Η παρούσα διπλωματική έχει ως σκοπό να διερευνήσει τους τρόπους με τους οποίους θα μπορέσουμε να λειτουργήσουμε φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα στο βέλτιστο σημείο τους, στο σημείο μέγιστης ισχύος. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται γενικά χαρακτηριστικά, αρχές λειτουργίας και σχέσεις μοντελοποίησης του φωτοβολταϊκού πλαισίου. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο εξετάζονται οι διατάξεις Ανίχνευσης Μέγιστου Σημείου Ισχύος (Maximum Power Point Tracking) και δίνεται βαρύτητα στις 3 βασικότερες τοπολογίες των μετατροπέων: DC-DC μετατροπέας υποβιβασμού τάσης (step down ή buck DC-DC converter), DC-DC μετατροπέας ανύψωσης τάσης (step up ή boost DC-DC converter), μικτός DC-DC μετατροπέας (step down/up ή buck-boost DC-DC converter). Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται αναλυτικά ο μικτός DC-DC μετατροπέας και όλες οι περιπτώσεις λειτουργίας του (λειτουργία συνεχούς ρεύματος, οριακή λειτουργία, ασυνεχής λειτουργία) Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται οι αρχές λειτουργίας και οι βασικές ιδιότητες των αλγόριθμων αναζήτησης MPP. Κατηγοριοποιούνται σε ομάδες ενώ αναφέρονται τα κύρια πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματα. Αναφορικά κάποιοι από αυτούς είναι: ο αλγόριθμος διατάραξης και παρατήρησης, ο αλγόριθμος αυξητικής αγωγιμότητας και ο αλγόριθμος παρασιτικής χωρητικότητας. Στο πέμπτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο γίνεται προσομοίωση στον υπολογιστή ενός φωτοβολταϊκού συστήματος με DC-DC μετατροπέα και σταθερό ωμικό φορτίο με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού Matlab/Simulink. Γίνεται υπολογισμός των βασικών στοιχείων του και εξάγονται οι γραφικές παραστάσεις για τη λειτουργία του σε διαφορετικές καταστάσεις ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας και θερμοκρασίας. Τέλος, από την προσομοίωση φαίνονται τα αποτελέσματα στην απόδοση του φωτοβολταϊκού όταν μεταβάλουμε το βήμα διαταραχής της σχετικής διάρκειας αγωγής και το χρόνο δειγματοληψίας. / -

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία προσομοιώθηκε μέσω του προγράμματος Simulink ένα φωτοβολταϊκό σύστημα το οποίο αποτελούνταν από ένα φωτοβολταϊκό πλαίσιο των 60W, έναν DC/DC μετατροπέα Buck-Boost και ένα φορτίο. Στη συνέχεια εφαρμόσθηκαν τέσσερις διαφορετικές μέθοδοι ελέγχου στο φωτοβολταϊκό σύστημα με στόχο να λειτουργεί στο σημείο απόδοσης μέγιστης ισχύος (MPP) και συγκρίναμε τα αποτελέσματα της κάθε μια μεθόδου. Οι μέθοδοι που εφαρμόσθηκαν ήταν η μέθοδος Ανοιχτού Κυκλώματος (Open Voltage Method), η μέθοδος Διαταραχής και Παρατήρησης (Perturb and Observe Method), η μέθοδος Διαφορικής Αγωγιμότητας (Incremental Conductance) και προτείναμε και μια βελτιωμένη μέθοδο Διαταραχής και Παρατήρησης (Improved Perturb and Observe Method). / In this diploma thesis a photovoltaic system was simulated with the program Simulink. The photovoltaic system consisted of a photovoltaic panel of 60W, a buck-boost DC/DC converter and a load. Then four different control methods where applied so that the photovoltaic system would operate at the maximum power point (MPP) and the results of each control method were compared. The control methods which were applied were the Open Voltage Method, the Perturb and Observe Method, the Incremental Conductance Method and we proposed an improved Perturb and Observe Method.

Recently, photovoltaic (PV) generation is becoming increasingly popular in industrial applications. As a renewable and alternative source of energy they feature superior characteristics such as being clean and silent along with less maintenance problems compared to other sources of the energy. In PV generation, employing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method is essential to obtain the maximum available solar energy. Among several proposed MPPT techniques, the Perturbation and Observation (P&O) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) methods are adopted in this work. The components of the MPPT control system which are P&O and MPC algorithms, PV module and high gain DC-DC boost converter are simulated in MATLAB Simulink. They are evaluated theoretically under rapidly and slowly changing of solar irradiation and temperature and their performance is shown by the simulation results, finally a comprehensive comparison is presented.

