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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudo do impacto do herbicida Metribuzin sobre o crescimento de bactérias mesofílicas aeróbicas de solo virgem

Gomes Varela, Rossana January 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:51:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4520_1.pdf: 566278 bytes, checksum: 36ddf02847e6eafec998af906018d87c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A biomassa microbiana do solo é o principal componente dos subsistemas decompositores, que regula a ciclagem de nutrientes, o fluxo de energia, a produtividade das plantas e dos ecossistemas e, portanto, a medição deste compartimento e sua atividade são relevantes para a conservação dos solos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento das bactérias mesofílicas aeróbicas e dos fungos filamentosos de solo impactado pelo uso do herbicida Metribuzin. As amostras de solo coletadas foram separadas em dois grupos sendo, um para controle (GC) e outro impactado (GI) para análise. O herbicida Metribuzin foi pulverizado nas concentrações de 40, 80, 160μL e 1mL nas amostras de solo do GI para posterior comparação com o GC. As enumerações da população microbiana foram realizadas conforme legislação vigente no momento da coleta do material. As análises seguiram a metodologia preconizada pela American Public Health Association. As observações das características microscópicas dos microorganismos foram realizadas utilizando-se observações in vivo e in vitro para bactérias e fungos. Os resultados mostraram que no solo impactado pelo metribuzin a quantidade de bactérias Gram positivas aumentaram (92% GI e 82% GC) enquanto as bactérias Gram negativas e os fungos filamentosos diminuíram (18% GC e 8% GI). Nos GC e GI, 72% das bactérias eram móveis e 28% imóveis. O herbicida metribuzin mostrou-se um produto que se utilizado de maneira adequada não oferece riscos à saúde ou ao meio ambiente
2

Evaluation of control of a simulated failed stand of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Mangialardi, Gregory Alexander 13 May 2022 (has links) (PDF)
A study was conducted in Stoneville and Verona, MS, to evaluate control of failed stands of corn and soybean with different herbicide treatments and application timings, as well as control of failed stand of corn with soybean planted 1 and 7 DAT (days after treatment). Clethodim plus glyphosate proved most effective across all growth stages of corn with > 90% control 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Paraquat plus metribuzin provided the greatest control of a simulated failed corn stand 3 DAT compared with all other treatments. Pooled across all herbicide treatments, 49% control was achieved when replant occurred 7 DAT compared with 46% following replant 1 DAT. These studies demonstrated clethodim plus glyphosate was most effective in control of failed stands of corn as well as the benefits of not replanting immediately after herbicide treatment. Paraquat and paraquat plus metribuzin both provided > 90% control 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
3

The relationship between metribuzin injury and peroxidase in tomato cultivars /

Aclan, Francisco January 1976 (has links)
No description available.
4

Effect of metribuzin on growth, development, yield, quality, chlorophyll content of leaves and mineral composition of leaves and fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) /

Mohamed, Seif El Din Fageer January 1978 (has links)
No description available.
5

Dinâmica de herbicidas residuais na palha de cana-de-açúcar e correlação com a eficácia de manejo de plantas daninhas / Soil applied herbicide dynamics in sugarcane straw and correlation with weed management efficacy

