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Bibliography: leaves 234-314. Examines the role of vascular endothelial cells in inflammation with particular reference to their participation in the immune response directed against a vascularised allograft (kidney)

The preponderance of evidence from large-scale studies shows a detrimental association between greater acculturation (to mainstream U.S. values and beliefs) and mental health. Prior research also suggests that greater acculturation may be associated with a breakdown of adaptive behaviors and values (e.g., religiosity/spirituality) thereby negatively impacting mental health. In addition, literature generally suggests that enculturation (retention of culture of origin customs and values) is associated with better mental health. However, few studies have examined potential mediators between acculturation/enculturation and mental health; and research on this topic with patients with schizophrenia is particularly scarce. Using a sample of 44 Hispanic and African-American patients with schizophrenia, this study evaluated whether higher acculturation and lower enculturation would be associated with more symptoms of schizophrenia. Religiosity/spirituality, family cohesion, and religious coping were evaluated as potential mediators of these relationships. As hypothesized, greater family cohesion (measured by the Family Environment Scale) was associated with fewer schizophrenia symptoms (measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale). However a meditational model was not supported. Contrary to hypotheses, when examining the total sample, neither acculturation nor enculturation (measured by the Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale) were associated with schizophrenia symptoms. Ethnic subgroup analyses were conducted and will be discussed along with study implications, limitations, and directions for future research.

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / Dentistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Background: Downhill running involves eccentric contractions of the gluteal, quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscles and the lengthening of muscle fibres as they contract. Several studies have demonstrated that this type of prolonged eccentrically biased exercise induces tissue damage and subsequent enhancement of an inflammatory response. Traumeel® S (Heel GmbH, Baden-Baden, Germany) is a homeopathic-complex used to treat trauma and inflammatory processes that is sold as an over the counter remedy in pharmacies. Although the antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Traumeel® S have been demonstrated in selected clinical trials as well as in in vitro experimental models, little is known of its scientific mechanisms of action. Aim: The aim of this study was to establish whether administration of Traumeel® S five days before and three days after a 90-minute downhill treadmill run at 75% V02 peak significantly changes systemic markers of the inflammatory response. These are to include blood-borne concentrations of Cortisol and examples of selected T-helperrcell cytokines, T-helper2-cell cytokines, chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines during the three days following the 90-minute downhill run. Method: This study was designed as a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which matched subjects were randomised to Traumeel (TRAU) and Placebo (PLAC) pairs and exposed to two 90-minute downhill running trials. Twenty subjects (12 men, 8 women) aged between 20 and 50 years, fully complied with all inclusion criteria set for the study. Following baseline laboratory and field testing, they were matched according to gender, body mass index (BMI), training age, training status, peak running performance and foot-strike patterns and randomized into TRAU and PLAC groups. One Traumeel® S tablet was ingested three times per day for five days prior to and three days following a 90-minute downhill run on a treadmill at a -6% gradient and at a speed eliciting 75% V02 peak on a level gradient. Blood samples were obtained immediately before the 90-minute trial (PRE), immediately after the trial (IPE) and 24 hours (24 PE), 48 hours (48 PE) and 72 hours (72 PE) following the trial. Each subject was also requested to complete a training record prior to the trial and keep a record of the daily symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) both at rest (general pain) and while walking (daily living). Full blood counts, serum creatine kinase (CK) and Cortisol concentrations were determined using standard haematological laboratory procedures. A sandwich ELISA was used to determine plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. A commercial bead-array kit was used to conduct flow cytometric analysis of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFa), and Interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) concentrations. Results: Paired student Mests indicate that the mean ± SEM of the two groups was not significantly different (p < 0.05) in terms of age, BMI, percentage body fat, training age, foot strike patterns, running performance, FVC, FEV1; baseline heart rate and blood pressure, RERmax, V02 peak, VEmax, or training status. Although the TRAU group completed the 90-minute downhill running trial at a significantly faster speed (13.3 ± 2.1 vs. 12.8 ±0.3 km.hr; p = 0.02) and covered a greater distance (20.1 ± 0.3 vs. 19.34 ± 0.4; p = 0.03), mean and maximum heart rate and RPE did not differ between trials in the TRAU and PLAC groups. The downhill running protocol resulted in significant increases in neutrophil counts and creatine kinase, Cortisol, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 concentrations in the circulation (n = 20; p < 0.001). When comparing the TRAU (n = 10) and PLAC (n = 10) groups, blood neutrophil counts, creatine kinase, Cortisol, and IL-6 concentrations over the 5 time points and PRE, IPE and 24 PE plasma TNF, IL-8, EL-10 and EL-12p70 concentrations did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Blood creatine kinase was, however, significantly higher in the TRAU group at 24PE (p < 0.05). The post-trial DOMS scores reported by the TRAU group over the 3-day post-exercise recovery period were also significantly lower in the TRAU group at 24PE (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Despite a faster running speed and higher post trial CK concentration in the TRAU group following the 90-minute downhill run, statistically significant differences in circulating stress hormone, and cytokine concentrations (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFa and IL-12p70) between the TRAU and PLAC groups, were not identified. Delayed onset muscle soreness was also significantly lower in the TRAU group at 24 hours post trial (p = 0.03). While these findings would support attenuation of the post-exercise inflammatory response by Traumeel® S, further work is required to verify this possibility. / Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 190-225. / vi, 225 leaves, [66] leaves of plates : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines the time course and degree of neutrophil polarisation in plasma and compares this response with those induced by FMLP, purified plasma proteins (particularly immunoglobulin type G) and chemotactic imflammatory mediators. In addition, the possible roles of extracellular divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+), intracellular Ca2+ ions and actin microfilament distribution during responses to each stimulus are examined. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 1993

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 212 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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