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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Re-Conceptualizing Genetic Influence in GxE Studies: Does Inherited Sensitivity to Environmental Influence Moderate the Indirect Effect of Parent Knowledge on Future Drinking?

January 2020 (has links)
abstract: Excessive drinking in adolescence is a public health issue with major consequences on both an individual and societal level. Elucidating genetic and environmental influences could be particularly informative for prevention efforts. One potential source of genetic influence is sensitivity to environmental influences. It was hypothesized that parent knowledge would interact with genetic sensitivity to the environment to indirectly reduce risk for alcohol problems through less adolescent rule breaking behavior. Participants (N=316) provided genetic data and reported their rule breaking behavior and past year frequency of heavy drinking, and participants’ custodial parents reported their perceived knowledge of their child’s activities. A novel index of genetic sensitivity to environmental influence was created using published methylation quantitative trait locus data from the frontal lobe. Study hypotheses were mostly not supported. The study results likely reflect the poor distribution of study variables and the limitations of the current study’s sensitivity gene score. The current study underscored the importance of adhering to methodological rigor and explored alternate conceptualizations and methods that future research could use to elucidate the role of inherited to sensitivity to environmental influences in adolescent drinking. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2020
2

L'Homme face à son environnement : une histoire génétique et épigénétique du génome humain / Humans in an adaptive world : genetic and epigenetic responses to environmental challenges

Fagny, Maud 29 June 2015 (has links)
Les populations humaines ont été confrontées à de nombreux changements environnementaux au cours de leur histoire et présentent aujourd’hui une grande diversité d’habitats et de modes de subsistance. Cependant, l’ampleur de l’adaptation génétique et des réponses épigénétiques à ces changements est débattue. Nous avons d’abord étudié la puissance de diverses statistiques pour détecter les balayages sélectifs dans le contexte des données de séquençage à haut débit, et évalué leur robustesse à différents facteurs confondants. En utilisant des jeux de données de séquençage, nous montrons que les balayages sélectifs ont eu un impact modéré mais non négligeable dans l’évolution récente du génome humain. Les régions sous sélection sont enrichies en mutations associées à des variations phénotypiques. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’impact respectif des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux sur la diversité épigénétique humaine. Pour cela, nous avons obtenu les génotypes et les profiles de méthylation de l’ADN de populations d’Afrique Centrale présentant des différences récentes d’habitat ou historiques de modes de vie et de profil génétique. Nous montrons que les deux facteurs ont un effet similaire sur le méthylome mais diffèrent par les fonctions biologiques affectées et les mécanismes expliquant les variations observées. Plus généralement, les variations de méthylation sont fortement associées à des mutations génétiques qui sont enrichies en signaux de sélection positive. En conclusion, ce travail apporte un aperçu de la contribution des mutations génétiques et des réponses épigénétiques à l’adaptation humaine aux changements environnementaux sur plusieurs échelles de temps. / Human populations have faced a large number of environmental challenges during their evolutionary history and present today a wide range of habitats and mode of subsistence. However, the extent of genetic adaptation and epigenetic responses to such environmental variation remains controversial. We first explored the power of several statistics to detect hard selective sweeps in the context of whole-genome sequencing data, and evaluated their robustness to demography and other selection modes. Using data from the 1,000 Genomes Project and Complete Genomics, we showed that hard sweeps targeting low-frequency standing variation have played a moderate, albeit significant, role in recent human evolution. The signals of selection detected were moreover enriched in functional variants detected by genome-wide association studies. We then evaluated the relative impacts of genetic and environmental factors on human epigenomic diversity. To do so, we generated genome-wide genetic and DNA methylation profiles for Central African populations differing in their current habitat or in their historical lifestyle and genetic background. We found that both factors have similar critical impacts on the shaping of the global methylome, but the biological functions affected and the mechanisms underlying DNA methylation variation strongly differ. More generally, methylation variation shows strong associations with nearby genetic variants that, moreover, are enriched in signals of natural selection. Together, this work provides new insight into the contribution of genetic adaptation and epigenetic responses to the adaptation of humans to environmental changes over different time scales.

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