Ana Beatriz Campos Almeida Prado 24 June 2013 (has links)
Nos sistemas de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar é depositada sobre o solo camada de palha, em quantidades que variam de 5 a 20 ton ha-1, e ocasionam mudanças na flora infestante, adaptadas às essas condições. A aplicação de herbicidas residuais sobre a palha de cana-de-açúcar gera dúvidas, pois as informações sobre a maioria dos produtos recomendados são escassas, no que diz respeito à retenção/transposição dos mesmos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos herbicidas diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron, quando aplicados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, sobre a palha, através de ensaios de sorção e dessorção, e também quando aplicados sobre diferentes quantidades de palha e condições de chuva simulada. A interação entre dose e quantidade de palha de cana-de-açúcar no controle da planta daninha Ipomoea grandifolia, foi estudada através de curvas de dose-resposta, utilizando seis doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (dose recomendada), 2D, 4D) em quatro quantidades de palha (0, 5, 10 e 15 ton ha- 1). Para os estudos de sorção e dessorção utilizou-se produtos radiomarcados e cinco concentrações iniciais de diuron e metribuzin. A contagem da radioatividade foi obtida através espectrometria de cintilação líquida, e a quantidade da substância teste sorvida foi determinada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. Foram realizados dois estudos independentes, em que a dessorção ocorreu 24 horas e sete dias após a sorção. No estudo de dinâmica em diferentes regimes hídricos foram testados seis níveis para o fator chuva simulada (Testemunha, 0, 5, 10, 20 e 20+20 mm), três herbicidas (diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron) e duas quantidades de palha (0 e 10 ton ha-1), com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas as doses comerciais para diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) e tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). Nos estudos de interação entre dose e quantidade de palha verificou-se que a dose dos herbicidas necessárias para um controle eficaz de I. grandifolia varia significativamente com a quantidade de palha sobre o solo, principalmente nas quantidades de 10 a 15 ton ha-1. No processo de sorção, o herbicida diuron foi mais retido pela palha quando comparado ao metribuzin, sendo fracamente sorvidos à palha. Sete dias não foi suficiente para tornar o processo de sorção de diuron e metribuzin irreversível. No estudo de dinâmica dos herbicidas, a palha afetou de maneira significativa o controle de plantas daninhas pelos herbicidas na ausência de chuva simulada, sendo que uma chuva simulada de 20 mm foi suficiente para promover lixiviação de todos os herbicidas para o solo, e promover excelentes níveis de controle das plantas daninhas. / In the system of mechanized sugarcane harvest it is deposited on the soil surface a straw layer, which varies from 5 to 20 ton ha-1, and causes changes in weed, selecting the weeds better adapted to these conditions. The use of residual herbicides on the straw of sugarcane generates doubts, because much of the information about the recommended products are scarce, regarding to the retention/transferring. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin when applied on sugarcane, and straw through sorption and desorption tests and as well as when applied to different quantities of straw and conditions of simulated rain. The interaction between herbicide dose and amount of sugarcane straw on the control of the weed Ipomoea grandifolia was performed using dose-response curves with six doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (recommended dose), 2D , 4D) in four amounts of straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1). . For the studies of sorption and desorption it was used radiolabeled products and five initial concentrations of diuron and metribuzin. The counting of radioactivity was obtained by liquid scintillation spectrometry, and the amount of sorbed test substance was determined by the difference between the initial concentration and the equilibrium concentration. It was performed two independent studies in which the desorption occurred 24 h and seven days after the sorption. In the study of dynamic in different water regimes it was tested six levels of simulated rain factor (control, 0, 5, 10, 20 and 20 +20 mm), three herbicides (diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin), and two amounts of straw (0 and 10 ton ha-1), with four replications. The commercial rates were diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) and tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). It was evaluated the visual control of Ipomoea grandifolia and Cucumis sativus. The study of interaction between dose and amount of straw showed that the dose of herbicide required for effective control of I. grandifolia varies significantly with the amount of straw on the soil, especially in amounts between 10 and 15 ton ha-1. In the sorption process, the herbicide diuron is retained more as compared to metribuzin, and weakly sorbed to the straw. Seven days were not enough to make the process of sorption of metribuzin and diuron irreversible. In the study of herbicide dynamic, the straw significantly affected the weed control by herbicides in the absence of rain, and a rain of 20 mm was sufficient to promote all herbicides leaching into the soil, and promote excellent levels of weed control.
6

Dinâmica de herbicidas residuais na palha de cana-de-açúcar e correlação com a eficácia de manejo de plantas daninhas / Soil applied herbicide dynamics in sugarcane straw and correlation with weed management efficacy

