Cultural heritage institutions, including galleries, libraries, museums, and archives are increasingly digitizing physical items and collecting born-digital items and making these resources available on the Web. Metadata plays a vital role in the discovery and management of these collections. Existing frameworks to identify and address deficiencies in metadata rely heavily on count and data-value based metrics that are calculated over aggregations of descriptive metadata. There has been little research into the use of traditional network analysis to investigate the connections between metadata records based on shared data values in metadata fields such as subject or creator. This study introduces metadata record graphs as a mechanism to generate network-based statistics to support analysis of metadata. These graphs are constructed with the metadata records as the nodes and shared metadata field values as the edges in the network. By analyzing metadata record graphs with algorithms and tools common to the field of network analysis, metadata managers can develop a new understanding of their metadata that is often impossible to generate from count and data-value based statistics alone. This study tested application of metadata record graphs to analysis of metadata collections of increasing size, complexity, and interconnectedness in a series of three related stages. The findings of this research indicate effectiveness of this new method, identify network algorithms that are useful for analyzing descriptive metadata and suggest methods and practices for future implementations of this technique.

No / Shifting legacy data held in stand-alone systems to be used in Web application systems can be expensive and time consuming. RuleML can be used to represent RDBMS data by storing database metadata in an external format for some design tools. Just as XML Schema, which uses elements and attributes to express the semantics of XML data, but XML Schema does not have active elements in principle; RuleML is used as a representation for RDBMS metadata too. This paper proposes the use of RuleML format to implement more semantics for Web forms and demonstrate how this RuleML based approach can provide support for greater semantics using the example of advanced domain support even when this is not a feature supported by a specific RDBMS.

<p>Technological advancements in computing have led to a reality where computational devices are more mobile, connected and context aware than ever before. Several of these devices are primarily designed for or support the creation of digital content via built-in or attachable sensors, e.g. mobile phones. The portability and connectivity of mobile devices make them suitable tools to support learning experiences; their features can be used to generate digital content and metadata related to the particular learning situation. These types of objects, referred to as Emerging Learning Objects (ELOs), introduce challenges in terms of metadata enrichment as their metadata should reflect aspects related to the particular learning situation in which they were created to be properly indexed. A claim made in this thesis is that semantic interoperability of ELO metadata is an integral concern that needs to be explored in order to benefit from these metadata outside custom tailored applications and systems. Therefore, the main research question explored in this thesis focuses on the ability to enrich ELOs with semantically interoperable contextual metadata.</p><p>This thesis is comprised of a collection of five peer-reviewed articles that describe interrelated stages of research in pursuit of an answer to the main research question. The overall research process consisted of three main stages: a literature review; the development a system artefact; and the exploration of the technological solution (Linked Data) applied in the system artefact. An instantiation of the Unified Process guided the development of the system artefact.</p><p>The outcomes of these activities provide insights on how to perceive the relationship between context and contextual metadata, as well as properties related to a particular technological solution, namely data distribution, flexibility and expressivity. In order to decouple the findings from a particular instance of technology, a generalization effort in the analysis identified two generic factors that affect the semantic interoperability of metadata: the level of ontological consensus and the level of metadata expressivity. The main conclusion of this thesis is that until the constituent parts of context are agreed upon, metadata expressivity is an important feature for promoting semantic interoperability of ELO contextual metadata.Technological advancements in computing have led to a reality where computational devices are more mobile, connected and context aware than ever before. Several of these devices are primarily designed for or support the creation of digital content via