Orientadores: Edson Moschim, Oscar Ferreira de Lima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T22:58:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_KleberBetini_M.pdf: 5146160 bytes, checksum: 696a41837ed744dda41722755ffb45c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Desde a descoberta do fenômeno da supercondutividade no diboreto de magnésio (MgB2) no ano 2001, a dinâmica dos vórtices neste material tem sido muito estudada, pois este fenômeno pode causar a destruição do estado supercondutor. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o impacto no aprisionamento dos vórtices e analisar o comportamento da densidade de corrente crítica (Jc) em amostras de MgB2 misturadas com nanopartículas de níquel (Ni) em várias proporções. As amostras foram preparadas no National Physical Laboratory (Índia). Os pós de Mg e B foram misturados em proporções estequiométricas e mantidos em uma atmosfera de argônio (Ar) por 5h a 800 ºC. Em seguida, foram misturadas as nanopartículas de Ni com 0,5%, 1%, 2%, 3% e 5% em relação à massa da amostra de MgB2. A seguir elas foram homogeneizadas, prensadas e sinterizadas. Foram realizadas medições, em um sistema PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System) da Quantum Design, do: a) momento magnético em função da temperatura, para a determinação da temperatura crítica Tc das amostras; e b) momento magnético DC em função do campo magnético aplicado, para determinar o laço de histerese magnética das amostras. Com auxilio do Modelo de Bean foi determinada a corrente crítica Jc. Através de técnicas de mapeamento por imagem foram analisados: a) os domínios magnéticos presentes na amostra, através das técnicas de Microscopia de Força Atômica e de Força Magnética (AFM/MFM); e b) a granulometria média e homogeneidade, pela técnica de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com detecção de Energias dos Raios-X Dispersos (MEV-EDX). Com o auxílio da Difração de Raios-X (DRX) foi analisada a formação da matriz de MgB2 e sua alteração com as adições do Ni, a formação de novos compostos e a presença de contaminantes. Através do nosso estudo podemos observar que as nanopartículas de Ni causaram o aprisionamento dos vórtices de Abrikosov, gerando um aumento na densidade de corrente crítica do MgB2. Apesar de uma pequena fração de Ni ter sido dissolvido na estrutura cristalina do MgB2, a degradação da temperatura crítica causada não é relevante frente ao aumento de Jc / Abstract: Since the discovery of the phenomenon of superconductivity in magnesium diboride (MgB2) in the year 2001, the vortex dynamics in this material has been widely studied, because this phenomenon can cause the destruction of the superconducting state. This study intends to assess the impact on the pinning of vortex and the behavior of the critical current density (Jc) in samples of MgB2, mixed with nickel nanoparticles in many proportions. Samples were prepared at the National Physical Laboratory (India). The Mg and B powders were mixed in stoichiometric proportion and maintained in an atmosphere of argon (Ar) for 5h at 800 °C. Then, they were mixed with the Ni nanoparticles in fractions of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 5% of the mass of the sample. After they were homogenized, pressed and sintered. The following measurements were performed in a PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System) of Quantum Design: a) magnetic moment as a function of temperature, for determining the critical temperature Tc of the samples, and b) DC magnetic moment as a function of applied magnetic field, to determine the magnetic hysteresis loop of the samples. Using the Bean Model the critical current (Jc) was determined. Through techniques of image mapping there were analyzed: a) the magnetic domains present in the sample, through the techniques of Atomic Force Microscopy, and Magnetic Force (AFM / MFM), and b) the average grain size and uniformity by the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy with the detection of dispersive X-ray energies (SEM-EDX). With the aid of X-Rays Diffraction (DRX) there has been examined the formation of the matrix MgB2 and the effects of Ni additions, the formation of new compounds and the presence of contaminants. Through our study we could observe that the Ni nanoparticles of lead to the pinning of Abrikosov vortices, generating an increase in the critical current density of the MgB2. Despite a small fraction of Ni that was dissolved in the crystal structure of MgB2, the degradation of the critical temperature is not relevant in face of the Jc increase / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24716号 / エネ博第459号 / 新制||エネ||86(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー応用科学専攻 / (主査)教授 土井 俊哉, 教授 白井 康之, 教授 濵 孝之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Thanks to high Tc of 40 K, high Jc of > 10^7 