Despite the prominent role played by open tubular columns in gas chromatography, they have enjoyed comparatively little success as supports for open tubular liquid chromatography (OTLC), owing to impractical channel diameters (3-5 μm) required to facilitate retention in the liquid phase. In an effort to circumvent the technical issues associated with such narrow diameters, columns with multiple parallel channels have been suggested as alternatives – to this end, micro-structured fibres (MSFs) have been proposed as supports for OTLC. Much research has been conducted using MSFs for chromatography in the Oleschuk group, and although some success has been achieved, performance has been continuously hindered by flow velocity variation among the channels stemming from differences in channel sizes (or channel variance) as well as differences in stationary phase coverage, which serve to degrade column efficiency. Recent efforts have focused on devising a novel method for assessing the channel variance of MSFs. This method seeks to determine hole tolerance through evaluation of the extent of band broadening that occurs when performing chromatography in the absence of a retentive mechanism. Using this method, a linear correlation between the relative standard deviation of the channel diameters and the amount of broadening was revealed. To supplement the results, computational fluid dynamics was employed to simulate fluid flow through multi-channel columns. The results of these simulations again provided a linear correlation between the RSD of the channel diameters and the extent of flow velocity variation among the channels. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-15 11:57:28.915

Segundo dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde, até o ano de 2030 a diabetes será a sétima enfermidade causadora de morte no mundo. A diabetes se caracteriza pela variação do nível de glicose no sangue dada ingestão de alimentos ou realização de certas tarefas. Além disso, já é sabido pela comunidade científica atual que células cancerígenas possuem metabolismo diferente quando comparadas a células normais, consumindo uma maior quantidade de açúcar devido a essa anormalidade. No presente trabalho serão apresentados, basicamente, dois tipos de biossensores que possuem grande potencial para tornarem-se monitores contínuos de glicose. Ambos os biossensores utilizam a enzima glicose oxidase como catalisador específico da reação de oxidação do carboidrato. O primeiro apresenta estrutura em escala micrométrica, tem por objetivo a quantificação de glicose em solução em ambiente extracelular e se baseia no sistema EGFET (Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor) com substrato de Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO). Além do mais, foram utilizados dois protocolos de imobilização da glicose oxidase: quitosana (com uma janela de detecção de 1 a 5mM de glicose) e glutaraldeído (com janela de detecção de 0 a 15 mM de glicose). O segundo apresenta estrutura em escala nanométrica, tem por objetivo a quantificação de glicose em ambiente intracelular e baseia-se no sistema de nanopipetas de quartzo. Com esse dispositivo foi possível estipular a concentração de glicose livre dentro de três linhas de células distintas: Fibroblastos humanos entre 0 e 2.8mM; MCF-7 maior que 4.7 mM; MDA-MB-231entre 3.6 e 4.5 mM. / According to the World Health Organization, until 2030 diabetes will be the 7th cause of death worldwide. This disease is characterized by variation on blood glucose levels due to ingestion of specific food and tasks performing. Moreover, it is already known that cancer cells have a different metabolism when compared to normal cells and these abnormal cells have a higher sugar intake due to this abnormality. This work will present, basically, two types of biosensors with great potential to become continuous glucose monitors. Both biosensors use the enzyme glucose oxidase as carbohydrate oxidation catalyzer. The first one presents a micro-metric structure and its goal is to quantify glucose concentration in an extracellular solution. This device is based in EGFET (Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor) system and uses FTO as substrate. Furthermore, two immobilization protocols were used to fix the enzyme to the FTO: chitosan (with final range of 1~5mM of glucose) and glutaraldehyde (with final range of 0~15mM of glucose). The second is a nano-structured biosensor based on nanopipette system and its goal is to quantify intracellular glucose concentration. With this device was possible to stipulate free glucose molecules inside different cell lines: between 0 and 2.8mM for human Fibroblasts; greater than 4.7 mM for MCF-7; and between 3.6 and 4.5 mM for MDA-MB-231.