Prado, Ana Beatriz Campos Almeida 24 June 2013 (has links)
Nos sistemas de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar é depositada sobre o solo camada de palha, em quantidades que variam de 5 a 20 ton ha-1, e ocasionam mudanças na flora infestante, adaptadas às essas condições. A aplicação de herbicidas residuais sobre a palha de cana-de-açúcar gera dúvidas, pois as informações sobre a maioria dos produtos recomendados são escassas, no que diz respeito à retenção/transposição dos mesmos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos herbicidas diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron, quando aplicados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, sobre a palha, através de ensaios de sorção e dessorção, e também quando aplicados sobre diferentes quantidades de palha e condições de chuva simulada. A interação entre dose e quantidade de palha de cana-de-açúcar no controle da planta daninha Ipomoea grandifolia, foi estudada através de curvas de dose-resposta, utilizando seis doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (dose recomendada), 2D, 4D) em quatro quantidades de palha (0, 5, 10 e 15 ton ha- 1). Para os estudos de sorção e dessorção utilizou-se produtos radiomarcados e cinco concentrações iniciais de diuron e metribuzin. A contagem da radioatividade foi obtida através espectrometria de cintilação líquida, e a quantidade da substância teste sorvida foi determinada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. Foram realizados dois estudos independentes, em que a dessorção ocorreu 24 horas e sete dias após a sorção. No estudo de dinâmica em diferentes regimes hídricos foram testados seis níveis para o fator chuva simulada (Testemunha, 0, 5, 10, 20 e 20+20 mm), três herbicidas (diuron, metribuzin e tebuthiuron) e duas quantidades de palha (0 e 10 ton ha-1), com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas as doses comerciais para diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) e tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). Nos estudos de interação entre dose e quantidade de palha verificou-se que a dose dos herbicidas necessárias para um controle eficaz de I. grandifolia varia significativamente com a quantidade de palha sobre o solo, principalmente nas quantidades de 10 a 15 ton ha-1. No processo de sorção, o herbicida diuron foi mais retido pela palha quando comparado ao metribuzin, sendo fracamente sorvidos à palha. Sete dias não foi suficiente para tornar o processo de sorção de diuron e metribuzin irreversível. No estudo de dinâmica dos herbicidas, a palha afetou de maneira significativa o controle de plantas daninhas pelos herbicidas na ausência de chuva simulada, sendo que uma chuva simulada de 20 mm foi suficiente para promover lixiviação de todos os herbicidas para o solo, e promover excelentes níveis de controle das plantas daninhas. / In the system of mechanized sugarcane harvest it is deposited on the soil surface a straw layer, which varies from 5 to 20 ton ha-1, and causes changes in weed, selecting the weeds better adapted to these conditions. The use of residual herbicides on the straw of sugarcane generates doubts, because much of the information about the recommended products are scarce, regarding to the retention/transferring. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin when applied on sugarcane, and straw through sorption and desorption tests and as well as when applied to different quantities of straw and conditions of simulated rain. The interaction between herbicide dose and amount of sugarcane straw on the control of the weed Ipomoea grandifolia was performed using dose-response curves with six doses (0, ¼ D, ½ D, D (recommended dose), 2D , 4D) in four amounts of straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1). . For the studies of sorption and desorption it was used radiolabeled products and five initial concentrations of diuron and metribuzin. The counting of radioactivity was obtained by liquid scintillation spectrometry, and the amount of sorbed test substance was determined by the difference between the initial concentration and the equilibrium concentration. It was performed two independent studies in which the desorption occurred 24 h and seven days after the sorption. In the study of dynamic in different water regimes it was tested six levels of simulated rain factor (control, 0, 5, 10, 20 and 20 +20 mm), three herbicides (diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin), and two amounts of straw (0 and 10 ton ha-1), with four replications. The commercial rates were diuron (2.000 g i.a. ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g i.a. ha-1) and tebuthiuron (1.200 g i.a. ha-1). It was evaluated the visual control of Ipomoea grandifolia and Cucumis sativus. The study of interaction between dose and amount of straw showed that the dose of herbicide required for effective control of I. grandifolia varies significantly with the amount of straw on the soil, especially in amounts between 10 and 15 ton ha-1. In the sorption process, the herbicide diuron is retained more as compared to metribuzin, and weakly sorbed to the straw. Seven days were not enough to make the process of sorption of metribuzin and diuron irreversible. In the study of herbicide dynamic, the straw significantly affected the weed control by herbicides in the absence of rain, and a rain of 20 mm was sufficient to promote all herbicides leaching into the soil, and promote excellent levels of weed control.
7

Weed Management Programs in Potato, Transplanted Tomato and Transplanted Pepper with Rimsulfuron and Other Herbicides