A.cm^-2, and no weak link behavior across the grain boundary in MgB2 material. This highest Tc among all conventional BCS superconductors, and better material properties of MgB2 compared to high Tc cuprate superconductors makes this material attractive for many applications including, but not limited to, power cables, Josephson junction based electronic devices, SRF cavities, THz sensors and single photon counters. Ultrathin superconducting films are a key element in various detectors utilized in remote sensing over a large part of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is a crucial detector for high-resolution spectroscopy at THz frequencies. The state-of-the-art NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers have a relatively narrow (IF) bandwidth ~ 3- 4 GHz as a direct result of the poor acoustic transparency of the film-substrate interface and low sound velocity in NbN reducing the phonon escape time in the film. Alternatively, MgB2 displays a very short τe-ph ~ ps. The phonon escape time is also short due to the high sound velocity in the material (~ 7 Km.s^-2) thus giving rise to a broader IF bandwidth. Also, smaller magnetic penetration depth (λ ≈ 40 nm) of MgB2 makes material of choices for single photon detector application. The response time of an SNSPD is proportional to the square of its magnetic penetration depth λ. Therefore, MgB2 may potentially operate 10-fold faster than the NbN (λ =200 nm) based SNSPD. In this work, I present my effort to fabricate high quality ultrathin superconducting MgB2 films on 6H-SiC (0001) substrates, and study their superconducting and electronic properties. C- epitaxial 10 nm showed Tc of above 36 K, while residual resistivity of up to 26 μΩ.cm was achieved. Critical currents of more than 6 × 10^6 A · cm^−2 at 20 K have been measured for the films with thicknesses iv ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Fishtail structures have been observed in the magnetic field dependence of the critical current density for the thinnest of these films, indicating the presence of defects, which act as vortex pinning centers. From the magnetic field dependence, an average distance between adjacent pinning centers of 35 nm has been obtained for the thinnest films. Ultrathin film as thin as 1.8 nm (6 unit cells) can be achieved by Hybrid Physical-Chemical Vapor Deposition (HPCVD) followed by low angle Ar ion milling. These post processed films exhibit better superconducting properties compared to directly grown films. The 1.8 nm, showed Tc > 28 K and Jc > 10^6 A/cm^2 4 K. The surface roughness of the films was significantly improved and the suppression of Tc from the bulk value is much slower in milled films than in as-grown films. These results show the great potential of these ultrathin films for superconducting devices and present a possibility to explore superconductivity in MgB2 at the 2D limit. Finally, I measured the upper critical field of MgB2 films of various thickness and extracted their thickness dependent in-plane intraband diffusivities by using Gurevich model developed for two-band MgB2 superconductor in dirty limit. Results showed that π band diffusivity (Dπ) decreases rapidly from 71.12 cm^2/s for 100 nm film to 4.6 cm^2/s for 5 nm film where as �� band diffusivity (����) decreases much slower from 2.8 cm^2/s for 100 nm film to 0.8 cm^2/s for 5 nm film. This larger Dπ than ���� indicates the cleaner π band. / Physics

The superconductivity in magnesium diboride (MgB2) was discovered in 2001. As a BCS superconductor, MgB2 has a record-high Tc of 39 K, high Jc of > 107 A/cm2 and no weak link behavior across the grain boundary. All these superior properties endorsed that MgB2 would have great potential in both power applications and electronic devices. In the past 15 years, MgB2 based power cables, microwave devices, and commercial MRI machines emerged and the next frontier are superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities. SRF cavities are one of the leading accelerator technologies. In SRF cavities, applied microwave power generates electrical fields that accelerate particle beams. Compared with other accelerator techniques, SRF cavity accelerators feature low loss, high acceleration gradients and the ability to accelerate continuous particle beams. However, current SRF cavities are made from high-purity bulk niobium and work at 2 K in superfluid helium. The construction and operational cost of SRF cavity accelerators are very expensive. The demand for SRF cavity accelerators has been growing rapidly in the past decade. Therefore, a lot of effort has been devoted to the enhancement of the performance and the reduction of cost of SRF cavities. In 2010, an acceleration gradient of over 50 MV/m has been reported for a Nb-based SRF cavity. The magnetic field at the inner surface of such a cavity is ~ 1700 Oe, which is close to the