A participação da odontologia legal está cada vez mais presente nos processos de identificação humana, seja nos casos de desastres em massa ou quando o único material disponível para análise são os dentes ou fragmentos de ossos da mandíbula ou da maxila. Após análise e pesquisa da literatura dos programas destinados à área de odontologia legal, foi confeccionada cinco tipos de fichas para a coleta de dados e desenvolvido um programa de computador nacional específico para a área de odontologia legal com o nome de sistema computadorizado de identificação odonto-legal (SOL). Inicialmente o programa pode ser utilizado na área criminal para os casos de: identificação humana em desastre de massa, identificação de pessoa desaparecida e análise das marcas de mordida. Para o projeto e desenvolvimento desse programa utilizou-se os programas Windows XP, Access 2003 e Visual Basic 6 da Microsoft. A plataforma apresenta-se de forma simples e não necessita de programas auxiliares de edição de texto ou imagens, nem a necessidade de conhecimentos avançados em informática do usuário. A partir da ocorrência e do cadastro dos registros, o programa realiza automaticamente uma filtragem dos dados e exibe uma lista com prováveis vítimas, de acordo com os dados coincidentes, para que o perito possa realizar o processo de identificação. Estão disponíveis para auxiliar o trabalho do perito, alguns recursos de edição e manipulação de imagem. Em que é possível alterar a angulação, o contraste, a Roberto Matsuzaki 8 escala, a transparência e negativo. O recurso de transparência possibilita a sobreposição de imagens para análise de marcas de mordidas e de estruturas anatômicas, e o recurso negativo auxilia na análise das radiografias. Para os testes e correções do programa foi realizada a simulação de um acidente com 25 vítimas hipotéticas com todos os dados dentários ante-mortem e 25 indivíduos post-mortem com algum desses eventos hipotéticos. O programa permitiu a identificação de todos os indivíduos e foi possível verificar a sua eficácia e aplicabilidade nos tipos de ocorrência a que foi proposto. / The participation of Forensic Dentistry is more and more present in human identification process, not only in mass disaster situation but also in cases when the only materials available for analysis are teeth or jawbones fragments. After the analysis and research of the programs literatures for forensic Dentistry area, five different forms was made for data collecting and a specific computer program was developed for Brazilian Forensic Dentistry area (computer system for identification forensic dentistry). Initially the program could be use in criminal area for case of: human identification in mass disaster, missing person identification and bites marks analysis. This program was designed and developed using Windows XP, Access 2003 and Visual Basic 6 ? Windows Software. The platform is simple and auxiliary text or image edition programs are not necessary, even advanced knowledge in computer program. From the event and the register data, the program automatically searches the data and display a list of probably victims, according to the coincident data, so the expert could perform the identification process. Some image edition and manipulation resources are available to assist the experts in their work, alteration in the angle, contrast, scale, transparence which permits superposing of images over bites marks and anatomical structures and invert that helps in radiography analysis. The program was tested and corrected through an accident simulation of 25 hypothetic victims with all ante-mortem dental data and 25 post-mortem subjects with Roberto Matsuzaki 10 some of the hypothetic events. The program allowed the identification of all of subjects and also permits to verify the program efficacy and applicability on the different events proposed.

In this dissertation I evaluate the potential of the morphology of the petrous portion of the human temporal bone as seen on axial CT scans of the head as a means to generate identifications of fragmentary human skeletal remains. The specific goals are threefold: (1) To investigate variability in the shape of the petrous portion of the human temporal bone using two-dimensional morphometric analysis; (2) to evaluate the reliability of the resultant method in forensic identification; and (3) to consider the results within the framework of Bayesian theory in light of recent rulings regarding the admissibility of forensic testimony. The data used in this research were collected from axial CT images of the cranium. Two sets of images were collected for each of the 115 individuals in the sample so that Euclidean distance comparisons could be made between images of the same individual and images from different individuals. I collected two-dimensional coordinate data from 36 landmarks on each of the CT images and calculated the distances between each of the coordinate points to generate the data used in the statistical analyses. I pared down this set of measurements using two different models (referred to as the biological and PCFA models). The measurement sets of both models were then compared to one another using nearest neighbor analysis, to test their relative efficiency in matching replicate images to one another. The results of both models were highly accurate. Three incorrect nearest neighbor matches resulted from the biological model and 5 from the PCFA model. The errors appear to have been the result of variation in the axial plane between the first and second scans. The results of the nearest neighbor comparisons were then considered within the context of Bayes' Theorem by calculating likelihood ratios and posterior probabilities. The likelihood ratios and posterior probabilities were very high for both models, indicating that: 1) there is significant individual variability in the measurements of the petrous portion used in this research, and 2) this variation represents a high level of potential accuracy in the application of this method in the identification of forensic remains.

