Os seios maxilares são os maiores seios paranasais e seu desenvolvimento apresenta uma variabilidade entre os indivíduos, já que sofre um processo de expansão progressiva durante a vida toda, principalmente nos casos de perdas dentárias, provocando pneumatização do seio em direção ao rebordo alveolar, reduzindo sua altura. Quando essa altura óssea alveolar residual é insuficiente, uma cirurgia de levantamento de seio pode ser realizada para ganhar altura óssea e posterior instalação de implantes dentários. Em alguns casos, podem apresentar variações anatômicas, levando ao insucesso da técnica cirúrgica, por desconhecimento ou falta de planejamento através de exames complementares. Para evitar esse tipo de acidentes e complicações em implantodontia é preciso a ajuda de exames complementares para um melhor planejamento cirúrgico e protético, como é o caso da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico, que fornece imagens em três dimensões, possibilitando uma melhor avaliação do seio maxilar. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as diferentes variações anatômicas apresentadas no seio maxilar em pacientes edêntulos total e parcial da região posterior da maxila, realizar mensurações do osso alveolar residual, paredes do seio e determinar a relação da artéria alveolar superior posterior com o seio maxilar, através da avaliação de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico disponíveis nos arquivos de imagens digitais do departamento de Cirurgia, Estomatologia, Patologia e Radiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São Paulo FOB/USP. / The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses and its development presents a variability among the individuals, since it undergoes a process of progressive expansion during the whole life, mainly in the cases of dental losses, provoking pneumatization of the sinus toward the alveolar ridge, reducing your Height. When this residual alveolar bone height is insufficient, a sinus lift surgery can be performed to gain bone height and subsequent installation of dental implants. In some cases, they may present anatomic variations, leading to the failure of the surgical technique, due to lack of knowledge or lack of planning through complementary tests. To avoid such accidents and complications in implantology, it is necessary the help of complementary examinations for a better surgical and prosthetic planning, as is the case of conical beam CT, which provides images in three dimensions, allowing a better evaluation of the maxillary sinus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the different anatomical variations presented in the maxillary sinus in total and partial edentulous patients of the posterior maxillary region, to perform measurements of the residual alveolar bone, sinus walls and to determine the relation of the posterior superior alveolar artery with the sinus maxillary, through the evaluation of conical beam computed tomography available in the digital images archives of the Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Bauru of the University of São Paulo FOB / USP.

Os seios maxilares são os maiores seios paranasais e seu desenvolvimento apresenta uma variabilidade entre os indivíduos, já que sofre um processo de expansão progressiva durante a vida toda, principalmente nos casos de perdas dentárias, provocando pneumatização do seio em direção ao rebordo alveolar, reduzindo sua altura. Quando essa altura óssea alveolar residual é insuficiente, uma cirurgia de levantamento de seio pode ser realizada para ganhar altura óssea e posterior instalação de implantes dentários. Em alguns casos, podem apresentar variações anatômicas, levando ao insucesso da técnica cirúrgica, por desconhecimento ou falta de planejamento através de exames complementares. Para evitar esse tipo de acidentes e complicações em implantodontia é preciso a ajuda de exames complementares para um melhor planejamento cirúrgico e protético, como é o caso da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico, que fornece imagens em três dimensões, possibilitando uma melhor avaliação do seio maxilar. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as diferentes variações anatômicas apresentadas no seio maxilar em pacientes edêntulos total e parcial da região posterior da maxila, realizar mensurações do osso alveolar residual, paredes do seio e determinar a relação da artéria alveolar superior posterior com o seio maxilar, através da avaliação de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico disponíveis nos arquivos de imagens digitais do departamento de Cirurgia, Estomatologia, Patologia e Radiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São Paulo FOB/USP. / The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses and its development presents a variability among the individuals, since it undergoes a process of progressive expansion during the whole life, mainly in the cases of dental losses, provoking pneumatization of the sinus toward the alveolar ridge, reducing your Height. When this residual alveolar bone height is insufficient, a sinus lift surgery can be performed to gain bone height and subsequent installation of dental implants. In some cases, they may present anatomic variations, leading to the failure of the surgical technique, due to lack of knowledge or lack of planning through complementary tests. To avoid such accidents and complications in implantology, it is necessary the help of complementary examinations for a better surgical and prosthetic planning, as is the case of conical beam CT, which provides images in three dimensions, allowing a better evaluation of the maxillary sinus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the different anatomical variations presented in the maxillary sinus in total and partial edentulous patients of the posterior maxillary region, to perform measurements of the residual alveolar bone, sinus walls and to determine the relation of the posterior superior alveolar artery with the sinus maxillary, through the evaluation of conical beam computed tomography available in the digital images archives of the Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Bauru of the University of São Paulo FOB / USP.