thermodynamic critical field of Nb. Therefore, new materials and technologies are required to raise the acceleration gradient of future SRF cavity accelerators. Among all the proposed approaches, using MgB2 thin films to coat the inner surface of SRF cavities is one of the promising tactics with the potential to raise both the acceleration gradient and the operation temperature of SRF cavity accelerators. In this work, I present my study on MgB2 thin films for their application in SRF cavities. C-epitaxial MgB2 thin films grown on SiC(0001) substrates showed Tc > 41 K and Jc > 107 A/cm2, which is superior to bulk MgB2 samples. Polycrystalline MgB2 thin films grown on metal substrates showed similar Tc and Jc compared with bulk samples, indicating MgB2 is suitable for coating a metal cavity. Large c-pitaxial MgB2 thin films were grown on 2-inch diameter c-sapphire wafers, showing our technique is capable of depositing large area samples. The lower critical field (Hc1) of MgB2 thin films was measured as well as it is know that bulk MgB2 has a small Hc1 and would suffer from vortex penetration at low magnetic fields. The penetrating magnetic vortices would result in loss in an applied RF field. However, due to the geometry barrier, thin film MgB2 would have a higher Hc1 than the bulk material. In my experiments, the Hc1 of MgB2 thin films increased with decreasing film thickness. At 5 K, a 100 nm epitaxial MgB2 thin film showed enhanced Hc1 ~ 1880 Oe, which is higher than Hc1 of Nb at 2 K. This showed that MgB2 coated SRF cavities have the potential to work at higher magnetic fields and higher temperature. Because the magnetic field distribution in the thin film Hc1 measurement is different from the magnetic field in a real SRF cavity, a few Nb ellipsoids were machined and coated with MgB2. The ellipsoid only has a magnetic field outside its surface and can serve as an inverse SRF cavity in the vortex penetration measurement. In the experiments, vortices penetrate into the bulk Nb ellipsoid at a magnetic field 400 Oe lower than the vortex penetration field of MgB2 coated Nb ellipsoids. This result confirmed our prediction that MgB2 coated SRF cavities could work at higher magnetic fields, thus producing higher acceleration gradients. In the last part of this thesis, I discussed how I used the dielectric resonator technique to measure the surface resistance (Rs) and Tc of MgB2 thin films. While the sensitivity of this technique was not high enough to lead to reliable Rs values, it can still serve for the determination of Tc for large area samples that are too bulky for other measurement systems. / Physics

Studies on ac losses in superconductors have been a subject of great interest for a long time not only as an important topic in fundamental science, but also as a basic requirement for the application of superconductors. A proper understanding of the mechanisms of ac losses and their quantitative knowledge is an essential requirement for any application. Such studies not only yield information on the material parameters crucial for applications but can also provide a test for any possible microscopic theory of superconductivity. The main focus of the current thesis is to understand the mechanisms of ac losses in superconductors and to gain more knowledge on the ac dissipative behavior of type II superconductors. In this thesis we report our investigations on the ac losses in certain type II superconductors at different ranges of frequency through different experimental techniques. We have investigated the ac losses that arise in high Tc superconducting single crystals at rf frequency (8 MHz) using a simple LC oscillator technique. The result shows a surprising ac dissipation behavior in which the loss in the superconducting state is more than the normal state loss. Even though the superconducting state is defined as the zero resistive state, this is true only for dc transport. The ac resistivity studies have been made also on high Tc polycrystalline samples using the standard four-probe technique using a lock-in amplifier (100 kHz). The result shows different ac resistive behavior for samples with different microstructures. Non-resonant microwave absorption (NRMA) studies in MgB2 thin films is reported for the first time. The experiment has been performed using a continuous wave X band EPR spectrometer. The recorded signals give information on the ac losses that occurs at microwave frequency (9.43 GHz). The effects of ac magnetic field on the superconductors have been investigated through a dc four-probe resistivity measurements in the presence of an ac field of different magnitudes applied at different frequencies. Also a simple experimental technique based on the concept of kinetic inductance designed to study the ac losses that arise due to vortex motion is reported. In the following a chapter-wise summary of the thesis