to study the time-dependent mode I fracture in quasi-brittle materials. Two main time-dependent sources, the viscoelasticity of the bulk material and the crack rate dependent opening, are taken into account. A simplified crack rate model is proposed to include the rate-dependent crack opening. The model is applied to predicting time-dependent crack growth in plain concrete beams under sustained loading. The model captures the essential features including the observed strength increase with loading rate, the load-deflection and load-CMOD responses, the deflection-time and CMOD-time curves, the predicted time to failure and the stress distributions in the fracture zone.

The aims of this thesis are to study the fracture behaviour in unreinforced masonry, to carry out a limited experimental program on three-point bending (TPB) masonry panels and to develop a time-dependent fracture formulation for the study of mode I fracture in quasi-brittle materials. A micro-model for fracture in unreinforced masonry is developed using the concept of the discrete crack approach. All basic masonry failure modes are taken into account. To capture brick diagonal tensile cracking and masonry crushing, a linear compression cap is proposed with a criterion for defining the compression cap. The failure surface for brick and brick-mortar interfaces are modelled using a Mohr-Coulomb failure surface with a tension cut-off and a linear compression cap. The fracture formulation, in nonholonomic rate form within a quasi-prescribed displacement approach, is based on a piecewise-linear constitutive law and is in the form of a so-called ?linear complementarity problem? (LCP). The proposed model has been applied to simulating fracture in masonry shear walls and masonry TPB panels. An experimental program was undertaken to investigate the failure behaviour of masonry panels under TPB with relatively low strength mortar. The basic material parameters were obtained from compression, TPB and shear tests on bricks, mortar and brick-mortar interfaces. The experimental results showed that the failure of masonry TPB panels is governed by both tensile and shear failure rather than just tensile failure. The simulation of the masonry TPB tests compared well with the experimental results. In addition, the LCP fracture formulation is enhanced to study the time-dependent mode I fracture in quasi-brittle materials. Two main time-dependent sources, the viscoelasticity of the bulk material and the crack rate dependent opening, are taken into account. A simplified crack rate model is proposed to include the rate-dependent crack opening. The model is applied to predicting time-dependent crack growth in plain concrete beams under sustained loading. The model captures the essential features including the observed strength increase with loading rate, the load-deflection and load-CMOD responses, the deflection-time and CMOD-time curves, the predicted time to failure and the stress distributions in the fracture zone.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this paper, a study on masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames subjected to service limit state horizontal loads is presented, considering the masonry panel contribution in the stiffness of the structure. The analysis of infilled frames is performed in two ways: using the equivalent diagonal strut concept, called here as macromodelling and the finite element method (FEM) for the micromodelling. Due to simplicity, equivalent strut models are really attractive for the inclusion of masonry panels in structural models of buildings frames. However, formulations available in the literature provide substantially distinct values for determining the axial rigidity of the equivalent strut, and disregarding some important parameters of the structural behavior of the infilled frame. In the FEM analysis, numerical simulations of infilled RC frames are done, with and without openings, with different spans, stiffness of the columns and masonry properties, using finite elements type shell in the modeling, in addition to the consideration of the contact frame-masonry. The simulations results allow the assessment of the limitations of the existing formulations for determining the width of the diagonal strut. In infilled frames with openings of doors and windows, is evaluated how the size and position of the aperture affects the stiffness of the structure. Finally, the maximum stresses (tensile, compression and shear) of all models are evaluated and compared with their respective resistant stresses in order to determine the possibility of cracking of the masonry panels of frames subjected to service limit state actions. / Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo sobre pórticos de concreto armado preenchidos com alvenaria submetidos a ações horizontais de Estado Limite de Serviço (ELS), considerando a contribuição do painel de preenchimento na rigidez da estrutura. A análise dos pórticos preenchidos é realizada de duas maneiras: empregando-se o conceito da diagonal equivalente, na denominada macromodelagem e o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) para a micromodelagem simplificada. Em razão da simplicidade, os modelos com barras diagonais equivalentes são bastante atrativos para a inclusão de painéis de alvenaria nos modelos estruturais de pórticos de edifícios. Entretanto, as formulações disponíveis na bibliografia especializada fornecem valores sensivelmente distintos para a determinação da rigidez axial da barra equivalente, além de desconsiderarem alguns parâmetros importantes do comportamento estrutural do conjunto pórtico-alvenaria. Na análise através do MEF são realizadas simulações numéricas de pórticos de concreto preenchidos com alvenaria, com e sem aberturas, com diferentes vãos, rigidez de pilares e propriedades da alvenaria, empregando-se elementos bidimensionais na modelagem, além da consideração do contato pórtico-parede. Os resultados dessas simulações permitem a avaliação das limitações das formulações existentes para a determinação da largura da barra equivalente. No caso de pórticos preenchidos com aberturas, é avaliado de que forma o tamanho e a posição da abertura afeta a rigidez da estrutura. Por fim, as máximas tensões solicitantes (tração, compressão e cisalhamento) de todos os modelos são avaliadas, e comparadas com as respectivas tensões resistentes, a fim de determinar a possibilidade de fissuração dos painéis de preenchimento de pórticos submetidos a ações de ELS.