Ackley, John A. 31 March 1997 (has links)
Weed management programs in "Superior" potato with PRE and POST rimsulfuron treatments were investigated during 1992, 1993, and 1994. Common ragweed control by PRE combinations of metolachlor with linuron or metribuzin was higher when treatments included PRE or POST rimsulfuron. Common lambsquarters control was 93 to 96% by treatments that included POST rimsulfuron. Applications of 35 g ai/ha rimsulfuron plus 280 g ai/ha metribuzin POST controlled weeds comparable to sequential applications. Potato recovered from occasional injury caused by rimsulfuron, rimsulfuron plus metribuzin, and organophosphate insecticides combined POST with rimsulfuron plus metribuzin. Several acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides were evaluated for yellow nutsedge control in the greenhouse. Herbicides were applied POST to yellow nutsedge at actual or anticipated commercial rates. Yellow nutsedge control was 92 and 71% from halosulfuron and chlorimuron, respectively. Control ranged from 48 to 69% from primisulfuron, pyrithiobac, and rimsulfuron. Control from nicosulfuron and imazethapyr was 45 and 68%, respectively, while thifensulfuron and CGA-152005 had almost no activity on yellow nutsedge. Chlorimuron, imazethapyr, and halosulfuron were the only herbicides which reduced yellow nutsedge regrowth. Rrimsulfuron was evaluated in tomato at 26 and 35 g ai/ha, sequentially at 26 g/ha, at 26 g/ha plus metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha, and metribuzin at 280 g/ha were evaluated POST for weed control in transplanted "Agriset" tomato. Common lambsquarters was controlled by rimsulfuron at 35 g/ha. Rimsulfuron plus metribuzin gave consistent control of common ragweed but jimsonweed and goosegrass control was generally low. Rimsulfuron treatments caused < 12% injury to tomato. Tomato yield was consistently high in the metribuzin, metribuzin plus rimsulfuron, and rimsulfuron sequential treatments. In greenhouse studies, giant foxtail and large crabgrass control by rimsulfuron was above 95 and 85% respectively, but goosegrass was not controlled. Height of four tomato cultivars was not reduced, but dry weight of "Floradade" and "Sunbeam" was reduced by rimsulfuron. In 1993, 1994 and 1995, PPI clomazone at 390 g ai/ha, POST rimsulfuron at 35 g ai/ha, and PPI trifluralin at 560 g ai/ha were evaluated for weed control in transplanted "Keystone RG3" bell pepper. Common lambsquarters and jimsonweed control was highest by clomazone treatments, while common ragweed control was low from all treatments. Keystone RG3 in the field and greenhouse and "Camelot," "Jupiter" and "Memphis" in the greenhouse were injured by POST rimsulfuron and had lower height and dry weight than untreated controls. In the greenhouse, black nightshade control was below 23% and jimsonweed control was below 49% by rimsulfuron POST. The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of rimsulfuron was investigated in three Solanaceous weed species. Rimsulfuron uptake did not differ between black nightshade and eastern black nightshade while less labeled herbicide was absorbed by hairy nightshade. Black and eastern black nightshade translocated up to 50% of the labeled herbicide out of the treated leaf with 40 to 50% of the herbicide being moved to the actively growing regions of the plant. In hairy nightshade, an average 40% of the labeled herbicide was moved out of the treated leaf and less than 30% of the translocated herbicide was moved basipetally. Most major metabolites were apparent at 24 and 48 hours however, there were no differences in metabolite composition. Rimsulfuron will be an effective herbicide for use in weed management programs in potato and tomato, however rimsulfuron causes too much injury in pepper to be used. / Ph. D.
8

Determinação eletroanalítica dos herbicidas 2,4-D e metribuzin em amostras de solo utilizando um eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana / Electroanalytical determination of the herbicides 2,4-D and metribuzin in soil samples using graphite-polyurethane composite electrode.

