Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Social Science, Discipline of Gender Studies, 2004. / "April 2004" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 439-471).

近年來台灣報業經營不善、新聞質量江河日下，基層新聞從業人員飽受雙重壓力－外有社會各界的針砭與責難，內臨管理階層的壓逼，乃至於解職。本研究認為，前述現象的形成，成因眾多，然而媒體「勞動」乃是價值產生的泉源，卻未曾得到管理階層正視，應是相當重要的因素之一。本文因此透過「閱聽人商品」的辨析，指出生產價值者並非閱聽人之勞動之後，轉進有關價值的真正來源，也就是「記者」的勞動，以及「記者後備軍」之「勞動」，次第分析。透過對這三類主體的「媒體勞動」之分析，研究者希冀本論文－（一）藉由相關理論的比對與整理，從勞動的角度，初步建立理解資本體制的商營媒介之概念架構；（二）論稱「報業危機」的根本原因在於報業主採取了不利於「生產性勞動」的生產策略；（三）經由個案觀察，對做為未來記者的「記者後備軍」（學生）進行探索式觀察，以作為日後探論本領域其他「非典型勞動」的基礎。 / In recent years, Taiwanese newspaper industry has suffered from substaintial financial losses, and consequently its quality deteriorated. As such, the newsworkers faced double-bounded pressusures－ there have been acute criticisms from the society, and there is enforced worsening of working conditions, for many instances that they are made redundant. There might be various reasons responsible for the phenomenon above, however, the researcher contends that the most important factor is the management does not take the media "labour" as the real source of the value. Therefore, this article kept the audience out of the valorization by discerning the "audience commodity", and pointed out that the fountain of value might only be the labour power those journalists and the "reserve-army-of-journalsit" provided. By analizing the three categories of the "media labor", the author hopes this dissertation－(1) to build up a primary concept framework from the stand of "labor" to understand the media biz in capitalism by theoretical comparison, (2) to argue that the fundemental cause for the press crisis is the press owner took strategies in disadvantage of "productive labor", and (3) to offer a basis to explore the other "informal labor" in this field by an observation toward a group of " reserve army of journalist", who are students currently served for press for chances to be journalists in the future.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 373-416). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

匯流使電視產業面臨更大的競爭壓力，電視新聞產業及新聞產製流程出現巨大改變，電視新聞使用網路素材成為常態，「刷即時新聞」更成為電視台記者跑新聞最快速也最取巧的方式，然而，網路即時新聞及素材使用過度也使新聞內容品質下降，使電視新聞工作者深受其害。 本研究根據九位受訪者的採訪經歷，透過深度訪談的質化研究，分析網路即時新聞出現後及大量的網路素材成為現成新聞，對整體新聞產業、新聞內容的影響及改變，進而對電視新聞工作者造成之身心壓力。 研究發現即時新聞出現後，電視台競爭對象從過去其他家電視台，變成網路即時新聞與公民記者，電視台開始紛紛成立新聞網站，要求記者抵達現場立刻用手機拍攝現場實況供電視台新聞網站使用，並複製抄寫內容農場文章，希望吸引流失觀眾重回電視機前，但因此也加重記者工作量。 電視台長官開始依據點閱率做新聞，新聞內容出現廉價、綜藝化等現象，影響記者新聞自主性；新聞產製過程變得繁複，電視台記者被長官被要求緊跟即時新聞訊息，每天受即時新聞及通訊軟體內容轟炸，造成身心出現健康狀況，轉職、離職率高，電視台記者年齡層出現斷層。 / The recent media convergence has put much pressure on the TV industry and led to a drastic change in the production of TV news. It is thus not uncommon to find TV news stories made out of online resources nowadays. Browsing online real-time news on a smart phone has become one of the easiest ways to produce a news report. However, the overdependence on online real-time news and online resources has also had a negative impact on TV journalists and undermined the quality of TV news. Based on the interviews with nine TV journalists and in-depth qualitative analysis, the current study investigates how the emergence of online real-time news and the overwhelming reliance on online resources have influenced and changed the content of news report and the entire industry and how this change has further created the physiological and psychological pressure on TV journalists. Results show that after the emergence of online real-time news, TV stations now have to compete with not only other stations but also online news and citizen journalists. Each TV station has also started to construct news websites and ask journalists to rush to the scene and take photos with their cellphone for the use on the website. The reporter also needs to duplicate the content of content farm articles, in the hope of attracting the audience that TV news has lost back. This, however, has significantly increased the work load of TV journalists. Our findings also suggest that phenomena such as easy news stories, infotainment tendencies, and TV station administrators’ overreliance on click-through rates have exerted great impact on higher professional autonomy. The production of TV news has become more complex and laborious: TV journalists are asked to follow online real-time news closely, bombarded with real-time news and instant messages every day. This has resulted in the health problems of journalists, high turn-over rates, and a lack of new blood in the TV news industry.

This thesis is focused on the topic of job opportunities for graduates after the graduation on the labor market in the Czech Republic and possible preparation for this issue during the studies too. The object of this work is the participation of students on their career paths in the future and the competitiveness of their human capital. The position of graduates in the history of the Czech Republic is various. This thesis describes the university degree during the history and present of the Czech Republic. We're talking about the time period of socialism, then the Velvet Revolution and the period of tertiary education in a democratic society. These periods are described using the academic sources, theories and opinions. The thesis focuses on the time horizon of ten years from 2006 to 2015 in the research study. By the research author examines the various strategies and attitudes of students confronted with this issue. Respondents of the target group of graduates are interviewed for their actions during the tertiary education. The world is changing. There is technological progress, globalization and the countries are developing in all ways of socio-economic units. The individual actors of the educational system in tertiary education are adapting and developing similarly. They are adapting to the...