Introdução: A atresia transversa da maxila é a discrepância volumétrica existente entre a maxila e a mandíbula no plano transversal que, além de alterações dento-esqueléticas, gera mudanças craniofaciais importantes, como o estreitamento das cavidades nasais, a diminuição da permeabilidade nasal e a respiração bucal. A expansão palatina cirurgicamente assistida (EPCA) é a técnica cirúrgica indicada para a correção da atresia maxilar em pacientes adultos, com o crescimento ósseo finalizado. A rinometria acústica é uma técnica objetiva de estudo da respiração nasal, com a qual se avalia a geometria e o volume nasal. Já a rinomanometria trata-se de um método aerodinâmico que quantifica a pressão transnasal e a resistência ao fluxo aéreo. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar subjetiva e objetivamente a função respiratória nasal, em pacientes com atresia maxilar, submetidos à EPCA e determinar o tipo de correlação existente entre as medidas ortodônticas e as alterações de área, volume, resistência, e fluxo aéreo nasal. Casuística e Métodos: Para a realização do estudo foram avaliados 27 pacientes adultos, por meio da rinometria acústica, rinomanometria, medidas ortodônticas (perímetro e comprimento do arco maxilar, distância transversa entre caninos, prés-molares e molares superiores) em modelos de estudos e escala visual analógica da função respiratória apenas nasal, no pré-operatório, após a ativação do expansor maxilar do tipo Hyrax, instalado previamente à cirurgia, e após quatro meses da EPCA, realizada sob anestesia geral. Os exames otorrinolaringológicos foram realizados em sala ambientalizada, com e sem o uso de vasoconstritor nasal, em ambas as cavidades nasais. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que 59,3% da casuística era do gênero feminino, com idade média de 25,33 anos. Todas as medidas ortodônticas obtiveram um aumento estatisticamente significante (p<0,001), que mantiveram-se ao longo da tempo (p<0,001). Todas as medidas avaliadas apresentaram melhores resultados com o uso de vasoconstritor nasal. A área da cavidade nasal como um todo aumentou após a cirurgia (p<0,036). O volume médio é 2,75 maior com o uso de vasoconstritor (p < 0,001), porém não houve alterações estatisticamente significantes entre os momentos avaliados. Os fluxos expiratórios e inspiratórios aumentaram ao longo do tempo (p<0,001, para ambos). A pressão expiratória diminui no decorrer dos momentos avaliados (p<0,004). A análise subjetiva da sensação respiratória apenas pelo nariz aumentou significantemente de um momento para o outro (p<0,05). Houve correlação estatística entre perímetro do arco aumentado e resistência aérea diminuída (p=0,004) e entre o aumento de uma medida transversa com o aumento do fluxo inspiratório e expiratório, sem o uso de vasoconstritor (p=0,023 e p=0,004 respectivamente). Apenas o fluxo respiratório apresentou comportamento diferente entre os lados. Conclusões: Assim, conclui-se que o procedimento cirúrgico de EPCA promove alterações importantes nas cavidades oral e nasais que, associadas, geram melhor qualidade respiratória ao paciente e demonstram a relevância clínica otorrinolaringológica de tal procedimento cirúrgico bucomaxilofacial / Introduction: Transverse atresia of maxilla is a volumetric discrepancy existing between the maxilla and the mandible on the transversal plan that, besides dentoskeletal alterations, generates important craniofacial changes, such as nasal cavities constriction, diminution of nasal permeability and buccal breathing. The surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is the surgical technique indicated for correcting maxillary atresia in adult patients, whose bone development was concluded. Acoustic rhinometry is a technique of nasal breathing, with which the nasal geometry and volume are assessed. As for rhinomanometry, it is an