Andrade, Fernanda Ramos de 18 July 2008 (has links)
O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo eletroquímico da redução dos herbicidas 2,4-D e metribuzin bem como o desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para determinação destes compostos em amostras naturais. Os experimentos foram realizados sobre eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana (GPU) utilizando a técnica de voltametria de onda quadrada (SWV). A técnica de Voltametria Cíclica (VC) foi utilizada para diagnosticar o grau de reversibilidade da reação de redução dos herbicidas assim como a natureza do transporte da material eletroativo para a superfície do eletrodo de GPU. Os eletrólitos suportes utilizados nos experimentos foram: tampão Britton-Robinson (BR) para o 2,4-D e água acidificada com H2SO4 0,1 mol L-1 para o metribuzin, ambos em pH 2. Os resultados indicaram que tanto o 2,4-D quanto para o metribuzin, apresentam um único pico de redução com características de processo irreversível controlado pela adsorção de reagente na superfície do eletrodo. Os parâmetros da técnica de SWV (freqüência, amplitude e incremento de varredura), bem como o tempo e potencial de acumulação foram otimizados para obtenção de maior sensibilidade analítica. Curvas analíticas dos dois herbicidas foram obtidas no intervalo de 1,5 a 12 &micro;mol L-1 para os dois herbicidas. Os limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ) obtidos para o 2,4-D, foram de 17,6 &micro;g L-1 e 58,6 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente. Para o metribuzin, o LD foi de 1,67 &micro;g L-1 e o LQ 5,56 &micro;g L-1. A precisão das metodologias desenvolvidas foi avaliada por meio da repetibilidade e a reprodutibilidade e a exatidão determinada pelo erro relativo. Os testes de recuperação realizados pelo método de adição de padrão forneceram valores de 104 % para o 2,4-D e 102 % para o metribuzin. As metodologias eletroanalíticas desenvolvidas para determinação do 2,4-D e do metribuzin, foram aplicadas em um estudo para avaliação do tempo de percolação dos mesmos em dois solos com características distintas. Os resultados indicaram que os dois herbicidas apresentam alta mobilidade nos solos estudados, pois 24 horas após a aplicação já foi possível detectar a presença dos mesmos na solução do solo extraída. Para o 2,4-D, 7 dias após o início do experimento, foram encontrados apenas resíduos de herbicida, enquanto que para o metribuzin obteve-se concentrações próximas a 1 mg L-1, mesmo depois de 14 dias. Após 100 dias do início do experimento observou-se um maior acúmulo de 2,4-D no solo arenoso, que pode ter ocorrido devido ao teor mais elevado de MO do solo argiloso, que proporciona uma quantidade maior de microorganismos no solo e que podem degradar o 2,4-D. Já para o metribuzin pode-se observar que este fica adsorvido nas primeiras profundidades do solo argiloso, possivelmente pelas maiores quantidades de MO e CTC. O eletrodo de GPU com a técnica de SWV apresentou bons resultados no que diz respeito à sensibilidade e ao tempo de análise, sendo uma excelente alternativa ao eletrodo de mercúrio, usualmente utilizado em medidas eletroanalíticas do 2,4-D e metribuzin. Os resultados obtidos com amostras de solo e formulação comercial dos herbicidas são bastante coerentes, considerando a dinâmica da dissipação espacial e temporal dos herbicidas no perfil do solo. / This research presents an electrochemical study of the herbicides 2,4-D and metribuzin reductions and the development of analytical methodologies for the determination of such substances in natural samples. The experiments were done with a graphite-polyurethane composite electrode (GPU) using the square wave voltammetry (SWV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to evaluate the reversibility degree of the herbicides reductions and thus the transport nature of the electroactive material to the surface of the GPU electrode. The supporting electrolytes used in the experiments were Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer for the 2,4-D and acidified water with H2SO4 0,1 mol L-1 for the metribuzin, both at pH 2. Results indicated that the 2,4-D and metribuzin show one reduction peak reduction with irreversible process characteristics, which are controlled by the adsorption of the reagent in the electrode surface. The SWV technique parameters (frequency, amplitude and scanning increment) and the time and potential of accumulation were optimized in order to obtain the highest analytic sensibility. Analytical curves were obtained from 0,33 mg L-1 to 2,62 mg L-1 for 2,4-D and 0,32 mg L-1 to 4,72 mg L-1 for metribuzin. The detection (LD) and quantification limits (LQ) obtained for 2,4-D were 17,6 &micro;g L-1 and 58,6 &micro;g L-1, respectively. For metribuzin, the LD was 1,67 &micro;g L-1 and the LQ was 5,56 &micro;g L-1. The precision of the developed methodologies was evaluated though its repeatability and reproductibility, besides the accuracy were determined by the relative error. Recovery experiments done by the standard addition method, provided values of 104 % for the 2,4-D and 102 % for the metribuzin. The electroanalytical methodologies developed for the determination of these herbicides were applied in two different soils with distinct characteristics, one sandy and other clayed soil. Results indicate that the herbicides present high mobility in the studied soils and 24 hours after its application it was possible to detect the presence of the herbicides in the soil solution extract. For the 2,4- D, seven days after the beginning of the experiment it was measured only residues, but for the metribuzin it is possible to measure concentrations around 1 mg L-1, even after fourteen days. After 100 days it was observed the highest accumulation of the 2,4-D in the sandy soil, that can be explained by the highest content of OM in the clay soil, which provides a higher content of 2,4-D degrading microorganisms. The herbicide metribuzin was adsorbed in the first layers of the clay soil, possibly due to the higher CTC and OM amounts in the soil profile. The GPU electrode with the SWV technique presented very good results when considered the sensibility and time analyses, being an excellent alternative for the mercury electrode usually used in the electroanalytical measurements of the 2,4-D and metribuzin. The obtained results with soil samples and commercial formulation of the herbicides are very consistent, considering the spatial and temporal dissipation dynamics of the herbicides in the soil.
9