is presented.m Chapter 1 surveys the related literature on experimental and theoretical reports on ac losses in superconductors. In this chapter a brief introduction to superconductors is given with an emphasis on the high Tc superconductors. The superconducting materials studied in the thesis are described in detail along with their superconducting parameters and the form of the specimen. The origins of ac losses are discussed with various models proposed so far to explain the ac losses in superconductors. Since most of the ac losses reported in this thesis arise due to the Josephson junctions and vortex motion, they are discussed in detail. The occurrence of Josephson junctions and the various models used to describe the junctions’ characteristics are discussed. The formation of vortices their various forms in layered superconductors and the mechanisms of flux flow and flux creep are discussed. Chapter 2 describes the studies on ac losses in superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals [1,2]. Generally in the superconducting state the dissipation is expected to be less compared with that in the normal state. However, we observe that the ac losses in the superconducting state are larger than the normal state losses. In this chapter we report on the ac losses in superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals at radio frequencies determined from direct measurement of the absorbed power using an rf oscillator [3]. The ac response of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals is investigated as a function of temperature from the measured shift in current and the frequency of the oscillator. The studies are carried out at different rf amplitudes by varying the supply voltage to the oscillator circuit. To understand the magnetic field dependent behavior of ac losses, studies have been performed in the presence of magnetic field of various magnitudes applied parallel to the c-axis of the crystal. In the presence of the magnetic field two peaks are observed in ac losses in the superconducting state as a function of temperature. The presence of the peaks and their behavior are studied in detail by varying the orientation of the applied field with respect to the c-axis of the crystal. The results are discussed in terms of a new model proposed recently by us [4], which explains ac losses as a consequence of cumulative effect of the energy spent in repetitive decoupling of the Josephson junctions and in terms of Lorentz force driven motion of vortices. In Chapter 3, we discuss the ac resistivity behavior of the polycrystalline superconducting samples with different microstructures. Measurement of resistivity is the basic characterization method not only for superconductors but for any material. The superconducting state is defined as the zero resistive state; but this statement is true only for dc and not for ac. The presence of ac resistance in superconductors leads to losses. In the present work we report on the behavior of ac resistance in the superconductors. The application of a magnetic field and the variation of temperature alter the AC penetration depth of the superconducting sample, which in turn changes the AC impedance associated with it. In this chapter we report the results on the complex AC conductivity that has been measured in two types of polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7 samples at frequencies starting from 100 Hz to 100 kHz and at temperatures from 10 K to 300 K. In the first pellet which is sintered, the possibility of presence of extrinsic Josephson junctions is less, but a large number of Josephson junctions is present in the second non-sintered pellet. In general it is expected that the AC or the DC resistivity in superconductors should decrease below Tc. In the case of DC resistivity the value of resistance goes exactly to zero and in the case of AC resistivity it keeps on decreasing towards zero with decreasing temperature. But surprisingly we find that in superconducting samples with Josephson junctions, the AC resistivity drops very close to zero at the critical temperature and instead of decreasing it increases slowly with decreasing temperature below the critical temperature. This property is also strongly dependent on the applied AC frequency. Investigation of the above phenomenon gives information regarding the contribution of JJ decoupling towards the AC resistivity of superconducting samples. The observed ac resistive behavior is well fitted with the Ambegaokar-Baratoff model for temperature dependence of critical current in the Josephson junction. In Chapter 4, the possibility of the presence of weak links in the intermetallic superconductor MgB2 is reported. The role of weak links in superconductors has been studied for a long time. Understanding the behavior of weak links has great importance for the applications of superconductors. Presence