aerodynamic method that quantifies the transnasal pressure and resistance to aerial flow. Objectives: The purpose of this paper was evaluating subjectively and objectively the nasal respiratory function in patients with maxillary atresia, who have undergone SARME and determining the type of correlation existing between the orthodontic measures and the alterations of area, volume, resistance, and nasal aerial flow. Casuistic and Methods: For the paper accomplishment were assessed 27 adult patients, through acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry, orthodontic measures (perimeter and length of maxillary arch, transverse distance among canines, premolars and superior molars) in models of studies and analogical visual scale of only nasal respiratory function, on pre-surgical, after the activation of Hyrax-type maxillary expander, installed previously to the surgery, and after four months of SARME, accomplished under general anesthesia. The otorhinolaryngological tests were accomplished in an environmentally adapted room, with and without the use of nasal vasoconstrictor, in both nasal cavities. Results: The results have demonstrated that 59.3% of the casuistic was of female gender, with an average age of 25.33 years. All the orthodontic measures have obtained a statistically significant growth (p<0.001), which have maintained along the time (p<0.001). All the assessed measures have presented better results with the use of nasal vasoconstrictor. The nasal cavity area as a whole augmented after the surgery (p<0.036). The average volume is 2.75 larger with the vasoconstrictor use (p < 0.001), however, there was any statistically significant alterations between the moments assessed. The expiratory and inspiratory flows have grown along the time (p<0.001, for both). The expiratory pressure is reduced in the course of the moments assessed (p<0.004). The subjective analysis of respiratory sensation only through nose has increased significantly from one moment to the other (p<0.05). There was a statistic correlation between perimeter of augmented arch and aerial resistance diminished (p=0.004) and between the increase of a transverse measure with the growth of inspiratory and expiratory flow, with and without the use of vasoconstrictor (p=0.023 and p=0.004 respectively). Only the respiratory flow presented a different behavior between the sides. Conclusions: Thus, it is concluded that the SARME promotes important alterations on oral and nasal cavities that, associated, generate a better respiratory quality to the patient and demonstrate a clinical otorhinolaryngological relevance of such bucomaxillofacial surgical procedure

Disertacijos tema: Vaikų, turinčių įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimą, viršutinio žandikaulio raidos ypatumai (nuo gimimo iki 5-erių metų amžiaus Raktinių žodžių grupės: įgimtas vienpusis visiškas lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimas, viršutinio žandikaulio raida nuo gimimo iki 5-erių metų amžiaus, nesuaugimo sunkis, lūpos plastinė operacija, gomurio plastinė operacija, viršutinio žandikaulio modeliai, sąkandis. Disertacijos objektai: pacientų, turinčių įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimą viršutinio žandikaulio modeliai. Tyrimai: Darbe ištirti Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Žalgirio klinikoje (VULŽK) 2000-2009 metais gydyti 48 pacientai, turintys įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimą. Tirtiems pacientams lūpos plastinė operacija buvo atlikta 3 mėnesių amžiaus, gomurio plastinė operacija 18 mėnesių amžiaus. Tyrimui naudoti tų pačių pacientų 3 bei 18 mėnesių amžiaus viršutinio žandikaulio modeliai ir 5-erių metų amžiaus viršutinio ir apatinio žandikaulių modeliai. Tyrime įvertinta linijinių ir kampinių žandikaulio matmenų pokyčiai ir nustatytas nesuaugimo sunkumo ryšys su viršutinio žandikaulio