In this thesis the author defined basic concepts in relation to the identification of mass disaster victims, described the current status of the issue, based on questionnaire survey and personal interviews provided, what is the best method of identification in specific cases and suggested measures to improve the process of identifying victims, that means to identify all victims as soon as possible and in the most considerate way for survivors, performing staff and the general public.

A participação da odontologia legal está cada vez mais presente nos processos de identificação humana, seja nos casos de desastres em massa ou quando o único material disponível para análise são os dentes ou fragmentos de ossos da mandíbula ou da maxila. Após análise e pesquisa da literatura dos programas destinados à área de odontologia legal, foi confeccionada cinco tipos de fichas para a coleta de dados e desenvolvido um programa de computador nacional específico para a área de odontologia legal com o nome de sistema computadorizado de identificação odonto-legal (SOL). Inicialmente o programa pode ser utilizado na área criminal para os casos de: identificação humana em desastre de massa, identificação de pessoa desaparecida e análise das marcas de mordida. Para o projeto e desenvolvimento desse programa utilizou-se os programas Windows XP, Access 2003 e Visual Basic 6 da Microsoft. A plataforma apresenta-se de forma simples e não necessita de programas auxiliares de edição de texto ou imagens, nem a necessidade de conhecimentos avançados em informática do usuário. A partir da ocorrência e do cadastro dos registros, o programa realiza automaticamente uma filtragem dos dados e exibe uma lista com prováveis vítimas, de acordo com os dados coincidentes, para que o perito possa realizar o processo de identificação. Estão disponíveis para auxiliar o trabalho do perito, alguns recursos de edição e manipulação de imagem. Em que é possível alterar a angulação, o contraste, a Roberto Matsuzaki 8 escala, a transparência e negativo. O recurso de transparência possibilita a sobreposição de imagens para análise de marcas de mordidas e de estruturas anatômicas, e o recurso negativo auxilia na análise das radiografias. Para os testes e correções do programa foi realizada a simulação de um acidente com 25 vítimas hipotéticas com todos os dados dentários ante-mortem e 25 indivíduos post-mortem com algum desses eventos hipotéticos. O programa permitiu a identificação de todos os indivíduos e foi possível verificar a sua eficácia e aplicabilidade nos tipos de ocorrência a que foi proposto. / The participation of Forensic Dentistry is more and more present in human identification process, not only in mass disaster situation but also in cases when the only materials available for analysis are teeth or jawbones fragments. After the analysis and research of the programs literatures for forensic Dentistry area, five different forms was made for data collecting and a specific computer program was developed for Brazilian Forensic Dentistry area (computer system for identification forensic dentistry). Initially the program could be use in criminal area for case of: human identification in mass disaster, missing person identification and bites marks analysis. This program was designed and developed using Windows XP, Access 2003 and Visual Basic 6 ? Windows Software. The platform is simple and auxiliary text or image edition programs are not necessary, even advanced knowledge in computer program. From the event and the register data, the program automatically searches the data and display a list of probably victims, according to the coincident data, so the expert could perform the identification process. Some image edition and manipulation resources are available to assist the experts in their work, alteration in the angle, contrast, scale, transparence which permits superposing of images over bites marks and anatomical structures and invert that helps in radiography analysis. The program was tested and corrected through an accident simulation of 25 hypothetic victims with all ante-mortem dental data and 25 post-mortem subjects with Roberto Matsuzaki 10 some of the hypothetic events. The program allowed the identification of all of subjects and also permits to verify the program efficacy and applicability on the different events proposed.

