M.A. / This research study was undertaken from a social constructionist perspective. It aims to explore the impact of the emergence of female equality on the South African Male identity. Specifically the researcher tried to investigate how men from different racial and cultural groups cope with changes brought about by the new democracy and gender equality. The first part of the dissertation consists of a review of the literature on the shift from modernism to postmodernism. It includes postmodernist ideas on language, meaning, narrative and the social construction of gender as well as identity. The literature study further provides an overview of the different feminisms. Male identity is then reviewed highlighting the different factors that contribute to its formation, maintenance, as well as its expression in the South African context. In line with the researcher’s epistemology, the methodology was qualitative in nature and semi-structured interviews were used. The narratives of the participants were subjected to a thematic analysis. The significant themes that emerged from the analysis are presented in the results chapter. It is evident from the narratives of the research participants that some males are experiencing difficulty in trying to adapt to the emerging female conscience. It has also been noted that although men are now taking on a greater childcaring role and placing more emphasis on relationships such change seems to be occurring on a very small scale. The slow change in gender roles can be attributed to the normative structure of the patriarchal cultures in South Africa that make role change difficult. The results are thus discussed in light of the literature study as well as the South African context. Finally a conclusion is offered together with the reflections of the researcher and a discussion of the limitations of the study. Lastly recommendations are made in the hope that it would help psychologists, sociologists and lawmakers’ work towards a better understanding of men’s position in society and their fears. It is only through understanding both sides that one can facilitate better gender relationships. / Ms. Brenda Radebe

The general subject of this study is the postwar development of decentralized programs by the Young Men's Christian Association; the specific study is its application in a particular section of Vancouver (approximately four "neighbourhoods" in the western section of the City). The Alma "Y" was initiated in these, and the study analyzes its development over a ten-year span. Perspective is provided by a brief review of recreation in North America and the changing roles of the traditional urban Y.M.C.A. "Interest groups.", "mass activity programs", and "purpose groups," are identified as aids to analysis;. This is applied to programs sponsored (a) to meet needs identified by the community, and (b) to meet needs identified by Branch Y.M.C.A. leadership but unrecognized in the community at large. The structure necessary for effective program development in the communities involved is evaluated in terms of Y.M.C.A. objectives . Lay-professional relationships , and the professional's contribution to program services and organization, are also illuminated by "case study". For the Alma Branch, as for other community Branch Y.M.C.A.'s, one of the issues clarified is the role a local "Y" has to perform if it is to supplement constructively other community organizations, both public and private. An area of common concern to all recreational organizations is the importance of keeping administration related to the development of program services. A final chapter considers the implications for increasing the value of the local Y.M.C.A. branch in this kind of residential area. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The general subject of this study is the post war development of the decentralized YMCA:. the specific study in its application in a particular section of Vancouver (two "local communities" in.the south-eastern section of Vancouver). The Fairmount YMCA, established initially in Fairview-Mount Pleasant area, and the extension of *YT services to become, in I960, the Fraserview-Killarney.. Branch, are analyzed over a fourteen year period. The study is an historical analysis of community organization process, and of group work in meeting the recreational needs of the Fraserview and Killarney citizens. Decentralization of agency-administration as the principle of an individualized service, through the opportunity for local responsibility and control, is critically appraised in the light of results. The role of the professional worker, and the process of community organization for recreation, is analyzed through the use of process recordings. For the Fraserview-Killarney YMCA, as well as for other Branches of the Vancouver YMCA,.the study indicates that the role of the YMCA in the. residential community is to supplement public recreation and other community services. The changing social structure of the community, and the need for the YMCA to broaden and adapt "family type" services, both demonstrate that the YMCA,-as well as other private agencies, will need to retain a_flexible structure of operation if it is to retain the interest of the people concerned in voluntary participation. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This thesis presents a literature review and data from individual interviews conducted with a total of 20 men in Southern Ontario and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The objective of this qualitative study was to identify what these men consider to be their main health problems, and what they consider to be the main health problems of Canadian men in general. In addition, this study explored the ways in which the men understand health and the particular health problems they experienced. Several general trends emerged in the data. Respondents described health in both physical and mental terms. They associated physical health predominantly with lifestyle in the form of adequate activity/exercise, diet, and balance of activities. Mental health was associated with state of mind. Insofar as respondents worried about their health, they were concerned about developing physical health problems such as prostate and testicular cancer. However, the day-to-day problems that they actually experienced were low level mental health problems such as stress and tiredness. Data analysis revealed a broader underlying theme of control. In particular, respondents' explanations of health reflected their ability to control the onset of many health problems by living a healthy lifestyle. Yet, social structural influences, specifically work and gender roles, did not always afford these men control over health-related problems such as stress. Respondents explained the health of Canadian men in terms of lifestyle (reflecting control over health), and by unknown etiology (reflecting lack of control over diseases such as cancer). Review of the research findings identifies gaps in research and offers suggestions for further studies. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