matmenimis ir 5-erių metų pacientų sakandžiu. Disertacijos išvadose konstatuojama kaip keičiasi viršutinio žandikaulio matmenys ir forma po lūpos ir gomurio plastinių operacijų. Pateikti turinčių įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Subject of dissertation: The development of maxilla in children with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate ( from birth till 5 years of age) Key words groups: congenital unilateral total cleft lip, alveolus and palate, development of maxilla from birth till 5 years of age, cleft severity, lip surgery, palate surgery, maxillary dental casts, occlusion. Objects of dissertation: maxillary dental cast of patients with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate Research: The study examined 48 patients with congenital unilateral total cleft lip, alveolus and palate treated at the Žalgiris Clinic of Vilnius University Hospital in the period of 2000-2009. In examined patients lip surgery was performed at 3 months and palate surgery at 18 months of age. The study employed maxillary dental casts at 3 and 18 months of age and upper jaw and lower jaw dental casts at 5 years of age in the same patients. In our research we evaluated changes of maxillary linear and angular measurements and relationship between cleft severity and maxillary linear and angular measurements and occlusion at 5 years. Conclusions: During the study, changes in maxillary measurements in patients with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate after lip and palate surgery were analysed. Statistically reliable differences in measurements of maxillary measurements of five-year-old patients with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate... [to full text]

Subject of dissertation: The development of maxilla in children with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate ( from birth till 5 years of age) Key words groups: congenital unilateral total cleft lip, alveolus and palate, development of maxilla from birth till 5 years of age, cleft severity, lip surgery, palate surgery, maxillary dental casts, occlusion. Objects of dissertation: maxillary dental cast of patients with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate Research: The study examined 48 patients with congenital unilateral total cleft lip, alveolus and palate treated at the Žalgiris Clinic of Vilnius University Hospital in the period of 2000-2009. In examined patients lip surgery was performed at 3 months and palate surgery at 18 months of age. The study employed maxillary dental casts at 3 and 18 months of age and upper jaw and lower jaw dental casts at 5 years of age in the same patients. In our research we evaluated changes of maxillary linear and angular measurements and relationship between cleft severity and maxillary linear and angular measurements and occlusion at 5 years. Conclusions: During the study, changes in maxillary measurements in patients with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate after lip and palate surgery were analysed. Statistically reliable differences in measurements of maxillary measurements of five-year-old patients with congenital unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and... [to full text] / Disertacijos tema: Vaikų, turinčių įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimą, viršutinio žandikaulio raidos ypatumai (nuo gimimo iki 5-erių metų amžiaus Raktinių žodžių grupės: įgimtas vienpusis visiškas lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimas, viršutinio žandikaulio raida nuo gimimo iki 5-erių metų amžiaus, nesuaugimo sunkis, lūpos plastinė operacija, gomurio plastinė operacija, viršutinio žandikaulio modeliai, sąkandis. Disertacijos objektai: pacientų, turinčių įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimą viršutinio žandikaulio modeliai. Tyrimai: Darbe