This diploma thesis deals with problematic of emergency medical service preparedness in the Czech Republic, in the place of disaster and during this situation especially in bus accident with large number of injuries and casualties. Bus accident can create high risk of forming mass disaster due to many people transported in small area with low safety components. High risk of many injuries and casualties with chaotic first call make hard decision to activate plans to solve this situation for emergency services. Theoretical part of diploma thesis maps transformation of Czech paramedic system organization from districts to regions and new legislations for emergency medical service that solve preparedness, organization and duties during large incidents. Due to this new legislations were formed offices for emergency preparedness which ensure this preparedness. Practical part of diploma thesis is analysis of Czech paramedic preparedness that solve bus accidents as disaster. For this analysis were used data from regional emergency medical service headquarters (EMS HQ) - bus accident reports, drills for staff and special material equipments. But only 3 EMS HQ provided acceptable data and 1 EMS HQ partly acceptable data. Aim of this study is assessment in preparedness change for disaster during examined time (2000 - 2011) and comparison of real event to training drills. This part of thesis is supplied by statistic data (transformed into graphs) of bus accidents with injuries and casualties from department of Transportation Police of the Czech republic and Fire Rescue Service Directorate. Whole practical part is made by analysis of primary (documents, EMS HQ personal visits) and secondary information (information servers, journals). Within this analysis was made evaluation of Czech emergency medical preparedness for bus accidents with large number of injuries and casualties. This analysis shows that in area of the Czech Republic is missing central directorate for Czech paramedic system. Which is shown in varying material, drill and whole preparedness for disaster situation. This problem is also made by new legislation that were not here before (law for emergency medical system and law notices). High variation of equipments and procedures in solving disasters can cause difficulties during accident intervention on the borders of paramedic regions. For comparison to other countries preparedness is in this thesis mentioned Poland - special training course for specialist in disaster management, USA - Medical Alert Center (MAC) and Israel - control system for disaster drills.

Blast injury is a very serious lesion caused by the shock wave resulting from an explosion. Further secondary injuries can arise from burying under debris, pieces of shards from the explosive cover, at burning, poisonous gases created by chemical reactions during detonation. The injuries often happen to be fatal and the percentage of people who survive it depends on the fact how far from the epicentre they were situated. If the individual is very close, there is almost no chance to survive, if, however, the individual is situated further from the epicentre, a few tens of meters, the chance is higher. It is so called mass disaster, which includes more injured people at an explosion. Therefore it is necessary for nurses and the hospital staff to know what the procedures are at this incident and how to take medical and nursing care of higher number of such patients suffering from blast injury. The care itself is extremely demanding, since the injured are often in critical condition. The aim of this diploma thesis, the topic of which is multidisciplinary cooperation and the role of a nurse when taking care of the patients suffering from blast injury, was to find out the information based on the latest Czech and foreign literature and create a compact overview of the knowledge of this issue, for it is necessary to have this knowledge to carry out nursing care of such patients. The second aim of this diploma thesis was to map the role of a nurse in details when taking care of a patient suffering from blast injury. This aim was stated for the reason of the demanding character and complexity of nursing care at urgent reception and anaesthesiology and resuscitation unit because the nurses at these units are placed demands on high qualification and requirements. This diploma thesis was purely elaborated as theoretical thesis based on Czech and foreign sources. The given pieces of information were obtained from a great deal of professional and scientific publications, monographs, professional journals and internet sources for each chapter. The first part of the thesis was dedicated to the description of the given issue, pre-hospital care and classifying algorithms that are used at mass health losses in such way so that the injured people have a higher chance to survive. The crisis management at hospitals, the reception of the injured, the care at the urgent unit and finally the follow-up care at the anaesthesiology and resuscitation unit are worked out in the following part. Thereafter the theoretical part focuses on nursing care at the critical care department where the nursing care of a patient suffering from blast injury is described as well as the duties of a nurse. The needed competences of a nurse working at the urgent unit, anaesthesiology and resuscitation unit are also defined in this chapter. According to the valid Czech legislation, only specially trained nurses for intensive care should take care of the patients with blast injury because the extent of their competence for intensive care is many times higher than general nurses have. The last chapter deals with team and multidisciplinary cooperation among the doctors and hospital staff as well as the cooperation concerning the pre-hospital care of the emergency services at emergency incident, for their active and quality communication are the keys for good and well done work with the least consequences.

