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Expression and Function of the Chloroplast-encoded Gene matKBarthet, Michelle Marie 10 March 2006 (has links)
The chloroplast matK gene has been identified as a rapidly evolving gene at nucleotide and corresponding amino acid levels. The high number of nucleotide substitutions and length mutations in matK has provided a strong phylogenetic signal for resolving plant phylogenies at various taxonomic levels. However, these same features have raised questions as to whether matK produces a functional protein product. matK is the only proposed chloroplast-encoded group II intron maturase. There are 15 genes in the chloroplast that would require a maturase for RNA splicing. Six of these genes have introns that are not excised by a nuclear imported maturase, leaving MatK as the only candidate for processing introns in these genes. Very little research has been conducted concerning the expression and function of this important gene and its protein product. It has become crucial to understand matK expression in light of its significance in RNA processing and plant systematics. In this study, we examined the expression, function and evolution of MatK using a combination of molecular and genetic methods. Our findings indicate that matK RNA and protein is expressed in a variety of plant species, and expression of MatK protein is regulated by development. In addition, matK RNA levels are affected by light. Furthermore, genetic analysis has revealed that although MatK has a high rate of amino acid substitution, these substitutions are not random but are constrained to maintain overall chemical structure and stability in this protein. We have also identified an alternate start codon for matK in some plant species that buffers indels (insertions and deletions) in the open reading frame (ORF) that are not in multiples of three in the gene sequence. Usually, indels not in multiples of three result in frame shifts that destroy the reading frame. Our results indicate that an out-of-frame matK start codon in some orchids compensates for these otherwise deleterious indels. This research represents the first in-depth analysis of matK gene expression and contributes to several fields of biology including plant systematics, genetics and gene expression. / Ph. D.
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Charakterisierung essentieller Faktoren des Nukleinsäuremetabolismus von ChloroplastenZoschke, Reimo 02 June 2010 (has links)
Die chloroplastidäre Genexpression ist durch charakteristische posttranskriptionelle Ereignisse, wie RNA-Prozessierung, RNA-Stabilität, RNA-Edierung oder RNA-Spleißen gekennzeichnet. Diese Prozesse werden fast ausnahmslos durch kernkodierte Proteine realisiert. PPR-Proteine (Pentatricopeptid repeat) stellen unter diesen kernkodierten Faktoren die größte Proteinfamilie dar. Das plastidäre Protein P67 gehört zur kleinen Untergruppe der PPR-Proteine mit SMR-Domäne (small MutS-related), deren molekulare Funktion im organellären Nukleinsäuremetabolismus bislang unverstanden ist. P67 zeigt eine nahe Verwandtschaft zu GUN1, einem zentralen Bestandteil retrograder Signalwege. Der hier analysierte P67-Knockout in Mais verursacht hellgrüne Phänotypen, eine drastische Reduktion der plastidären ATPase und Keimlingsletalität, was die essentielle Beteiligung von P67 an den Prozessen der Chloroplastenbiogenese und der Expression der plastidär kodierten ATPase-Untereinheiten vermuten lässt. Mögliche Implikationen eines fehlenden Phänotyps von Mutanten des P67-Orthologs aus Arabidopsis thaliana werden diskutiert. Eine Ausnahmestellung unter den Proteinen des chloroplastidären RNA-Metabolismus nimmt der einzige plastidär kodierte RNA-Reifungsfaktor MatK ein. Die genomische Position des matK-Gens im Intron der trnK-UUU ist in allen grünen Landpflanzen konserviert. MatK ist mit bakteriellen Maturasen verwandt, die spezifisch den Spleißprozess ihres Heimatintrons unterstützen. Dagegen deuten genetische und phylogenetische Studien zusätzliche MatK-Funktionen in trans an. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die spezifische Interaktion von MatK mit sieben Gruppe-IIA-Intron enthaltenden Transkripten in vivo gezeigt. Darunter befinden sich vier tRNA-Vorläufer (trnK-UUU mit dem matK-Heimatintron sowie trnV-UAC, trnI-GAU, trnA-UGC) und drei proteinkodierende Vorläufertranskripte (rpl2, rps12, atpF). Die Feinkartierung der MatK-Bindung im trnK-Heimatintron zeigt eine Assoziation mit multiplen Regionen. Organelläre Gruppe-II-Introns gelten als Vorläufer der spleißosomalen Introns. Die Assoziation mit multiplen Gruppe-II-Introns macht MatK somit zu einem interessanten Modell für die Evolution der transaktiven Spleißaktivität im Kern. Analysen der Expression von MatK und seinen Zielen deuten auf ein komplexes Muster möglicher regulativer Interaktionen hin. / Chloroplast gene expression is characterized by posttranscriptional events including RNA cleavage, RNA stability, RNA editing, and RNA splicing. The underlying processing machinery is almost exclusively encoded in the nucleus. PPR proteins (pentatricopeptide repeat) form the biggest protein family among these factors and are major players of the aforementioned posttranscriptional processes. The plastidial protein P67 is a member of a small subgroup of PPR proteins with SMR domain (small MutS-related). Molecular functions of this protein family in organellar nucleic acid metabolism are yet unknown. P67 is a close relative of GUN1, an essential component of the chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signalling pathway. It is shown here that a P67 knockout in maize causes pale green phenotypes, a dramatic reduction in ATPase levels, and seedling lethality. This indicates an essential role of P67 for chloroplast biogenesis and expression of the plastid encoded ATPase. The finding that mutants of the P67-orthologe in Arabidopsis lack a phenotype is discussed against the background of physiological differences between maize and Arabidopsis. A special case among proteins involved in plastid RNA metabolism is MatK - the only plastid encoded RNA maturation factor. The genomic position of the matK gene in the trnK-UUU intron is conserved throughout autotrophic land plants. MatK is related to bacterial maturases - highly specific splice factors supporting splice processes of their respective home introns. There is, however, indirect genetic and phylogenetic evidence that MatK acts also in trans as a common plastidial splice factor serving various group II introns. This study shows that MatK interacts specifically with seven group IIA introns in vivo. Among them are four tRNA precursor transcripts (trnK-UUU including the matK home intron as well as trnV-UAC, trnI-GAU, trnA-UGC) and three protein-coding precursors (rpl2, rps12, atpF). Fine mapping of MatK binding sites within the trnK home intron uncovers protein RNA interactions with diverse intron regions. Organellar introns have been suggested as evolutionary ancestors of nuclear spliceosomal introns. Consequently, association of MatK with multiple group II intron ligands makes the plastidial maturase an attractive model for an early trans-acting nuclear splice activity. Analyses of the expression of MatK and its targets revealed a complex pattern of possible regulatory interactions.