ištirti Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Žalgirio klinikoje (VULŽK) 2000-2009 metais gydyti 48 pacientai, turintys įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio nesuaugimą. Tirtiems pacientams lūpos plastinė operacija buvo atlikta 3 mėnesių amžiaus, gomurio plastinė operacija 18 mėnesių amžiaus. Tyrimui naudoti tų pačių pacientų 3 bei 18 mėnesių amžiaus viršutinio žandikaulio modeliai ir 5-erių metų amžiaus viršutinio ir apatinio žandikaulių modeliai. Tyrime įvertinta linijinių ir kampinių žandikaulio matmenų pokyčiai ir nustatytas nesuaugimo sunkumo ryšys su viršutinio žandikaulio matmenimis ir 5-erių metų pacientų sakandžiu. Disertacijos išvadose konstatuojama kaip keičiasi viršutinio žandikaulio matmenys ir forma po lūpos ir gomurio plastinių operacijų. Pateikti turinčių įgimtą vienpusį visišką lūpos, alveolinės ataugos ir gomurio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Les sutures crâniennes ont été régulièrement étudiées au fil des siècles puisque déjà Vésale établissait une relation entre l’âge et la synostose suturale. Leur imprécision a quelque peu confiné l’observation de ces sutures dans un certain oubli, justifié en partie. Il est clair que leur fiabilité quant à l’estimation de l’âge au décès reste discutable et ce, pour diverses raisons. Leur observation est difficile et dès lors sujette à subjectivité dans l’appréciation de leurs stades de fusion. De plus, leur apparence sur le crâne sec peut être altérée par divers artéfacts de conservation (cire, vernis…). Outre l’observation des classiques sutures ectocrâniennes de voûte et l’utilisation des méthodes habituelles en la matière (méthode de Acsádi et Nemeskéri, méthode de Masset), nous avons orienté notre étude vers des sutures peu voire pas exploitées, à savoir les sutures palatines, les sutures fronto-naso-maxillaires et les sutures de l’os zygomatique. Ces trois groupes suturaux ont la particularité d’évoluer de manière très lente vers la fusion, à tel point que peu d’individus en présentent une oblitération complète. Face au vieillissement de la population et de par notre expérience médico-légale et anthropologique d’étude de pièces osseuses de personnes âgées, nous avons estimé qu’il était utile de se pencher sur des collections particulières de sujets d’âge avancé, afin d’apprécier l’évolution morphologique de ces sutures faciales. Si certaines personnes fort âgées gardent malgré tout des caractéristiques suturales peu évoluées, il existe dans l’ensemble, une progression suturale quasiment constante en fonction de l’âge. Nous avons tenté de la cerner, en attribuant à ces sutures, des degrés bien définis de cette progressive fusion et par là, l’aboutissement à un coefficient moyen d’oblitération suturale, se traduisant aisément en pourcentage d’oblitération ou pouvant être introduit dans des équations de régression. Tout en connaissant les limites de cette approche, nous pouvons estimer qu’elle peut rendre des services lors de l’étude de restes humains squelettisés, notamment s’ils appartiennent à des personnes fort âgées, dès lors qu’à ces stades de vieillissement, peu de méthodes restent encore applicables. D’autre part, l’approche en pourcentage d’oblitération suturale rend également des services lorsque les crânes étudiés sont fragmentés. C’est la situation que nous rencontrons actuellement lors de l’étude d’une très importante collection anthropologique à l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Cette observation suturale pourra également – à l’avenir – trouver un terrain d’approche fort utile par l’étude des sutures en CT-Scan ou en micro-CT. Enfin, grâce à ces techniques modernes d’imagerie médicale, les sutures trouvent un regain d’intérêt dans une application toute particulière, qui est celle de l’identification comparative, puisqu’il apparaît que le « dessin sutural » s’avère tout à fait propre à chaque individu.