Determinação eletroanalítica dos herbicidas 2,4-D e metribuzin em amostras de solo utilizando um eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana / Electroanalytical determination of the herbicides 2,4-D and metribuzin in soil samples using graphite-polyurethane composite electrode.

Fernanda Ramos de Andrade 18 July 2008 (has links)
O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo eletroquímico da redução dos herbicidas 2,4-D e metribuzin bem como o desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para determinação destes compostos em amostras naturais. Os experimentos foram realizados sobre eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana (GPU) utilizando a técnica de voltametria de onda quadrada (SWV). A técnica de Voltametria Cíclica (VC) foi utilizada para diagnosticar o grau de reversibilidade da reação de redução dos herbicidas assim como a natureza do transporte da material eletroativo para a superfície do eletrodo de GPU. Os eletrólitos suportes utilizados nos experimentos foram: tampão Britton-Robinson (BR) para o 2,4-D e água acidificada com H2SO4 0,1 mol L-1 para o metribuzin, ambos em pH 2. Os resultados indicaram que tanto o 2,4-D quanto para o metribuzin, apresentam um único pico de redução com características de processo irreversível controlado pela adsorção de reagente na superfície do eletrodo. Os parâmetros da técnica de SWV (freqüência, amplitude e incremento de varredura), bem como o tempo e potencial de acumulação foram otimizados para obtenção de maior sensibilidade analítica. Curvas analíticas dos dois herbicidas foram obtidas no intervalo de 1,5 a 12 &micro;mol L-1 para os dois herbicidas. Os limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ) obtidos para o 2,4-D, foram de 17,6 &micro;g L-1 e 58,6 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente. Para o metribuzin, o LD foi de 1,67 &micro;g L-1 e o LQ 5,56 &micro;g L-1. A precisão das metodologias desenvolvidas foi avaliada por meio da repetibilidade e a reprodutibilidade e a exatidão determinada pelo erro relativo. Os testes de recuperação realizados pelo método de adição de padrão forneceram valores de 104 % para o 2,4-D e 102 % para o metribuzin. As metodologias eletroanalíticas desenvolvidas para determinação do 2,4-D e do metribuzin, foram aplicadas em um estudo para avaliação do tempo de percolação dos mesmos em dois solos com características distintas. Os resultados indicaram que os dois herbicidas apresentam alta mobilidade nos solos estudados, pois 24 horas após a aplicação já foi possível detectar a presença dos mesmos na solução do solo extraída. Para o 2,4-D, 7 dias após o início do experimento, foram encontrados apenas resíduos de herbicida, enquanto que para o metribuzin obteve-se concentrações próximas a 1 mg L-1, mesmo depois de 14 dias. Após 100 dias do início do experimento observou-se um maior acúmulo de 2,4-D no solo arenoso, que pode ter ocorrido devido ao teor mais elevado de MO do solo argiloso, que proporciona uma quantidade maior de microorganismos no solo e que podem degradar o 2,4-D. Já para o metribuzin pode-se observar que este fica adsorvido nas primeiras profundidades do solo argiloso, possivelmente pelas maiores quantidades de MO e CTC. O eletrodo de GPU com a técnica de SWV apresentou bons resultados no que diz respeito à sensibilidade e ao tempo de análise, sendo uma excelente alternativa ao eletrodo de mercúrio, usualmente utilizado em medidas eletroanalíticas do 2,4-D e metribuzin. Os resultados obtidos com amostras de solo e formulação comercial dos herbicidas são bastante coerentes, considerando a dinâmica da dissipação espacial e temporal dos herbicidas no perfil do solo. / This research presents an electrochemical study of the herbicides 2,4-D and metribuzin reductions and the development of analytical methodologies for the determination of such substances in natural samples. The experiments were done with a graphite-polyurethane composite electrode (GPU) using the square wave voltammetry (SWV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to evaluate the reversibility degree of the herbicides reductions and thus the transport nature of the electroactive material to the surface of the GPU electrode. The supporting electrolytes used in the experiments were Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer for the 2,4-D and acidified water with H2SO4 0,1 mol L-1 for the metribuzin, both at pH 2. Results indicated that the 2,4-D and metribuzin show one reduction peak reduction with irreversible process characteristics, which are controlled by the adsorption of the reagent in the electrode surface. The SWV technique parameters (frequency, amplitude and scanning increment) and the time and potential of accumulation were optimized in order to obtain the highest analytic sensibility. Analytical curves were obtained from 0,33 mg L-1 to 2,62 mg L-1 for 2,4-D and 0,32 mg L-1 to 4,72 mg L-1 for metribuzin. The detection (LD) and quantification limits (LQ) obtained for 2,4-D were 17,6 &micro;g L-1 and 58,6 &micro;g L-1, respectively. For metribuzin, the LD was 1,67 &micro;g L-1 and the LQ was 5,56 &micro;g L-1. The precision of the developed methodologies was evaluated though its repeatability and reproductibility, besides the accuracy were determined by the relative error. Recovery experiments done by the standard addition method, provided values of 104 % for the 2,4-D and 102 % for the metribuzin. The electroanalytical methodologies developed for the determination of these herbicides were applied in two different soils with distinct characteristics, one sandy and other clayed soil. Results indicate that the herbicides present high mobility in the studied soils and 24 hours after its application it was possible to detect the presence of the herbicides in the soil solution extract. For the 2,4- D, seven days after the beginning of the experiment it was measured only residues, but for the metribuzin it is possible to measure concentrations around 1 mg L-1, even after fourteen days. After 100 days it was observed the highest accumulation of the 2,4-D in the sandy soil, that can be explained by the highest content of OM in the clay soil, which provides a higher content of 2,4-D degrading microorganisms. The herbicide metribuzin was adsorbed in the first layers of the clay soil, possibly due to the higher CTC and OM amounts in the soil profile. The GPU electrode with the SWV technique presented very good results when considered the sensibility and time analyses, being an excellent alternative for the mercury electrode usually used in the electroanalytical measurements of the 2,4-D and metribuzin. The obtained results with soil samples and commercial formulation of the herbicides are very consistent, considering the spatial and temporal dissipation dynamics of the herbicides in the soil.
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Optimizing weed control in lentil