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Analysis of targets and functions of the chloroplast intron maturase MatKQu, Yujiao 30 June 2015 (has links)
In Chloroplasten durchlaufen primäre Transkripte eine großen Anzahl von bzw. Reifungsprozesse. Diese Ereignisse spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulation der Genexpression und sind im Wesentlichen durch Proteinfaktoren, insbesondere RNA-Bindeproteine, reguliert. Der plastidäre Spleißfaktor MatK zählt zu den prokaryotischen Gruppe-II-Intron. MatK aus Nicotiana tabacum interagiert mit seinem Heimatintron trnK und sechs weiteren Gruppe IIA Introns. In dieser Untersuchung, MatK-Bindestellen konnten unterschiedlichen Regionen der Gruppe-II-Introns zugewiesen werden mit RIP-seq in Nicotiana tabacum. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass MatK im Vergleich zu seinen bakteriellen Vorfahren an Vielseitigkeit in der RNA-Erkennung gewonnen hat. MatK zeigt somit beispielhaft, wie eine Maturase die Fähigkeit erworben haben könnte, in trans auf mehrere Introns zu wirken. Quantitative Untersuchung und mathematische Modellierung der Expression von MatK und dessen Zielen offenbart ein komplexes Muster möglicher regulatorischer Feedback-Mechanismen. In dieser Studie konnte ein möglicher Feedback- Mechanismus durch Analyse von polysomal gebundenen Transkripten ausgeschlossen werden. Stabile Bindung von Proteinen an spezifische RNA-Bindestellen und anschließender Abbau der ungeschützten RNA kann zu Akkumulation von kleinen RNAs (sRNAs) führen. Solche Footprints von RNA-Bindeproteinen wurden durch die Untersuchung von Datensätzen kleiner RNAs in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii identifiziert. Zwei der sRNAs entsprechen den 5'' Enden der reifen psbB und psbH mRNAs. Beide sRNAs sind abhängig von Mbb1, einem TPR (Tetratrico-peptide repeat) Protein. Die beiden sRNAs besitzen eine hohe Ähnlichkeit in ihrer Primärsequenz und fehlen in der mbb1 Mutante. Dies legt nahe, dass auch andere der hier identifizierten sRNAs an 5'' Enden plastidärer mRNAs Protein-Bindestellen repräsentieren, die für die korrekte RNA-Prozessierung und RNA-Stabilisierung in Chlamydomonas Chloroplasten erforderlich sind. / In chloroplasts, primary transcripts are subjected to a number of processing events. These events play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and are extensively controlled by protein factors, especially by RNA-binding proteins. Chloroplast splicing factor MatK is related to prokaryotic group II intron maturases. Nicotiana tabacum MatK interacts with its home intron trnK and six additional group IIA introns. In this study, binding sites of MatK were narrowed down to varying regions of its group II targets by RIP-seq in Nicotiana tabacum. The results obtained demonstrate that MatK has gained versatility in RNA recognition relative to its bacterial ancestors. MatK thus exemplifies how a maturase could have gained the ability to act in trans on multiple introns during the dispersion of the group II introns through the eukaryotic genome early in the eukaryote evolution. Quantitative investigation and mathematical modeling of the expression of MatK and its targets revealed a complex pattern of possible feedback regulatory interactions. In this study, one possible feedback regulation mechanism was ruled out by the analysis of polysome associated transcripts. Stable binding of proteins to specific RNA sites and subsequent degradation of the unprotected RNA regions can result in small RNA, footprint of the RNA binding protein. Such footprints were identified by examining small RNA datasets of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Two of the sRNAs correspond to the 5’ ends of mature psbB and psbH mRNAs. Both sRNAs are dependent on Mbb1, a nuclear-encoded TPR (Tetratrico-peptide repeat) protein. The two sRNAs have high similarity in primary sequence, and both are absent in the mbb1 mutant. This suggests that sRNAs at the 5’ ends of chloroplast mRNAs identified here generally represent the binding sites of proteins, which function in RNA processing and RNA stabilization in Chlamydomonas chloroplast.
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