Les sutures crâniennes ont été régulièrement étudiées au fil des siècles puisque déjà Vésale établissait une relation entre l’âge et la synostose suturale.<p><p>Leur imprécision a quelque peu confiné l’observation de ces sutures dans un certain oubli, justifié en partie.<p><p>Il est clair que leur fiabilité quant à l’estimation de l’âge au décès reste discutable et ce, pour diverses raisons.<p><p>Leur observation est difficile et dès lors sujette à subjectivité dans l’appréciation de leurs stades de fusion.<p><p>De plus, leur apparence sur le crâne sec peut être altérée par divers artéfacts de conservation (cire, vernis…).<p><p>Outre l’observation des classiques sutures ectocrâniennes de voûte et l’utilisation des méthodes habituelles en la matière (méthode de Acsádi et Nemeskéri, méthode de Masset), nous avons orienté notre étude vers des sutures peu voire pas exploitées, à savoir les sutures palatines, les sutures fronto-naso-maxillaires et les sutures de l’os zygomatique.<p><p>Ces trois groupes suturaux ont la particularité d’évoluer de manière très lente vers la fusion, à tel point que peu d’individus en présentent une oblitération complète.<p><p>Face au vieillissement de la population et de par notre expérience médico-légale et anthropologique d’étude de pièces osseuses de personnes âgées, nous avons estimé qu’il était utile de se pencher sur des collections particulières de sujets d’âge avancé, afin d’apprécier l’évolution morphologique de ces sutures faciales.<p><p>Si certaines personnes fort âgées gardent malgré tout des caractéristiques suturales peu évoluées, il existe dans l’ensemble, une progression suturale quasiment constante en fonction de l’âge.<p><p>Nous avons tenté de la cerner, en attribuant à ces sutures, des degrés bien définis de cette progressive fusion et par là, l’aboutissement à un coefficient moyen d’oblitération suturale, se traduisant aisément en pourcentage d’oblitération ou pouvant être introduit dans des équations de régression.<p><p>Tout en connaissant les limites de cette approche, nous pouvons estimer qu’elle peut rendre des services lors de l’étude de restes humains squelettisés, notamment s’ils appartiennent à des personnes fort âgées, dès lors qu’à ces stades de vieillissement, peu de méthodes restent encore applicables. D’autre part, l’approche en pourcentage d’oblitération suturale rend également des services lorsque les crânes étudiés sont fragmentés. C’est la situation que nous rencontrons actuellement lors de l’étude d’une très importante collection anthropologique à l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique.<p><p>Cette observation suturale pourra également – à l’avenir – trouver un terrain d’approche fort utile par l’étude des sutures en CT-Scan ou en micro-CT.<p><p>Enfin, grâce à ces techniques modernes d’imagerie médicale, les sutures trouvent un regain d’intérêt dans une application toute particulière, qui est celle de l’identification comparative, puisqu’il apparaît que le « dessin sutural » s’avère tout à fait propre à chaque individu.<p><p>/<p><p>Cranial sutures were regularly studied during centuries since Vésale already established a relationship between age at death and sutural fusion. <p><p>Their inaccuracy somewhat confined the observation of these joints in a certain lapse of memory, partly justified. <p><p>Various reasons clearly indicate that their reliability for age at death estimation remains debatable. <p><p>Their observation is difficult and consequently prone to subjectivity in the appreciation of their stages of fusion. <p><p>Moreover, their appearance on dry cranium can be modified by various artefacts from preserving methods (wax, varnished…). <p><p>In addition to the traditional observation of ectocranial sutures (with the usual methods such as Acsádi and Nemeskéri method and Masset method), we have directed our study towards not much exploited sutures, namely the palatine sutures, the fronto-naso-zygomatic sutures and the sutures of the zygomatic bone. <p><p>These three sutural groups are characteristic by evolving very slowly to fusion, and than, only few individuals present a complete obliteration of the latter. <p><p>Because of general population ageing and our medicolegal and anthropological experience of skeletal remains in elderly, we estimated the usefulness in studying particular collections of old people, in order to appreciate the morphological evolution of these facial joints. <p><p>Despite some very old people who present little evolved sutural characteristics, we consider as a whole, an almost constant sutural progression according to age. <p><p>We tried to define degrees of this progressive fusion and by the way, the result with a sutural obliteration average coefficient, can be easily translate as a percentage obliteration or able to be introduced into regression equations. <p><p>The limits of this approach are well known but we estimate that it is possible to help the examination of human skeletal remains in elderly, although at these stages of ageing, some methods remain still applicable. In addition, the approach expressed as a percentage of sutural obliteration is also very helpful when craniums are fragmented. This situation is currently observed on the anthropological collections at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. <p><p>Furthemore in the future, the sutural observation will find an interesting and useful approach by the study of the joints in CT-Scan or micro-CT. <p><p>At least, thanks to these modern techniques of medical imagery, the sutures find a renewed interest in a very particular application, such as comparative identification. It appears that the "sutural drawing" proves completely specific to each individual. <p><p> / Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished