abstract: Ultrasound imaging is one of the major medical imaging modalities. It is cheap, non-invasive and has low power consumption. Doppler processing is an important part of many ultrasound imaging systems. It is used to provide blood velocity information and is built on top of B-mode systems. We investigate the performance of two velocity estimation schemes used in Doppler processing systems, namely, directional velocity estimation (DVE) and conventional velocity estimation (CVE). We find that DVE provides better estimation performance and is the only functioning method when the beam to flow angle is large. Unfortunately, DVE is computationally expensive and also requires divisions and square root operations that are hard to implement. We propose two approximation techniques to replace these computations. The simulation results on cyst images show that the proposed approximations do not affect the estimation performance. We also study backend processing which includes envelope detection, log compression and scan conversion. Three different envelope detection methods are compared. Among them, FIR based Hilbert Transform is considered the best choice when phase information is not needed, while quadrature demodulation is a better choice if phase information is necessary. Bilinear and Gaussian interpolation are considered for scan conversion. Through simulations of a cyst image, we show that bilinear interpolation provides comparable contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) performance with Gaussian interpolation and has lower computational complexity. Thus, bilinear interpolation is chosen for our system. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013

L'échographie est largement utilisée pour l'imagerie du flux sanguin pour ses nombreux avantages tels que son inocuité, son cout réduit, sa facilité d'utilisation et ses performances. Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer de nouvelles méthodes ultrasonores d'imagerie du flux sanguin. Après une étude bibliographique, plusieurs approches ont été étudiées en détail jusqu'à leur implémentation sur l'échographe de recherche ULA-OP développé au sein du laboratoire et ont été validées en laboratoire et en clinique. La transmission d'ondes planes a été proposée pour améliorer la technique d'imagerie utilisant les oscillations transverses. Des champs de pression ultrasonores présentant des oscillations transverses sont générés dans de larges régions et exploités pour l'estimation vectorielle du flux sanguin à une haute cadence d'imagerie. Des cartes du flux sanguin sont obtenues grâce à une technique s'appuyant sur la transmission d'ondes planes couplées à un nouvel algorithme d'estimation de la vitesse dans le domaine fréquentiel. Les méthodes vectorielles implémentées en temps réel dans le ULA-OP ont été comparées à la méthode Doppler classique lors d'une étude clinique. Les résultats ont montré le bénéfice des méthodes vectorielles en termes de précision et de répétabilité. La nouvelle méthode proposée a démontré sa grande précision ainsi que son gain en termes de temps de calcul aussi bien en simulations qu'en acquisitions en laboratoire ou lors d'essais in vivo. Une solution logicielle temps réel implémentée sur une carte GPU a été proposée et testée afin de réduire encore le temps de calcul et permettre l'emploi de la méthode en clinique / Ultrasound is widely used for blood flow imaging because of the considerable advantages for the clinician, in terms of performance, costs, portability, and ease of use, and for the patient, in terms of safety and rapid checkup. The undesired limitations of conventional methods (1-D estimations and low frame-rate) are widely overtaken by new vector approaches that offer detailed descriptions of the flow for a more accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular system diseases. This PhD project concerns the development of novel methods for blood flow imaging. After studying the state-of-the-art in the field, a few approaches have been examined in depth up to their experimental validation, both in technical and clinical environments, on a powerful ultrasound research platform (ULA-OP). Real-time novel vector methods implemented on ULA-OP were compared to standard Doppler methods in a clinical study. The results attest the benefits of the vector methods in terms of accuracy and repeatability. Plane-wave transmissions were exploited to improve the transverse oscillation imaging method. Double oscillating fields were produced in large regions and exploited for the vectorial description of blood flow at high frame rates. Blood flow maps were obtained by plane waves coupled to a novel velocity estimation algorithm operating in the frequency domain. The new method was demonstrated capable of high accuracy and reduced computational load by simulations and experiments (also in vivo). The investigation of blood flow inside the common carotid artery has revealed the hemodynamic details with unprecedented quality. A software solution implemented on a graphic processing unit (GPU) board was suggested and tested to reduce the computational time and support the clinical employment of the method