The objective of this thesis was to develop applications of monolithic fiber devices and actively controlled fibers. A special twin-core fiber known as a ‘Gemini’ fiber was used to construct equal arm-length fiber interferometers, impervious to temperature and mechanical perturbations. A broadband add/drop multiplexer was constructed by inscribing fiber Bragg gratings in the arms of a Gemini Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A broadband interferometric nanosecond switch was constructed from a micro-structured Gemini fiber with incorporated metal electrodes. Additionally, a Michelson fiber interferometer was built from an asymmetric twin-core fiber and used as a high-temperature sensor. While the device could be readily used to measure temperatures below 300 °C, an annealing process was required to extend the range up to 700 °C. The work included development, construction and evaluation of the components along with numerical simulations to estimate their behaviors and to understand the underlying processes. The thesis also explored the use of electrically controlled fibers for filtering in the microwave domain. An ultra-narrow phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating inscribed in a fiber with internal electrodes was used as a scanning filter to measure modulation frequencies applied to an optical carrier. A similar grating was used inside a dual-wavelength fiber laser cavity, to generated tunable microwave beat frequencies. The studied monolithic fiber interferometers and actively controlled fibers provide excellent building blocks in such varied field as in microwave photonics, telecommunications, sensors, and high-speed switching, and will allow for further applications in the future. / Syftet med denna avhandling var att utveckla tillämpningar av monolitiska fiber komponenter samt aktivt kontrollerbara fiber. En speciell tvillingkärnefiber, även kallad ’Geminifiber’ användes för att konstruera fiber interferometrar med identisk armlängd som ej påverkas av termiska och mekaniska variationer. En bredbanding utbytarmultiplexor konstruerades genom att skriva in fiber Bragg gitter inuti grenarna på en Gemini Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Geminifibrer med interna metallelektroder användes för att konstruera en bredbandig nanosekundsnabb interferometrisk fiberomkopplare. Därtill användes en tvillingkärnefiber som en hög-temperatursensor. Även om komponenten direkt kan användas upp till 300 °C, måste den värmebehandlas för att kunna användas upp till 700 °C. Arbetet har innefattat utveckling, konstruktion och utvärdering av komponenterna parallellt med numeriska simuleringar för att analysera deras beteenden samt få insikt om de underliggande fysikaliska processerna. Avhandlingen behandlar även tillämpningar av en elektriskt styrbar fiber för att filtrera radiofrekvenser. Ett ultrasmalt fasskiftat fiber Bragg gitter skrevs in i en fiber med interna elektroder och användes som ett svepande filter för att mäta modulationsfrekvensen på en optisk bärfrekvens. Ett liknande gitter användes inuti en laserkavitet för att generera två olika våglängder samtidigt. Dessa två våglängder användes sedan för att generera en svävningsfrekvens i mikrovågsbandet. De undersökta monolitiska fiberinterferometrarna och de aktivt styrbara fibrerna erbjuder en utmärkt byggsten inom så pass skiljda områden som Mikrovågsfotonik, Telekommunikation, Sensorer samt Höghastighets-omkopplare och bör kunna användas inom många olika tillämpningar i framtiden. / <p>QC 20130226</p>

Segundo dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde, até o ano de 2030 a diabetes será a sétima enfermidade causadora de morte no mundo. A diabetes se caracteriza pela variação do nível de glicose no sangue dada ingestão de alimentos ou realização de certas tarefas. Além disso, já é sabido pela comunidade científica atual que células cancerígenas possuem metabolismo diferente quando comparadas a células normais, consumindo uma maior quantidade de açúcar devido a essa anormalidade. No presente trabalho serão apresentados, basicamente, dois tipos de biossensores que possuem grande potencial para tornarem-se monitores contínuos de glicose. Ambos os biossensores utilizam a enzima glicose oxidase como catalisador específico da reação de oxidação do carboidrato. O primeiro apresenta estrutura em escala micrométrica, tem por objetivo a quantificação de glicose em solução em ambiente extracelular e se baseia no sistema EGFET (Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor) com substrato de Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO). Além do mais, foram utilizados dois protocolos de imobilização da glicose oxidase: quitosana (com uma janela de detecção de 1 a 5mM de glicose) e glutaraldeído (com janela de detecção de 0 a 15 mM de glicose). O segundo apresenta estrutura em escala nanométrica, tem por objetivo a quantificação de glicose em ambiente intracelular e baseia-se no sistema de nanopipetas de quartzo. Com esse dispositivo foi possível estipular a concentração de glicose livre dentro de três linhas de células distintas: Fibroblastos humanos entre 0 e 2.8mM; MCF-7 maior que 4.7 mM; MDA-MB-231entre 3.6 e 4.5 mM. / According to the World Health Organization, until 2030 diabetes will be the 7th cause of death worldwide. This disease is characterized by variation on blood glucose levels due to ingestion of specific food and tasks performing. Moreover, it is already known that cancer cells have a different metabolism when compared to normal cells and these abnormal cells have a higher sugar intake due to this abnormality. This work will present, basically, two types of biosensors with great potential to become continuous glucose monitors. Both biosensors use the enzyme glucose oxidase as carbohydrate oxidation catalyzer. The first one presents a micro-metric structure and its goal is to quantify glucose concentration in an extracellular solution. This device is based in EGFET (Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor) system and uses FTO as substrate. Furthermore, two immobilization protocols were used to fix the enzyme to the FTO: chitosan (with final range of 1~5mM of glucose) and glutaraldehyde (with final range of 0~15mM of glucose). The second is a nano-structured biosensor based on nanopipette system and its goal is to quantify intracellular glucose concentration. With this device was possible to stipulate free glucose molecules inside different cell lines: between 0 and 2.8mM for human Fibroblasts; greater than 4.7 mM for MCF-7; and between 3.6 and 4.5 mM for MDA-MB-231.