built-in or attachable sensors, e.g. mobile phones. The portability and connectivity of mobile devices make them suitable tools to support learning experiences; their features can be used to generate digital content and metadata related to the particular learning situation. These types of objects, referred to as Emerging Learning Objects (ELOs), introduce challenges in terms of metadata enrichment as their metadata should reflect aspects related to the particular learning situation in which they were created to be properly indexed. A claim made in this thesis is that semantic interoperability of ELO metadata is an integral concern that needs to be explored in order to benefit from these metadata outside custom tailored applications and systems. Therefore, the main research question explored in this thesis focuses on the ability to enrich ELOs with semantically interoperable contextual metadata. This thesis is comprised of a collection of five peer-reviewed articles that describe interrelated stages of research in pursuit of an answer to the main research question. The overall research process consisted of three main stages: a literature review; the development a system artefact; and the exploration of the technological solution (Linked Data) applied in the system artefact. An instantiation of the Unified Process guided the development of the system artefact.The outcomes of these activities provide insights on how to perceive the relationship between context and contextual metadata, as well as properties related to a particular technological solution, namely data distribution, flexibility and expressivity. In order to decouple the findings from a particular instance of technology, a generalization effort in the analysis identified two generic factors that affect the semantic interoperability of metadata: the level of ontological consensus and the level of metadata expressivity. The main conclusion of this thesis is that until the constituent parts of context are agreed upon, metadata expressivity is an important feature for promoting semantic interoperability of ELO contextual metadata.</p>

Současné přístupy k podnikovým metadatům jsou povětšinou orientovány primárně prak­ticky a aplikačně, bez hlubšího teoretického podložení problematiky metadat. Tomu odpo­vídá i nejčastěji používaná definice termínu metadata (data o datech), která je do značné míry matoucí, neboť nerespektuje ani základní strukturu definice. V odborné literatuře lze nalézt několik příspěvků k teoretickému ukotvení metadat, jedná se však převážně o sys­témy klasifikace metadat. Teoretické rozpracování metadat neodpovídá úloze, kterou hrají metadata v aplikační rovině. Předkládaná práce je pokusem o propojení obojího. Obecným cílem této práce je přispět k výzkumu metadat s primárně aplikačním využitím. Hlavním cílem této práce je poskytnout ucelenější, teoreticky podložený pohled na metada­ta z hlediska jejich (formálně) jazykové struktury a na tomto základě určit jejich aplikační možnosti a navrhnout obecnou metodiku pro návrh modelu metadat. Práce je pojata transdisciplinárně, teoretické podložení metadat v ní prezentované je ome­zeno na jejich formálně jazykovou strukturu, což umožní využít závěrů jiných disciplín pro informatická metadata. Aplikační rovina práce je pak orientována na metadata při návrhu datového skladu, neboť datový sklad je ?živnou půdou? pro metadata. Teoretickou základnou celé práce je jednak rozbor většiny využívaných způsobů defi­nování metadat, dále přehled základních koncepcí podnikových metadat (zejména s ohle­dem na datové sklady) a také převzaté závěry z neinformatických disciplín zabývajících se formálně jazykovými strukturami pro problematiku informatických metadat. Na základě analýzy uvedených oblastí jsou předloženy pracovní definice nejvýznamnější pojmů, explikována kontextová úloha metadat a předložena obecná metodiky pro návrh metadatového modelu, která je následně (včetně kontextové úlohy metadat) ověřena při ná­vrhu datového skladu. Hlavním přínosem práce je: demonstrace možnosti teoretického podložení metadat z hlediska jejich formálně jazy­kové struktury; předložení obecné metodiky pro návrh modelu metadat; aplikace této metodiky při návrhu datového skladu. Celá práce je rozčleněna do pěti ucelených, návazných oblastí. Nejprve se práce zabývá problematikou definování metadat, kde jsou kriticky rozebrány základní definice metadat. Následně je prostor věnován základním koncepcím podnikových metadat a tato jsou účelně rozčleněna do několika kategorií. Ve třetí oblasti (kap. 4 a 5) je čerpána inspirace z dis­ciplín, které se zabývají formálně jazykovými strukturami, a z těchto jsou převzaty závěry využitelné i pro informatická metadata. V předposlední oblasti (kap. 6 a 7) jsou předchozí analýzy syntetizovány do pracovního vymezení metadat, rozboru jejich možností i do ná­vrhu metodiky vytváření metadatového modelu. Poslední ? aplikační část demonstruje na­sazení navržené metodiky při návrhu datového skladu.

