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No description available.

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CMT+P welding is less susceptible to hot cracking than the MAG welding process due to use of low heat input properties. Solidification cracking was found in all weld specimens that had greater 0.39KJ/mm heat inputs. Cracking occurs because of the contraction stresses generates during cooling. Hydrogen cracking is found in HAZ with low heat input parameters, this type of cracking occurred because of very rapid cooling and therefore not enough time to allow the hydrogen to dissipate from the specimen. To eliminate this type of cracking the experiment could be repeated by adding heating during welding to control and reduce the cooling rate. Due to high carbon content in the steel and very fast cooling the microstructure of the weld is martensitic in the base metal as well as the HAZ. Microstructure in the weld and base metal is martensitic due to high carbon con-tent and rapid cooling. At low heat inputs dilution is less and therefore lower carbon content in weld pool. Better weld appearance and weld quality is achieved with CMT+P welding process than the conventional GMA welding processes because of the new wire movement technology during welding

M.Sc. (Chemistry) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

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In this study, the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina were evaluated as test organisms for use in sediment toxicity tests by adapting standard protocols developed by the EPA/COE and Thain et al. (1994) respectively for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests. Although these species have been used to assess the toxicity of marine and estuarine sediments, the detailed ecotoxicologies of these animals are not well documented. In particular, the effects of specific contaminants of known concentrations on this bioassay are not known. Here, I report several experiments carried out using clean intertidal sediment contaminated with the heavy metals copper, zinc and cadmium, and employing the Corophium and the Arenicola bioassay protocol. Concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium were determined in tissues of Corophium exposed for 4 and 10 days to contaminated sediment using four protocols to allow for any material present in the gut. Significant differences in metal concentrations occurred between the protocols where gut contents were removed and those where they were left intact. These findings have implications for the way in which analyses of metal burdens are carried out for invertebrates in ecotoxicological work. Corophium survival in seawater with dissolved copper, zinc and cadmium was higher in the presence of sediment than without sediment, although the concentrations of these metals in Corophium tissues were the same in both cases. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were inversely related to seawater concentrations of copper, zinc and cadium, with the lowest exposure concentration, (0.1 mg l-1 for both copper and zinc, 0.01 mg l-1 cadmium) having the highest BCF. Both live amphipods and those that had died accumulated copper, zinc and cadmium in their bodies during the bioassay, and bioconcentration factors were always higher for dead than for living amphipods for each metal.

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No description available.