abstract: Despite the breadth of studies investigating ecosystem development, an underlying theory guiding this process remains elusive. Several principles have been proposed to explain ecosystem development, though few have garnered broad support in the literature. I used boreal wetland soils as a study system to test a notable goal oriented principle: The Maximum Power Principle (MPP). The MPP posits that ecosystems, and in fact all energy systems, develop to maximize power production or the rate of energy production. I conducted theoretical and empirical investigations to test the MPP in northern wetlands. Permafrost degradation is leading to rapid wetland formation in northern peatland ecosystems, altering the role of these ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. I reviewed the literature on the history of the MPP theory, including tracing its origins to The Second Law of Thermodynamics. To empirically test the MPP, I collected soils along a gradient of ecosystem development and: 1) quantified the rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production--literally cellular energy--to test the MPP; 2) quantified greenhouse gas production (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and microbial genes that produce enzymes catalyzing greenhouse gas production, and; 3) sequenced the 16s rRNA gene from soil microbes to investigate microbial community composition across the chronosequence of wetland development. My results suggested that the MPP and other related theoretical constructs have strong potential to further inform our understanding of ecosystem development. Soil system power (ATP) decreased temporarily as the ecosystem reorganized after disturbance to rates of power production that approached pre-disturbance levels. Rates of CH4 and N2O production were higher at the newly formed bog and microbial genes involved with greenhouse gas production were strongly related to the amount of greenhouse gas produced. DNA sequencing results showed that across the chronosequence of development, the two relatively mature ecosystems--the peatland forest ecosystem prior to permafrost degradation and the oldest bog--were more similar to one another than to the intermediate, less mature bog. Collectively, my results suggest that ecosystem age, rather than ecosystem state, was a more important driver for ecosystem structure and function. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2015

abstract: A single solar cell provides close to 0.5 V output at its maximum power point, which is very low for any electronic circuit to operate. To get rid of this problem, traditionally multiple solar cells are connected in series to get higher voltage. The disadvantage of this approach is the efficiency loss for partial shading or mismatch. Even as low as 6-7% of shading can result in more than 90% power loss. Therefore, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) at single solar cell level is the most efficient way to extract power from solar cell. Power Management IC (MPIC) used to extract power from single solar cell, needs to start at 0.3 V input. MPPT circuitry should be implemented with minimal power and area overhead. To start the PMIC at 0.3 V, a switch capacitor charge pump is utilized as an auxiliary start up circuit for generating a regulated 1.8 V auxiliary supply from 0.3 V input. The auxiliary supply powers up a MPPT converter followed by a regulated converter. At the start up both the converters operate at 100 kHz clock with 80% duty cycle and system output voltage starts rising. When the system output crosses 2.7 V, the auxiliary start up circuit is turned off and the supply voltage for both the converters is derived from the system output itself. In steady-state condition the system output is regulated to 3.0 V. A fully integrated analog MPPT technique is proposed to extract maximum power from the solar cell. This technique does not require Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and Digital Signal Processor (DSP), thus reduces area and power overhead. The proposed MPPT techniques includes a switch capacitor based power sensor which senses current of boost converter without using any sense resistor. A complete system is designed which starts from 0.3 V solar cell voltage and provides regulated 3.0 V system output. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2015

This diploma thesis deals with the tracking of the maximum power point for photovoltaic panels and the methods used to achieve it. On this basis, two methods were designed and programmed and subsequently tested on three types of photovoltaic panels. In conclusion methods were appraised.

A module-level DC optimization proof of concept architecture is proposed to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) strings by minimizing the negative effects of shading caused by intermittent cloud cover while reducing cloud induced fast frequency fluctuations. The decentralized inverter approach combines the benefits of string and micro-inverter technology. This device can be affixed to pre-existing or new systems and operates in compliance with IEEE 1547 and California rule 21 standards by operating in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or curtailment mode whenever necessary. The modular level device encapsulates three individual processes: an optimization engine to determine minimum power requirements, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to eliminate the effect of passing cloud cover, and a voltage regulation stage to monitor and appropriately adjust the output voltage of the device. Ramp rate reduction was accomplished using adaptive fuzzy logic control with a heuristic rule base inference engine. The modular design can be affixed to grid connected or islanded systems allowing for operation in regulated and variable load conditions. Matlab/Simulink 2019a was used to design and simulate the proof of concept model to verify the resiliency to partial shading, reduction of ramp rates during passing cloud coverage, and optimal output voltage for each panel while maintaining a constant DC link voltage of 120 V. This proof of concept has been successfully validated therefore further testing will be performed for various irradiance conditions.

Solar power is becoming ever more popular in a variety of applications. It is particularly attractive because of its abundance, renewability, and environment friendliness. Solar powered spacecraft systems have ever-expanding loads with stringent power regulation specifications. Moreover, they require a light and compact design of their power system. These constraints make the optimization of power harvest from solar arrays a critical task. Florida Power Electronics Center (FPEC) at UCF set to develop a modular fault-tolerant power system architecture for space applications. This architecture provides a number of very attractive features including Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and uniform power stress distribution across the system. MPPT is a control technique that leads the system to operate its solar sources at the point where they provide maximum power. This point constantly moves following changes in ambient operating conditions. A digital controller is setup to locate it in real time while optimizing other operating parameters. This control scheme can increase the energy yield of the system by up to 45%, and thus significantly reduces the size and weight of the designed system. The modularity of the system makes it easy to prototype and expand. It boosts its reliability and allows on-line reconfiguration and maintenance, thus reducing down-time upon faults. This thesis targets the analysis and optimization of this architecture. A new modeling technique is introduced for MPPT in practical environments, and a novel digital power stress distribution scheme is proposed in order to properly distribute peak and thermal stress and improve reliability. A 2kW four-channel prototype of the system was built and tested. Experimental results confirm the theoretical improvements, and promise great success in the field.

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