Nesta dissertação são apresentados os resultados obtidos da espectroscopia de campo integral da nebulosa do Homúnculo. As observações foram feitas na banda J, no intervalo de 10620 Å até 12960 Å, utilizando o IFU (Integral Field Unit) do espectrógrafo CIRPASS (Cambridge Infrared Panoramic Survey Spectrograph), que possui 499 lentes hexagonais. A amostragem espacial é de 0,25"/lente e a resolução espectral, R=3200. A linha do [Fe II] λ12567 permitiu a identificação de duas estruturas no lóbulo NW que ainda não haviam sido relatadas. Através da tomografia Doppler, essas estruturas indicaram a existência de uma região de baixa densidade localizada no lóbulo NW e que não é visível nas imagens feitas na região óptica. Além disso, o Pequeno Homúnculo também foi identificado através do mapeamento das componentes e também nos mapas de velocidade da linha do [Fe II] λ12567. As regiões polares da nebulosa do Homúnculo (onde ocorre a colisão mais intensa entre o vento da fonte central e a região interna dos lóbulos) são mais opacas do que as paredes dos mesmos. Isso é verificado pela diminuição na intensidade da linha do [Fe II] λ12567 no lóbulo SE e pelo aumento desta na linha de visada do lóbulo NW. O disco equatorial foi observado nas linhas da série do H (Paβ e Paγ) e na linha do He I λ10830 como uma componente devido à emissões intrínsecas até distâncias superiores às dimensões aparentes do disco que é observado nas imagens feitas na faixa óptica. A linha do [Fe II] λ12567 também apresenta uma componente associada ao disco equatorial. Regiões de baixa densidade localizadas no toro que envolve a fonte central permitem que a radiação ultravioleta escape e excite o gás contido no disco equatorial. O melhor exemplo desse efeito foi detectado pela tomografia Doppler da linha do He I λ10830, que revelou uma componente de emissão intrínseca que atinge distâncias superiores à borda aparente do lóbulo NW do Homúnculo, e que foi completamente mapeada pela primeira vez nesta dissertação. / The Homunculus nebula was mapped using the integral field technique and the results are presented in this dissertation. The observations were obtained in the J band in the range from 10620 Å to 12960 Å using the CIRPASS's IFU, which contains 499 hexagonal lenses. The spatial sampling is 0,25"/lens and the spectral resolution, set to R=3200. The [Fe II] λ12567 line allowed the identification of two structures in the NW lobe that had not been reported yet. Doppler tomography of this structures revealed a low density region placed in the NW lobe that is not seen in the optical images. Besides, the Little Homunculus was also detected both in the mapping of components of the [Fe II] λ12567 and in its velocity maps. In the Homunculus nebula, the polar regions (where the shock between the stellar bipolar wind and the internal wall of the lobes is stronger) are more opaque than the lobe walls. This can be verified by the decrease in the intensity of the [Fe II] λ12567 in the SE lobe and the enhancement of this line emission in the NW lobe. Emissions due to the equatorial disc were detected both in the H series (Paβ and Paγ) and the He I λ10830 as an intrinsic component up to distances greater than the aparent dimensions of the disc seen in the images taken in the optical range. The [Fe II] λ12567 also presents the component due to the equatorial emission. Low density regions in the torus involving the central source allow a beam of radiation to escape to large radii and thereby excite the gas contained in the equatorial disc. The best example of this effect was detected in the Doppler tomography of the He I λ10830 line, that revealed an intrinsic emission component which reaches distances larger than the aparent boundary of the NW lobe and was firstly mapped in this dissertation.

Massive stars profoundly influence the evolution of the Universe, from Galactic dynamics and structure to star formation. They are often found with bound companions. However, our knowledge of O-type multiple systems with periods in the range from years to thousands of years is incomplete due their great distances. We present results from a high angular resolution survey to find angularly resolved companions using the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) on the Hubble Space Telescope and using ground-based adaptive optics at Gemini North. We observed 75 O- and early B-type stars in Cyg OB2 and determined that 42% of the sample have at least one companion that meets a statistical criterion for gravitationally bound status. As a case study, we present an examination of high resolution, ultraviolet spectroscopy from Hubble Space Telescope of the photospheric spectrum of the O-supergiant in the massive X-ray binary HDE 226868 = Cyg X-1. We analyzed the ultraviolet and ground-based optical spectra to determine the effective temperature and gravity of the O9.7 Iab supergiant. Using non-LTE, line blanketed, plane parallel models from the TLUSTY grid, we obtain Teff = 28.0 +/- 2.5 kK and log g > 3.00 +/- 0.25, both lower than found in previous studies. The optical spectrum is best fit with models that have enriched He and N abundances. We fit the model spectral energy distribution for this temperature and gravity to the UV, optical, and IR fluxes to determine the angular size of and extinction towards the binary. By assuming that the supergiant rotates synchronously with the orbit, we can use the radius - distance relation to find mass estimates for both components as a function of the distance and the ratio of stellar to Roche radius. Our results indicate masses of 23+8-6 solarmasses for the supergiant and 11+5-3 solarmasses for the black hole. These results agree with subsequent mass estimates Orosz et al. (2011) based on the trigonometric parallax distance measurements of Reid et al. (2011). The results of this survey provide fundamental information on the impact of environment on massive binaries and also the role multiplicity has on massive star formation and evolution.

The discovery of superluminous supernovae in the past decade challenged our understanding of explosive stellar death. Subsequent extensive observations of superluminous supernova light curves and spectra has provided some insight for the nature of these events. We present observations of one of the most luminous self-interacting supernovae ever observed, the hydrogen-rich SN 2008am discovered by the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment Supernova Verification Project with the ROTSE-IIIb telescope located in the McDonald Observatory. We provide theoretical modeling of superluminous supernova light curves and fit the models to a number of observed events and similar transients in order to understand the mechanism that is responsible for the vast amounts of energy emitted by these explosions. The models we investigate include deposition of energy due to the radioactive decays of massive amounts of nickel-56, interaction of supernova ejecta with a dense circumstellar medium and magnetar spin-down. To probe the nature of superluminous supernovae progenitor stars we study the evolution of massive stars, including important effects such as rotation and magnetic fields, and perform multi-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations of the resulting explosions. The effects of rotational mixing are also studied in solar-type secondary stars in cataclysmic variable binary star systems in order to provide an explanation for some carbon-depleted examples of this class. We find that most superluminous supernovae can be explained by violent interaction of the SN ejecta with >1 Msun dense circumstellar shells ejected by the progenitor stars in the decades preceding the SN explosion. / text

This thesis presents molecular line and radio continuum observations of the giant molecular cloud (GMC) complex known as G305. The energy input from high-mass stars in the form of powerful winds and ionising radiation is one of the primary feedback mechanisms in GMCs. This feedback is thought to play a dual role both dispersing and destroying the natal environment but also sweeping up and compressing molecular gas and potentially triggering new episodes of star formation. Despite their importance to the evolution of GMCs and galaxies as a whole, the physical processes behind the formation and evolution of high-mass stars remains poorly understood. We therefore set out to obtain wide-field observations of the ionised and molecular environment to study the impact of high-mass stars on the evolution of G305. Observations conducted with the Mopra telescope of the molecular gas traced by NH3 in the (1,1), (2,2) and (3,3) transition and CO (12CO, 13CO and C18O J = 1–0) reveals the reservoir for future star formation in G305 and allows the physical properties and kinematics of the region to be studied. We identify 15 large molecular clouds and 57 smaller molecular clumps towards G305. The physical properties of the molecular gas are consistent with G305 being amongst the most massive a vigorous star forming regions in the Galaxy. We find a total molecular gas mass of 2:5–6:5 105M indicating that there is a large reservoir for future star formation. By considering virial equilibrium within the molecular clumps we discover that only 14% of the molecular clumps in G305 are gravitationally unstable, however these clumps contain > 30% of the molecular mass in G305 suggesting there is scope for considerable future star formation. To study the ionised environment towards G305 we have obtained some of the largest and most detailed wide-area mosaics with the Australia Telescope Compact Array to date. These radio continuum observations were performed simultaneously at 5.5 and 8.8 GHz and by applying two imaging techniques we are able to resolve HII regions from the ultra-compact to classical evolutionary phase. This has allowed high-mass star formation within G305 to be traced over the extent and lifetime of the complex. We discover that more than half of the observable total ionising flux in G305 is associated with embedded high-mass star formation around the periphery of a central cavity that has been driven into the molecular gas by a cluster of optically visible massive stars. By considering the contribution of embedded and visible massive stars to the observed radio continuum we suggest that more than 45 massive stars exist within G305. Combination of these two studies and recent and ongoing star formation provides the most in depth view of G305 to date and allows the star formation history and impact of high-mass stars to be investigated. We find compelling morphological evidence that suggests triggering is responsible for at least some of the observed high-mass star formation and construct a star formation history for the region.

Massive stars live fast and die young. They shine furiously for a few million years, during which time they synthesize most of the heavy elements in the universe in their cores. They end by blowing themselves up in a powerful explosion known as a supernova (SN). During this process, the core collapses to a neutron star or a black hole, while the outer layers are expelled with velocities of thousands of kilometers per second. The resulting fireworks often outshine the entire host galaxy for many weeks. The explosion energy is eventually radiated away, but powering of the newborn nebula continues by radioactive isotopes synthesized in the explosion. The ejecta are now quite transparent, and we can see the material produced in the deep interiors of the star. To interpret the observations, detailed spectral modeling is needed. This thesis aims to develop and apply state-of-the-art computational tools for interpreting and modeling SN observations in the nebular phase. This requires calculation of the physical conditions throughout the nebula, including non-thermal processes from the radioactivity, thermal and statistical equilibrium, as well as radiative transport. The inclusion of multiline radiative transfer, which we compute with a Monte Carlo technique, represents one of the major advancements presented in this thesis. On February 23 1987, the first SN observable by the naked eye since 1604 exploded, SN 1987A. Its proximity has allowed unprecedented observations, which in turn have lead to significant advancements in our understanding of SN explosions. As a first application of our model, we analyze the 44Tipowered phase (t & 5 years) of SN 1987A. We find that a magnetic field is present in the nebula, trapping the positrons that provide the energy input, and resulting in strong iron lines in the spectrum. We determine the 44Ti mass to 1.5(+0.5−0.5)*10−4 M⊙. From the near-infrared spectrum at an age of 19 years, we identify strong emission lines from explosively synthesized metals such as silicon, calcium, and iron. We use integral-field spectroscopy to construct three-dimensional maps of the ejecta, showing a morphology suggesting an asymmetric explosion. The model is then applied to the close-by and well-observed Type IIP SN 2004et, analyzing its ultraviolet to mid-infrared evolution. Based on its Mg I] 4571 Å, Na I 5890, 5896 Å, [O I] 6300, 6364 Å, and [Ne II] 12.81 mm nebular emission lines, we determine its progenitor mass to be around 15 M⊙. We confirm that silicate dust, SiO, and CO have formed in the ejecta. Finally, the major optical emission lines in a sample of Type IIP SNe areanalyzed.We find that most spectral regions in Type IIP SNe are dominated by emission from the massive hydrogen envelope, which explains the relatively small variation seen in the sample. We also show that the similar line profiles seen from all elements suggest extensive mixing occurring in most hydrogenrich SNe. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Accepted.

Massive OB stars are very influential objects in the ecology of galaxies like our own. Current catalogues of Galactic OB stars are heavily biased towards bright (g < 13) objects, only typically including fainter objects when found in prominent star clusters (Garmany et al., 1982; Reed, 2003; Maíz-Apellániz et al., 2004). Exploitation of the VST Photometric Hα Survey (VPHAS+) allows us to build a robust catalogue of photometrically-selected OB stars across the entire Southern Galactic plane, both within clusters and in the field, down to ~20th magnitude in g. For the first time, a complete accounting of the OB star runaway phenomenon becomes possible. Along with making the primary selection using VPHAS+ colours, I have performed Markov-Chain Monte Carlo fitting of the spectral energy distributions of the selected stars by combining VPHAS+ u, g, r, i with published J, H, K photometry. This gives rough constraints on effective temperature and distance, whilst delivering much more precise reddening parameters A0 and RV - allowing us to build a much richer picture of how extinction and extinction laws vary across the Galactic Plane. My thesis begins with a description of the method of photometric selection of OB star candidates and its validation across a 2 square degree field including the well- known young massive star cluster Westerlund 2 (Mohr-Smith et al., 2015)1. Following on from this I present spectroscopy with AAOmega of 283 candidates identified by our method, which confirms that ~ 94% of the sample are the expected O and early B stars. I then develop this method further and apply it to a Galactic Plane strip of 42 square-degrees that runs from the Carina Arm tangent region to the much studied massive cluster in NGC 3603. A new aspect I attend to in this expansion of method is tightening up the uniform photometric calibration of the data, paying particular attention to the always-challenging u band. This leads to a new and reliable catalogue of 5915 OB stars. As well as increasing the numbers of identified massive stars in this large region of the sky by nearly an order of magnitude, a more complete picture of massive star formation in the Carina Arm has emerged. I have found a broad over-density of O stars around the highly luminous cluster NGC 3603 and have uncovered two new candidate OB clusters/associations. I have also paired up the ionization sources of a number of HII regions catalogued by the RMS survey. It is also shown that the OB star scale- height can serve as a roughly standard ruler, leading to the result that the OB star layer shows the onset of warping at RG ~ 10kpc. My results confirm that this entire region requires a non-standard (3.5 < RV < 4.0) reddening law for distances greater than ~2kpc. The methods developed in this study are ready to roll out across the rest of the VPHAS+ footprint that has been observed to date. This extension will take in a strip ~ ±2 degrees across the entire Southern Galactic mid-plane (a sky area of over 700 square degrees), within which we expect to find the majority of massive OB stars. This will result in the largest catalogue of Galactic OB stars to date.

Nesta dissertação são apresentados os resultados obtidos da espectroscopia de campo integral da nebulosa do Homúnculo. As observações foram feitas na banda J, no intervalo de 10620 Å até 12960 Å, utilizando o IFU (Integral Field Unit) do espectrógrafo CIRPASS (Cambridge Infrared Panoramic Survey Spectrograph), que possui 499 lentes hexagonais. A amostragem espacial é de 0,25"/lente e a resolução espectral, R=3200. A linha do [Fe II] &#955;12567 permitiu a identificação de duas estruturas no lóbulo NW que ainda não haviam sido relatadas. Através da tomografia Doppler, essas estruturas indicaram a existência de uma região de baixa densidade localizada no lóbulo NW e que não é visível nas imagens feitas na região óptica. Além disso, o Pequeno Homúnculo também foi identificado através do mapeamento das componentes e também nos mapas de velocidade da linha do [Fe II] &#955;12567. As regiões polares da nebulosa do Homúnculo (onde ocorre a colisão mais intensa entre o vento da fonte central e a região interna dos lóbulos) são mais opacas do que as paredes dos mesmos. Isso é verificado pela diminuição na intensidade da linha do [Fe II] &#955;12567 no lóbulo SE e pelo aumento desta na linha de visada do lóbulo NW. O disco equatorial foi observado nas linhas da série do H (Pa&#946; e Pa&#947;) e na linha do He I &#955;10830 como uma componente devido à emissões intrínsecas até distâncias superiores às dimensões aparentes do disco que é observado nas imagens feitas na faixa óptica. A linha do [Fe II] &#955;12567 