Fedoruk, Leah Kathleen 15 April 2010 (has links)
Lentil is an important pulse crop in Saskatchewan. Weed control is central to lentil production due its poor competitive ability and the few herbicide options for use on conventional varieties. Imidazolinone tolerant lentil varieties have been developed to improve herbicidal weed control and crop safety. Two studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in Saskatchewan with the research objective of determining the optimal weed control timing and herbicide to maximize weed control and lentil yield. The first experiment investigated the critical period of weed control (CPWC) for lentil. The CPWC was realized by investigating two components; the duration of weed interference and the duration of the weed-free period which respectively determine the beginning and end of the CPWC. The crop remained weedy or weed-free from zero to eleven lentil nodes to investigate the durations of weed interference and weed-free period. There was an inverse relationship between weed biomass and lentil yield such that lentil yield was highest when weed biomass was minimal. The CPWC was found to commence at the five node stage and continue to the ten node stage. The second experiment investigated imazethapyr / imazamox, imazamox and metribuzin + sethoxydim applied at two application times to determine the best herbicide for the CPWC. The results indicated that imazethapyr / imazamox and imazamox applied at the six node stage resulted in the overall lowest weed biomass and highest lentil yield compared to application at the two node stage. In accordance with these results and the CPWC, imazethapyr / imazamox or imazamox should be applied at or before the five to six node stage to maximize lentil yield and minimize weed biomass.

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