Technological advancements in computing have led to a reality where computational devices are more mobile, connected and context aware than ever before. Several of these devices are primarily designed for or support the creation of digital content via built-in or attachable sensors, e.g. mobile phones. The portability and connectivity of mobile devices make them suitable tools to support learning experiences; their features can be used to generate digital content and metadata related to the particular learning situation. These types of objects, referred to as Emerging Learning Objects (ELOs), introduce challenges in terms of metadata enrichment as their metadata should reflect aspects related to the particular learning situation in which they were created to be properly indexed. A claim made in this thesis is that semantic interoperability of ELO metadata is an integral concern that needs to be explored in order to benefit from these metadata outside custom tailored applications and systems. Therefore, the main research question explored in this thesis focuses on the ability to enrich ELOs with semantically interoperable contextual metadata. This thesis is comprised of a collection of five peer-reviewed articles that describe interrelated stages of research in pursuit of an answer to the main research question. The overall research process consisted of three main stages: a literature review; the development a system artefact; and the exploration of the technological solution (Linked Data) applied in the system artefact. An instantiation of the Unified Process guided the development of the system artefact. The outcomes of these activities provide insights on how to perceive the relationship between context and contextual metadata, as well as properties related to a particular technological solution, namely data distribution, flexibility and expressivity. In order to decouple the findings from a particular instance of technology, a generalization effort in the analysis identified two generic factors that affect the semantic interoperability of metadata: the level of ontological consensus and the level of metadata expressivity. The main conclusion of this thesis is that until the constituent parts of context are agreed upon, metadata expressivity is an important feature for promoting semantic interoperability of ELO contextual metadata.Technological advancements in computing have led to a reality where computational devices are more mobile, connected and context aware than ever before. Several of these devices are primarily designed for or support the creation of digital content via built-in or attachable sensors, e.g. mobile phones. The portability and connectivity of mobile devices make them suitable tools to support learning experiences; their features can be used to generate digital content and metadata related to the particular learning situation. These types of objects, referred to as Emerging Learning Objects (ELOs), introduce challenges in terms of metadata enrichment as their metadata should reflect aspects related to the particular learning situation in which they were created to be properly indexed. A claim made in this thesis is that semantic interoperability of ELO metadata is an integral concern that needs to be explored in order to benefit from these metadata outside custom tailored applications and systems. Therefore, the main research question explored in this thesis focuses on the ability to enrich ELOs with semantically interoperable contextual metadata. This thesis is comprised of a collection of five peer-reviewed articles that describe interrelated stages of research in pursuit of an answer to the main research question. The overall research process consisted of three main stages: a literature review; the development a system artefact; and the exploration of the technological solution (Linked Data) applied in the system artefact. An instantiation of the Unified Process guided the development of the system artefact.The outcomes of these activities provide insights on how to perceive the relationship between context and contextual metadata, as well as properties related to a particular technological solution, namely data distribution, flexibility and expressivity. In order to decouple the findings from a particular instance of technology, a generalization effort in the analysis identified two generic factors that affect the semantic interoperability of metadata: the level of ontological consensus and the level of metadata expressivity. The main conclusion of this thesis is that until the constituent parts of context are agreed upon, metadata expressivity is an important feature for promoting semantic interoperability of ELO contextual metadata.