A large body of research has addressed women’s fertility with some among them focusing on East Asia. Relatively few studies concentrate on men’s fertility worldwide and almost none on South Korea. This study addresses the knowledge gap by exploring how men’s socio-economic status is associated with their transition to first child in South Korea. Data used for the analysis come from Korean Labor Income Panel Study. By applying logistic regression, I examine men’s entry into fatherhood by age 29 and 34. The study shows that men with post-secondary education are less likely to become a father by age 29 but more likely to become a father at higher ages than men with secondary education. Having only primary education generally lowers the odds of entry into fatherhood. Men’s employment engagement increases their odds of becoming a father by age 29 and by age 34 respectively, but there is more variation by workplace among younger men. The results suggest that higher socio-economic status, measured in educational level and employment status enhances fatherhood entry in South Korea.

by Lai Hau-yee, Lee Siu-ling. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-70). / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Scope --- p.1 / Statement of Problems --- p.2 / Motive for Shopping --- p.3 / Source of Product Information --- p.3 / Choice of Outlet/Product --- p.3 / Influencer of Purchase Decision --- p.3 / Type of Salesperson Preferred --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.5 / Research Design --- p.5 / Exploratory Research --- p.5 / Descriptive Research --- p.6 / Data Collection Method --- p.7 / Secondary Data --- p.7 / Primary Data --- p.7 / Fieldwork --- p.8 / Analysis --- p.9 / Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.10 / Chapter IV. --- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS --- p.14 / Purpose --- p.14 / External Environment --- p.14 / Population Demographics --- p.15 / Economic Environment --- p.15 / Infrastructure --- p.16 / Taxation --- p.16 / Legal Environment and Government Bureaucracy --- p.17 / Political Environment --- p.19 / Competitive Environment --- p.20 / Culture --- p.20 / Marketing Environment --- p.22 / Market Segmentation --- p.22 / Product --- p.23 / Price --- p.24 / Distribution --- p.24 / Promotion --- p.26 / Chapter V. --- SURVEY FINDINGS --- p.29 / Results of Descriptive Research --- p.29 / Cross-Tabulation --- p.29 / Hypothesis Testing --- p.39 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.45 / Chapter VII. --- LIMITATIONS --- p.49 / APPENDICES --- p.53 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.68

<p>The present study examines six young men’s, born in the 1980’s, experiences of their relationships with their fathers. The focus of the study lies on the son’s evaluations of their fathers’ influence on them, the men’s emotional language and the experience of the fathers’ presence versus absence. The relationship with the fathers and the fathers’ emotionality are also being discussed. The method used is semistructured interview. The interviews lasted circa 40 minutes. The results show that half of the men experienced their fathers as present during their childhoods and half, as absent. This shows a more present father than previous studies have shown. All the interviewed men feel that their fathers have influenced them in some way, either positively, negatively or both. This result differs from a previous study which shows a primarily negative influence of the father. A majority of the men experiences their fathers’ emotionality to be similar to the male stereotype. Anger is prominent, whereas sadness is a less prominet emotion of the fathers’. The results further showed that the men in the present study verbally expresses emotions mainly through distansing constructions.</p><p>Keywords: Fatherhood, Father Son relationship, men´s emotional language, men’s emotions</p>

The present study examines six young men’s, born in the 1980’s, experiences of their relationships with their fathers. The focus of the study lies on the son’s evaluations of their fathers’ influence on them, the men’s emotional language and the experience of the fathers’ presence versus absence. The relationship with the fathers and the fathers’ emotionality are also being discussed. The method used is semistructured interview. The interviews lasted circa 40 minutes. The results show that half of the men experienced their fathers as present during their childhoods and half, as absent. This shows a more present father than previous studies have shown. All the interviewed men feel that their fathers have influenced them in some way, either positively, negatively or both. This result differs from a previous study which shows a primarily negative influence of the father. A majority of the men experiences their fathers’ emotionality to be similar to the male stereotype. Anger is prominent, whereas sadness is a less prominet emotion of the fathers’. The results further showed that the men in the present study verbally expresses emotions mainly through distansing constructions. Keywords: Fatherhood, Father Son relationship, men´s emotional language, men’s emotions

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