Este trabalho é resultado das investigações sobre as práticas de projetar e de construir predominantes no cenário atual da construção civil brasileira e discute as perspectivas de evolução tecnológica do setor, através da racionalização do processo construtivo tradicional de edifícios. A partir do resgate e sistematização das informações acerca da evolução tecnológica das alvenarias de vedação, propõe a adoção de projetos voltados à sua produção racionalizada como estratégia para a otimização dos recursos materiais, humanos e energéticos investidos, além da minimização dos impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes das atividades produtivas da construção civil. Além de propor as diretrizes para o projeto de alvenarias de vedação, sugere a composição de um “banco de tecnologia construtiva” visando a sistematização e divulgação, para o meio técnico, de alternativas construtivas que contribuam para o aprimoramento do conteúdo dos projetos e ampliação de seu potencial como instrumento regulador da qualidade final do edifício. / This work is the result of the investigation on the most usual practices of architectural project and building techniques in the present scene of Brazilian civil construction. It discusses the perspectives of technological evolution for the sector, through the rationalization of traditional building processes. From rescuing and systematizing information concerned to technological evolution of non structural walls, it discusses the adoption of projects directed to its rationalized production as a strategy towards the optimization of material, human and energy resources invested, as well as the diminution of the negative environmental impacts resultant from productive activities of civil construction. Besides proposing guidelines for the project of non structural walls, it suggests creation of a "constructive technology database" aiming at the systematization and popularization, among technical practitioners, of constructive alternatives that would contribute for the qualitative improvement of projects as well as the magnifying of its potential as a regulating instrument of the final quality of the building.

A lo largo de la historia se han usado distintos materiales de construcción, tal es el caso de la tierra en adobes el cual ha sido utilizado en el ámbito de la construcción por mucho tiempo, debido a su bajo costo y fácil aplicación. Sin embargo, las distintas construcciones se han visto afectadas por diferentes eventos sísmicos causando muchas pérdidas humanas. Por ello, la presente investigación propone implementar una dosificación de 1% fibra de lana con respecto al volumen del suelo y con una longitud de 3 cm, con la finalidad de mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de las unidades y la mampostería de adobe. Para ello, se elaboró 6 unidades patrón y 6 unidades con fibra de lana para someterlas a ensayos de compresión. Asimismo, se elaboraron pilas y muretes para obtener los resultados de los ensayos de compresión en albañilería y compresión diagonal de la mampostería. De esta forma, se obtuvo que la fibra de lana aumenta en un 75% la resistencia a la compresión de la unidad patrón al obtener una resistencia de 2.22 MPa y la una resistencia de 1.27 MPa. De la misma manera, se tiene un incremento del 13% con respecto a la compresión de la pila al obtener una resistencia de 0.51 MPa; no obstante, no cumple con la mínima resistencia de 0.60 MPa estipulada en la norma E0.80. Por último, la fibra de lana aumenta la resistencia a la compresión diagonal en un 25% con respecto a las muestras patrón al obtener una resistencia al corte de 0.059 MPa. Los resultados mencionados indicaron que la incorporación de la fibra de lana mejora significativamente el comportamiento del adobe frente a eventos telúricos. / Throughout history, different construction materials have been used, such is the case of adobe earth, which has been used in the construction field for a long time, due to its low cost and easy application. However, the different constructions have been affected by different seismic events causing many human losses. Therefore, the present research proposes to implement a dosage of 1% wool fiber with respect to the volume of the soil and with a length of 3 cm, in order to improve the mechanical properties of the units and the adobe masonry. For this, 6 standard units and 6 units were made with wool fiber to subject them to compression tests. Likewise, piers and walls were made to obtain the results of the masonry compression tests and the diagonal compression of the masonry. In this way, it was obtained that the wool fiber increases the compressive strength of the standard unit by 75% by obtaining a resistance of 2.22 MPa and a resistance of 1.27 MPa. In the same way, there is an increase of 13% with respect to the compression of the pile when obtaining a resistance of 0.51 MPa. However, it does not comply with the minimum resistance of 0.60 MPa stipulated in the E0.80 standard. Finally, the wool fiber increases the resistance to diagonal compression by 25% with respect to the standard samples, obtaining a shear strength of 0.059 MPa. The aforementioned results indicate that the incorporation of the wool fiber significantly improves the behavior of adobe in the face of telluric events. / Trabajo de investigación

