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<p>Experiments at Jefferson Lab have been conducted to extract the nucleon spin-dependent structure functions over a wide kinematic range. Higher moments of these quantities provide tests of QCD sum rules and predictions of chiral perturbation theory ($\chi$PT). While precise measurements of $g_{1}^n$, $g_{2}^n$, and $g_1^p$ have been extensively performed, the data of $g_2^p$ remain scarce. Discrepancies were found between existing data related to $g_2$ and theoretical predictions. Results on the proton at large $Q^2$ show a significant deviation from the Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule, while results for the neutron generally follow this sum rule. The next-to-leading order $\chi$PT calculations exhibit discrepancy with data on the longitudinal-transverse polarizability $\delta_{LT}^n$. Further measurements of the proton spin structure function $g_2^p$ are desired to understand these discrepancies.</p><p>Experiment E08-027 (g2p) was conducted at Jefferson Lab in experimental Hall A in 2012. Inclusive measurements were performed with polarized electron beam and a polarized ammonia target to obtain the proton spin-dependent structure function $g_2^p$ at low Q$^2$ region (0.02$<$Q$^2$$<$0.2 GeV$^2$) for the first time. The results can be used to test the Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule, and also allow us to extract the longitudinal-transverse spin polarizability of the proton, which will provide a benchmark test of $\chi$PT calculations. This thesis will present and discuss the very preliminary results of the transverse asymmetry and the spin-dependent structure functions $g_1^p$ and $g_2^p$ from the data analysis of the g2p experiment .</p> / Dissertation

Les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse ont été réalisés dans le cadre du développement d'une plateforme d'irradiation protons dédiée aux études en radiobiologie (Radiograaff) à partir de l'accélérateur Van de Graaff 4 MV de l'Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon. Ceci, grâce à une collaboration étroite et interdisciplinaire entre les physiciens et ingénieurs de l'Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL) et des biologistes du Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (LRCM) du CHU de Lyon Sud. Afin de présenter le développement de la plateforme Radiograaff, ce manuscrit se découpera en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente les fondements de l'hadronthérapie et le contexte scientifique du projet. Nous traiterons, dans une première partie, de l'interaction ions-matière vivante afin de mieux cerner les concepts théoriques associés à l'hadronthérapie. Et nous présenterons, dans un second temps, les intérêts scientifiques et les objectifs du projet Radiograaff. Le deuxième chapitre concernera les développements instrumentaux de la ligne d'irradiation. Après avoir discuté du mode de délivrance et d'extraction du faisceau ainsi que des méthodes de simulation que nous avons employées pour le dimensionnement théorique la ligne d'irradiation, nous présenterons le système de contrôle de la dosimétrie. Le chapitre 2 sera conclu par les résultats de l'évaluation et de la qualification de la plateforme. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, après une brève présentation de quelques aspects de biologie et de radiobiologie, nous présenterons les premiers résultats obtenus concernant l'efficacité biologique relative des protons délivrés par la plateforme Radiograaff. Nous discuterons des protocoles, des conditions expérimentales ainsi que des méthodes d'analyse des résultats / The work done in this thesis has been made in the development of a proton irradiation platform dedicated for radiobiological studies from the 4 MV Van de Graaff accelerator of the Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL). These developments have been made through a close interdisciplinary collaboration between physicists and engineers from IPNL and biologists from the Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (LRCM, CHU Lyon Sud). To present the development of Radiograaff platform, this manuscript will split into three chapters. The first chapter introduces the basics of hadrontherapy and the scientific context of the project. In the first part of this chapter, we present the interactions between ion and matter in order to better understand the theoretical concepts associated with the hadrons. Then, we present the scientific interests and objectives of the Radiograaff project. The second chapter concerns the instrumental developments of the beam line. After discussing the delivery mode and beam extraction in air and simulation methods that we used to design the theoretical line radiation, we present the dosimetric monitoring system. The chapter 2 is concluded by the results of the evaluation and qualification of the platform. Finally, in the third chapter, after a brief presentation of some aspects of biology and radiobiology, we present the first results on the relative biological effectiveness of protons delivered by the Radiograaff platform. We discuss the protocols, experimental conditions and methods for analysing results

Hadron propagation in the nuclear medium is essential for building an accurate model of the nuclear many-body system. Quasiree electron scattering from nuclei is one of the tools used in the study of hadron propagation effects in the nuclear medium. Electroproduction and propagation of class=SpellE>kaons from nuclei provides an additional (strangeness) degree of freedom, inaccessible with other hadrons. An experiment to measure the transparency of pions was completed in Dec 2004 at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Hall C. Using same data set, we report the first measurement of the nuclear transparency of class=SpellE>kaons for 12C, 63Cu and 197Au nuclei at Q2= 1.1, 2.0 and 3.0 (GeV/c)2. We have also extracted the average effective kaon-nucleus cross section from the nuclear transparency. The Q2 and A dependence of the transparency and average effective cross section are compared to results from kaon-nucleus scattering data and found consistent within experimental uncertainties.