of weak links in high Tc materials due to its insulating grain boundaries limits the application potential of those materials. These weak links lead to lower critical current density and lower critical field of superconductors and lead to losses. The discovery of superconductivity in the simple intermetallic compound MgB2 has created a lot of interest from both application aspects and of fundamental science. MgB2 differs from high Tc materials and is considered as a potential candidate for applications, because of its high critical current density which arises due to the absence of weak links in MgB2. Absence of weak links is reported in most of the MgB2 literature and only in a very few studies possibility of the presence of weak links is reported. Here, our NRMA studies on the MgB2 thin films show the presence of weak links [5]. NRMA is a highly sensitive, non-invasive technique, which has proven to be a valuable tool for detecting weak links in superconductors and their characterization [6]. In this technique the sample is studied using a continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer, by recording the magnetic field dependence of the power absorption. The NRMA studies on the MgB2 thin film shows the presence of weak links and hysteresis in the signal. The origin of weak links is discussed as being due to the presence of oxygen in the grain boundaries. The hysteresis appears because of remnant magnetization and due to the pinning of flux lines when there is a change in the sweeping field direction. The NRMA studies are carried out as a function of temperature, modulation field, microwave power and the scan range and the results are reported in this Chapter. In chapter 5 we report on the resistive behavior of superconducting MgB2 film in the presence of an ac field using a novel technique. In this simple technique the resistive measurements are done using the general four-probe method, but a coil is wound over the sample and connected to an ac source to generate the ac field. The resistivity measurements are carried out as a function of temperature, amplitude and the frequency of ac field. The ac field shifts the Tc towards lower temperature and increases the broadening in transition from normal to superconducting state. In the absence of Lorentz force due to the parallel orientation of ac field with the transport current, we find that Josephson junction decoupling is one of the main origins of resistivity. The results are compared with the resistive behavior of YBCO film. The epitaxial YBCO film which is free from weak links shows a different frequency dependent resistive behavior, which is explained in terms of flux-creep. In the MgB2 film the studies are carried out in the presence of a dc field that is applied perpendicular to direction of transport current in the film along with the presence and the absence of the ac field. The studies show that in superconductors the presence of ac field leads to more loss than that of dc field. Chapter 6 describes a simple experimental technique using the property of kinetic inductance to measure the vortex resistivity arising from the ac current. Since the discovery of the superconductors much attention has been given to the dynamics of the vortices because of their importance from both scientific and application point of view. When a magnetic field of amplitude more than Hc1 is applied the type II superconductors enter in to the ‘mixed state’ due to the presence of vortices. In the presence of a current, the vortices experience Lorentz force of magnitude F = J x B normal to the current and the field. The vortices move under the influence of the Lorentz force along its direction which leads to resistivity. The electric field generated by the vortex movement has two components, one acting along the current direction and the other normal to the current direction. But most of the vortex resistivity measurements are carried out either in the presence of high magnetic field or at temperatures closer to Tc due to the limitation of experimental techniques. In this chapter we are reporting a simple experimental technique to measure vortex resistivity with very high resolution even at low temperatures and fields based on the concept of kinetic inductance. Kinetic inductance is the property which arises mostly in superconductors due to the inertial mass of the charge carriers. In our measurement kinetic inductance is measured through a simple four-probe ac impedance technique, which is more commonly used for measuring resistivity. The penetration depth due to vortices is related to their resistivity and from the relation between the measured kinetic inductance and penetration depth vortex resistivity is calculated. In this report we discuss the experimental setup, principle of the method and present the results of our measurements carried out on YBa2Cu3O7 thin films.