Subject matter of the thesis is Use of the triage method in emergency events and its importance among selected bodies of the integrated rescue system. It contains both teoretical and research parts. Theoretical part includes definition of emergency events and definition of mass disaster. It also mentions organizations, which help to deal with these events. But the main point of the thesis is formed by triage issues in terms of its history, elementary distribution and putting the most frequently used methods. An important chapter is a description of the documentation associated with issues, especially triage and identification cards from the perspective of emergency medical services and fire protection units. The last point of the theoretical part is the mention of traumatology planning. The research part sets out three hypotheses, which focus on finding a theoretical readiness among selected bodies of the integrated rescue system. The first presupposition was that the knowledge of the staff of medical rescue services is better than knowledge of the members of other selected bodies. The remaining hypotheses put the same requirements, but in terms of lenght of employment of selected workers in integrated rescue system. Better knowledge is expected for the longer-acting staff and for staff, who have some experience with triage issues. Chapter also describes the statistical method which enabled the confirmation or refutation of the hypotheses - pair t-test. The methodology describes the method of data collection by using questionnaire, describes used statistical methods, provides basic empirical parameters and their comparison. The result of this comparison was expressed in percentage. The result of data processing from secondary sources was to determining that examined issue in the Czech Republic is very fragmented, in terms of used methods and documentation. Data needed to confirm hypotheses was collected from the staff of emergency medical services, fire rescue units and volunteer firefighters. Only a single hypothesis was confirmed. Theoretical knowledge of the staff of emergency medical services is not better than the knowledge of the other selected bodies. It is very similar to knowledge of staff of fire rescue units. However members of volunteer firefighters have the worst triage knowledge. Another finding was that lenght of employment of workers of ambulance components doesn´t affects the quality of their theoretical preparedness. Empirical research identified knowledges approximately the same. On the contrary, previous experience affects the degree of this knowledge. This assertion is based on the fact that workers from examined bodies, who had to solve real or training emergency events, by triage methods, have better degree of theoretical knowledge. The objective of the thesis was, besides process determination of the theoretical knowledge and hypotheses also identification of weaknesses in triage knowledge of workers from selected bodies and determination methods for their correction. Therefore, based on the results, was created a graphic manual procedure for triage in emergency events. It was created as a learning tool to deepen the knowledge or as a reminder tool of triage procedure for training or real situations. It is designed for all workers, especially for members of volunteer fire units, or other people, who are interested in this issue. Conclusion of the thesis includes suggestion for correction of some of the weaknesses identified in the theoretical readiness of employees or members of integrated rescue system, especially units of volunteer firefighters. This objective can be achieved by better access to educational materials, exchange of expertise focused on this issue and the possibility of greater participation of mass casualties training with other bodies of integrated rescue system.

A set of documents, called the Index of Model Activities of the Integrated Rescue System Forces was compiled to improve coordination of these forces. The Index describes organizational procedures of the IRS forces during ten cases of emergency. However, are members of basic IRS forces familiar with these documents? Are the IRS workers aware of procedures and needs of the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) staff? The objective of this thesis is to survey views and findings of the IRS workers regarding the above mentioned issues, evaluate possibilities to improve knowledge of these issues.

IVANKO, Dana. Possibilities of social work in a situation of mass disasters in relation to the needs of victims. Prague: Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague, 2013. 87 pp. Diploma thesis. Diploma Thesis - Possibilities of social work in a situation of mass disasters in relation to the needs of victims - focuses on the area of psychosocial assistance and social work in mass disasters. It describes in deeper details the types of assistance in mass disasters, focusing on psychosocial assistance. The focus is on human, with its biological, psychological, spiritual and social needs. Then, social work in situations of mass disaster and competences of a social worker are introduced. A separate chapter discusses mobile crisis teams. To achieve the goals of this work, it presents an overview of standards of psychosocial assistance, including legislative basis of help in mass disasters in the Czech Republic. Research section provides an insight into the work of mobile crisis teams in the Czech Republic in the form of examples of good practice. The methodology will be elaborated based on the examples of work of mobile crisis teams, on what has proved successful in providing psychosocial assistance. Keywords Social work in mass disasters, psychosocial assistance, mass disaster, victims, needs of...