The quest to understand how the nucleon spin is decomposed into its constituent quark and gluon spin and orbital angular momentum (OAM) components has been at the forefront of nuclear physics for decades. Due to the non-perturbative nature of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - the theory describing how quarks and gluons bind together to form protons and neutrons - making absolute predictions of nucleon spin structure is generally difficult, especially as a function of its quark and gluon longitudinal momentum fraction x. Measurements involving nucleon spin structure serve as a sensitive test for QCD, including ab-initio lattice QCD calculations due to the advent of the quasi-PDF formalism, and various predictions that diverge at large-x. The neutron spin asymmetry A1n at high-x is a key observable for probing nucleon spin structure. In the valence domain (x > 0.5), sea effects are expected to be negligible, and so the total nucleon spin is considered to be carried by the valence quarks. The valence region can therefore enable us to study the role of quark OAM and other non-perturbative effects of the strong force. A1^n was measured in the deep inelastic scattering region of 0.40 < x < 0.75 and 6 < Q^2 < 10 GeV^2 in Hall C at Jefferson Lab using a 10.4 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam, upgraded polarized He-3 target, and the High Momentum Spectrometer (HMS) and Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS). E12-06-110 provides the first precision data in the valence quark region above x = 0.60, and its preliminary results proved consistent with earlier data disqualifying a pQCD model that excluded quark OAM. Combined with previous world proton data, the ratio of the polarized-to-unpolarized up quark momentum distribution (∆u + ∆anti-u)/(u + anti-u) remained positive at large-x, and the down quark (∆d + ∆anti-d)/(d + anti-d) remained negative. / Physics

Les micro-irradiateurs pour la radiothérapie préclinique du petit animal permettent d’effectuer des irradiations au plus proche des techniques de traitement chez l’homme, facilitant la transposition de résultats d'études radiobiologiques à la clinique. La spécificité des faisceaux millimétriques de moyenne énergie (< 300 keV) utilisés génère cependant des problématiques dosimétriques inédites. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à mettre en œuvre la dosimétrie par fibre scintillante plastique pour ce domaine d’utilisation, là où peu de détecteurs conviennent. Dans une première partie, les faisceaux d’un micro-irradiateur ont été caractérisés en dose d’une part et leur spectres en énergie obtenus par simulations Monte Carlo d’autre part, afin d’étudier les performances du dosimètre prototype. La deuxième partie a montré ses excellentes caractéristiques dosimétriques telles que la répétabilité, reproductibilité et linéarité de réponse. Un des enjeux majeurs a alors été de caractériser sa dépendance en énergie, problématique inhérente à la dosimétrie à moyenne énergie et intrinsèque au scintillateur plastique en dessous de 100 keV. Une méthode d’étalonnage a été proposée pour prendre en compte cette dépendance en conditions précliniques (mini-faisceaux et petit volume diffusant), à partir de spectres en énergie simulés. Le dosimètre a ensuite été utilisé pour la vérification de plans de traitement sur fantôme puis in vivo sur des rats, avec des résultats très concluants. Il a montré des performances prometteuses pour l’évaluation en temps réel de la dose délivrée aux tumeurs soumises aux mouvements respiratoires des animaux. / Small animal micro-irradiators designed for preclinical radiotherapy experiments mimic human clinical irradiation techniques thus facilitating the transposition of radiobiological research findings to clinical practice. These devices deliver millimetric x-ray beams of medium-energy (< 300 keV) which implies specific dosimetric issues. The objective of this thesis was the implementation of plastic scintillating fiber dosimetry in this specific field of use, for which few existing dosimeters are suitable. In a first part, beams from a micro-irradiator were characterized. Dosimetric measurements along with energy spectra Monte Carlo simulations allowed the study of the dosimeter prototype performances. In the second part of this work, excellent dosimetric properties of the detector such as repeatability, reproducibility and dose response linearity were shown. Then, a major issue was to determine the detector energy dependence, which is inherent to medium-energy dosimetry and also an intrinsic property of plastic scintillator, below 100 keV. A calibration method based on the simulated energy spectra was proposed to correct this dependence in preclinical conditions (mini-beams, small scattering volume). The dosimeter showed very conclusive results for treatment plan verification in a heterogene phantom and during rats in vivo experiments. The dosimeter also demonstrated promising performances for online control of the delivered dose to mobile tumors, subject to the animal respiratory movements.

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