The project addresses the social construction located in Frýdlant nad Ostravicí. The proposed building is called: Halfway House. The building is brick with contact insulation, has three floors and a basement. Roofed building is solved by a flat roof. The building contains 11 residential units and two private establishments. The object is fitted into a planar ground. In the basement there are storage rooms, technical facilities and ceramic workshop for leisure activities. On the first floor there is an area reserved for the space of two establishments, which are psychological and legal counseling. There is also wheelchair accessible studio facilities and operation of sanitary facilities. In the second and third floor there is a one-room for hotel and common areas.

The diploma thesis deals with the development of a new masonry system, for the production of which recycled brick could be used as a secondary raw material. In the field of literary research, the work deals with the methods of construction of vertical structures, the possibilities of lightening concrete, the life cycle of building materials and the use of secondary raw materials in construction. In the practical part, a masonry system was designed based on market research in the field of internal non-load-bearing masonry structures and requirements for these structures. In order to achieve these properties, concrete was chosen as the material for its production, where recycled brick was used as an alternative aggregate. As it is supposed to be a system for precise masonry, the material was compacted by vibrocompression. At the beginning, recipes were designed to verify the basic properties of concrete: density of hardened concrete, compressive strength and tensile bending strength, then other properties such as thermal conductivity and sound absorption coefficient were tested on improved recipes. Lightening and dimensional modules have been modified to achieve optimal properties. This was followed by a proposal for the method of masonry and surface treatment of a wall. Finally, the economic and environmental aspects of the masonry system were evaluated.

Presented work deals with the residential complex Fialka in Ricany, especially with the building A. It is a study of main technological phases, focused on special foundation building - drilled piles and masonry. This work shows a comparison of the former solution of masonry with the proposed alternative.

Caribbean-style hybrid concrete-masonry structures consist of a reinforced concrete frame with partially grouted and reinforced infill masonry walls. The infill walls are typically connected to the RC frame with cast-in-place dowel reinforcement along one or more edges of the wall. There is limited guidance in masonry codes to design these types of structures, and their seismic performance has not been characterized with experimental tests. In this work, an experimental program characterized the seismic behavior of hybrid concrete-masonry frames and showed they do not exhibit the typical strut mechanism observed in unreinforced masonry infill structures. In addition, a detailed finite element modeling scheme and calibration methodology was developed for modeling partially grouted masonry. This model includes a novel calibration method to account for the difference in the shear and tensile behavior of bed joints with grouted and ungrouted cells, and a method to account for the contribution of vertical reinforcement to the shear capacity of the bed joints with grouted cells. Finally, simplified models were proposed for use in engineering design. A modification of the TMS 402 strut model for hybrid concrete-masonry was suggested to incorporate the effects of the masonry infill and connections in large models.

Building Information Modeling, or BIM, is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility that serves as a shared resource for information for decision-making throughout the project lifecycle (National Institute of Building Sciences, 2007). The masonry construction industry currently suffers from the lack of BIM integration. Where other industries and trades have increased productivity by implementing standards for software-enhanced workflows, masonry construction has failed to adopt information tools and processes. New information technology and process modeling tools have grown in popularity and their use is helping to understand and improve construction processes. The Systems Modeling Language, or SysML, is one of the process modeling tools we can use to model and analyze the various processes and workflows. In this research, a case study methodology was applied to analyze the masonry construction industry to understand the current state of masonry construction processes and workflows. This thesis reviews these concepts and the applied case studies which are necessary to move forward with the implementation of BIM for masonry.