This master’s thesis explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the digitization ofunstructured documents which contains normal text, handwritten text and also integers- a criticalaspect for infrastructure management. As digitization progresses, the efficiency in handling suchdocuments remains a considerable challenge due to their unstructured nature and variedhandwritten quality. The research evaluated several Optical Character Recognition (OCR)models, including Pytesseract, EasyOCR, KerasOCR, docTR, to identify the most effectivemethod for converting handwritten documents into digital, searchable formats. In this study, eachmodel was rigorously tested using a carefully curated dataset containing handwritten and printeddocuments of varying quality and complexity. The models were assessed based on their ability toaccurately recognize characters and words, handle multilingual documents, and process a mix ofhandwritten and printed content. Performance metrics such as Character Error Rate (CER) andWord Error Rate (WER) were used to quantify their accuracy. The results reveal that each model exhibits unique strengths. PyTesseract excelled at convertinghigh-quality images to text with minimal errors, while EasyOCR demonstrated robustrecognition across multiple languages. KerasOCR and docTR proved effective in handlingcomplex, unstructured documents due to their advanced AI architectures. By leveraging thesetechnologies, the thesis proposes an optimized approach that integrates metadata extraction toenhance the organization and searchability of digitized content. The proposed solution,compatible with both CPU and GPU platforms, reduces the time and resources required formanual processing, making it accessible for a broader audience. This research contributes to the field by offering insights into the performance of different OCRmodels and providing a practical, scalable solution for digitizing and managing unstructuredhandwritten documents. The solution promises to significantly improve the efficiency ofdocument management, paving the way for future innovations in this space.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / CTEIP has launched the integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) project to foster advances in networking and telemetry technology to meet emerging needs of major test programs. This paper describes an approach for providing a unified means of describing telemetry systems. It will describe the motivation and framework for a metadata standard for specifying the components of an instrumented test article, its data and the flow of data through a telemetry system. The paper will also describe how this metadata standard can provide the means for describing different transmission formats for a common test article. The result of the task described by this paper will lead to a standard or set of standards that will optimize the use of commercial technology and tools.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / The integrated Network-Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) project has developed standards to enhance telemetry systems for the twenty-first century. A foundational component of these standards is the Metadata Description Language (MDL). MDL is an eXtensible Markup Language (XML)-based language for describing requirements, design choices, and configuration parameters of a Telemetry Network System (TmNS). Within a TmNS, MDL guides the exchange of information between applications and the configuration of network devices. Recent initial evaluations assessed MDL in terms of the expressive power of the language and the level of effort in developing applications that utilize MDL Instance Documents. Performing these initial evaluations required the generation of MDL Instance Documents to describe scenarios representative of both near-term and future telemetry systems that express different levels of iNET interoperability. These initial evaluations determined quantitative metrics such as file size, memory requirements, and required parsing time for MDL Instance Documents, and further evaluations judged the efficacy and complexity of MDL for describing and configuring a TmNS.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / In order to help manage the complexity in designing and configuring network-based telemetry systems, and to promote interoperability between equipment from multiple vendors, the integrated Network-Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) Metadata Standards Working Group (MDSWG) has developed a standard language for describing and configuring these systems. This paper will provide the community with an overview of Metadata Description Language (MDL), and describe how MDL can support the description of the requirements, design choices, and the configuration of devices that make up the Telemetry Network System (TmNS). MDL, an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) based language that describes a TmNS from various aspects, is embodied by an XML schema along with additional rules and constraints. Example MDL instance documents will be presented to illustrate how MDL can be used to capture requirements, describe the design, and configure the equipment that makes up a TmNS. Various scenarios for how MDL can be used will be discussed.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Network-based telemetry systems are often made up of many components from multiple vendors. The complexity involved in coordinating the design, integration, configuration, and operation of these systems has required instrumentation engineers to become experts in the tools and hardware from various vendors. Interoperation between the various tools and systems is very limited. One approach toward a more efficient method of managing these systems is to define a common language for describing the goals of the test, the measurements to be acquired, and the equipment that is available to compose a system. Through an open working group process, the iNET program is defining an eXtensible Markup Language (XML)-based language for describing instrumentation and telemetry systems. The language is designed with multiple aspects that allow filtered views into the instrumentation system, making the creation of the various parts of the documents more straight-forward and understandable to the type of user providing the information. This paper will describe the iNET metadata project, the model-driven approach that is being pursued, and the current state of the iNET metadata language.