Actuellement, l’immense majorité des aimants supraconducteurs, notamment d’IRM, sont refroidis par un bain d’hélium liquide à pression atmosphérique. Néanmoins, ce type de refroidissement est onéreux et impose des contraintes sécuritaires importantes pour les grands volumes. Pour ces raisons, le refroidissement des aimants supraconducteurs est souhaitable sans l’hélium liquide. L’utilisation de cryogénérateur permet de refroidir par conduction solide jusqu’à 4 K et ainsi supprimer l’hélium liquide. Néanmoins, les faibles puissances disponibles combiner aux difficultés de mise en œuvre de ce type de refroidissement rendent difficile l’utilisation dans ces conditions du NbTi. En revanche à 10 K, la puissance des cryogénérateurs augmente d’un facteur 10, mais l’utilisation d’un supraconducteur à haute température critique est alors nécessaire. Notre choix s’est porté sur les conducteurs MgB2 R & W qui ont l’avantage d’être relativement économique à mettre en œuvre, mais qui ont, en revanche, le défaut d’être sensible à la déformation. Il est donc nécessaire d’être soigneux lors de leurs bobinages pour ne pas dégrader leurs performances supraconductrices. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé un insert froid refroidis par conduction solide permettant de mesurer le courant critique des conducteurs MgB2 R & W ainsi que des maquettes. Pour ce faire, un nouveau type de contact thermique à base de nitrure d’aluminium a été développé. En complément, nous avons conçu deux maquettes d’aimant MgB2 R & W : un solénoïde et une double galette. Cette dernière a été fabriquée (grâce à une nouvelle méthode de bobinage brevetée) et testée avec succès. / Currently, the majority of superconducting magnets, including MRI, are cooled by a bath of liquid helium at atmospheric pressure. Nevertheless, this type of cooling is expensive and imposes significant security constraints for large volumes. For these reasons, the cooling of superconducting magnets is desirable without liquid helium. Cryocooler provides dry cooling to 4 K without any liquid helium. However, the power available is low and dry cooling is difficult. In these conditions, it is complicate to use NbTi with dry cooling. But if we increase the operating temperature to 10 K, the power of cryocooler increases by a factor of ten. Nevertheless in this case, it is necessary to use of a high critical temperature superconductor. We choose to use MgB2 R & W conductors because it is relatively low cost but it has the handicap to be sensible at mechanical stress. It is therefore necessary to be careful during their winding to not degrade their superconducting performance. As part of this thesis, we have developed a dry test facility to measure the critical current of MgB2 R & W conductors as well as mock-ups. To do this, a new type of thermal contact based on aluminum nitride has been developed. In addition to this development, we designed two MgB2 R & W magnet mock-ups: a solenoid and a double pancake. The double pancake was manufactured (with a new patented winding method) and it has been successfully tested.

No description available.

La thèse illustre les influences combinées des anisotropies du gap et du cristal sur les propriétés supraconductrices sous champ magnétique. Afin de décrire la supraconductivité multibande de MgB2, nous dérivons la fonctionnelle de Ginzburg-Landau pour un supraconducteur à deux gaps à partir d'un modèle BCS de couplage faible. L'interaction entre condensats est ainsi décrite par un unique couplage de type Josephson. La théorie à deux gaps permet alors d'expliquer la courbure et l'anisotropie du deuxième champ critique, et la rotation de 30° du réseau de vortex accompagnant l'augmentation du champ magnétique appliqué le long de l'axe c. Par ailleurs, nous étudions la géométrie du réseau de vortex dans le fermion lourd PrOs4Sb12. La prise en compte des corrections non-locales, pour un supraconducteur à cristal Th-tétraédrique avec gap de type s, permet d'expliquer la déformation observée. Les résultats ab initio sur les structures de bandes confirment quantitativement notre analyse.