também apresenta uma componente associada ao disco equatorial. Regiões de baixa densidade localizadas no toro que envolve a fonte central permitem que a radiação ultravioleta escape e excite o gás contido no disco equatorial. O melhor exemplo desse efeito foi detectado pela tomografia Doppler da linha do He I &#955;10830, que revelou uma componente de emissão intrínseca que atinge distâncias superiores à borda aparente do lóbulo NW do Homúnculo, e que foi completamente mapeada pela primeira vez nesta dissertação. / The Homunculus nebula was mapped using the integral field technique and the results are presented in this dissertation. The observations were obtained in the J band in the range from 10620 Å to 12960 Å using the CIRPASS's IFU, which contains 499 hexagonal lenses. The spatial sampling is 0,25"/lens and the spectral resolution, set to R=3200. The [Fe II] &#955;12567 line allowed the identification of two structures in the NW lobe that had not been reported yet. Doppler tomography of this structures revealed a low density region placed in the NW lobe that is not seen in the optical images. Besides, the Little Homunculus was also detected both in the mapping of components of the [Fe II] &#955;12567 and in its velocity maps. In the Homunculus nebula, the polar regions (where the shock between the stellar bipolar wind and the internal wall of the lobes is stronger) are more opaque than the lobe walls. This can be verified by the decrease in the intensity of the [Fe II] &#955;12567 in the SE lobe and the enhancement of this line emission in the NW lobe. Emissions due to the equatorial disc were detected both in the H series (Pa&#946; and Pa&#947;) and the He I &#955;10830 as an intrinsic component up to distances greater than the aparent dimensions of the disc seen in the images taken in the optical range. The [Fe II] &#955;12567 also presents the component due to the equatorial emission. Low density regions in the torus involving the central source allow a beam of radiation to escape to large radii and thereby excite the gas contained in the equatorial disc. The best example of this effect was detected in the Doppler tomography of the He I &#955;10830 line, that revealed an intrinsic emission component which reaches distances larger than the aparent boundary of the NW lobe and was firstly mapped in this dissertation.

No description available.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21557号 / 理博第4464号 / 新制||理||1641(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 大, 教授 田中 貴浩, 教授 井岡 邦仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The Polstar mission will provide for a space-borne 60cm telescope operating at UV wavelengths with spectropolarimetric capability capturing all four Stokes parameters (intensity, two linear polarization components, and circular polarization). Polstar’s capabilities are designed to meet its goal of determining how circumstellar gas flows alter massive stars' evolution, and finding the consequences for the stellar remnant population and the stirring and enrichment of the interstellar medium, by addressing four key science objectives. In addition, Polstar will determine drivers for the alignment of the smallest interstellar grains, and probe the dust, magnetic fields, and environments in the hot diffuse interstellar medium, including for the first time a direct measurement of the polarized and energized properties of intergalactic dust. Polstar will also characterize processes that lead to the assembly of exoplanetary systems and that affect exoplanetary atmospheres and habitability. Science driven design requirements include: access to ultraviolet bands: where hot massive stars are brightest and circumstellar opacity is highest; high spectral resolution: accessing diagnostics of circumstellar gas flows and stellar composition in the far-UV at 122-200nm, including the NV, SiIV, and CIV resonance doublets and other transitions such as NIV, AlIII, HeII, and CIII; polarimetry: accessing diagnostics of circumstellar magnetic field shape and strength when combined with high FUV spectral resolution and diagnostics of stellar rotation and distribution of circumstellar gas when combined with low near-UV spectral resolution; sufficient signal-to-noise ratios: ~103 for spectropolarimetric precisions of 0.1% per exposure; ~102 for detailed spectroscopic studies; ~10 for exploring dimmer sources; and cadence: ranging from 1-10 minutes for most wind variability studies, to hours for sampling rotational phase, to days or weeks for sampling orbital phase. The ISM and exoplanet science program will be enabled by these capabilities driven by the massive star science.