L’amélioration des performances des détecteurs (au niveau de la résolution en énergie et de la résolution spatiale) pour la radiographie X médicale par l’utilisation d’un semi-conducteur montre l’intérêt de remplacer les détecteurs à base de cristaux scintillateurs (majorité des systèmes commerciaux) par un détecteur à base de semi-conducteur. Avec une perspective de respect environnemental, ces travaux portent sur le développement d’une nouvelle génération de détecteurs à base de semi-conducteur, différent du CdTe, pour l’imagerie médicale de rayons X fonctionnant en mode comptage, ce qui permet la réduction de la dose de rayonnement envoyée sur le patient. Deux axes de recherches en découlent, avec le choix d’un nouveau matériau semi-conducteur, le GaAs semi-isolant et d’une nouvelle géométrie de détection, la géométrie 3D.Ces travaux ont consisté à évaluer expérimentalement le semi-conducteur, afin de choisir un matériau (fournisseur, croissance) et une électrode métallique qui ont la capacité de compter des photons. Puis, la structure de détection, au travers de caractérisations des procédés technologiques nécessaires pour la réalisation de la géométrie 3D (usinage des électrodes, dépôt des électrodes, connexion à un circuit électronique) et de la validation du concept avec un dispositif de test, a été également étudiée. Enfin, les premiers résultats d’un détecteur 3D à base de GaAs semi-isolant, montrant la concrétisation de ces objectifs, sont proposés. / In X-ray medical imaging, semi-conductors tend to replace scintillator crystals (most of the commercial devices), thank to their higher spatial resolution and energy resolution. Counting mode is another tendency, because it allows reducing the radiation dose delivered to the patient. This work aims at developing a new generation of semi-conductor detectors, different from CdTe / CdZnTe for environmental concerns, and associated with a new detection structure (3D geometry). Semi-insulating GaAs from specific growth and supplier, with adapted metallic electrodes, shows the ability to count photons. Then, a proof of concept of the 3D geometry is provided, through the characterization of electrodes machining in bulk material, metal deposition and connection to a read-out electronic circuit. Finally, the achievement of these objectives is reflected in the preliminary characterization of 3D detector based on semi-insulating GaAs.

As técnicas baseadas em microfeixe de íons energéticos possuem aplicações em diferentes áreas de conhecimento, tais como materiais, biologia, neurociência, ciências ambientais, entre outros. A microssonda iônica também possui a capacidade de fabricar micro-estruturas com aplicações em biomateriais, micro-fotônica, micro-fluídica, membranas porosas e diversas outras. O Laboratório de Implantação Iônica do Instituto de Física (LII) da UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) conta com uma linha de microssonda iônica que dispõe de detectores para a realização de diversos tipos de experimentos: Emissão de RaiosX Induzida por Partículas (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission – PIXE), Espectroscopia de Espalhamento de Rutherford (Rutherford Backskattering Spectroscopy – RBS), Reação Nuclear (Nuclear Reaction Analysis – NRA) e Microscopia Iônica de Varredura por Transmissão (Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy – STIM). Além disso, tem-se aperfeiçoado a técnica de micro-fabricação denominada Litografia por Feixe de Prótons (Proton Beam Writing – PBW), atualmente em substratos poliméricos. Este trabalho apresenta dois focos: um deles é a análise de fígado de peixe pela técnica de micro-PIXE. Estes fígados apresentam lesões associadas à exposição de contaminantes. Essas lesões são acompanhadas de células pigmentosas à base de metais chamadas de centros de melanomacrófagos. Observou-se que o fígado de peixe é uma amostra em potencial para estudos ambientais. Outro foco foi o estudo da técnica de STIM em películas poliméricas micro-fabricadas por PBW. Foram estudadas diferentes configurações geométricas para a técnica de STIM, bem como a utilização de feixes de H+1, He+2 e Li+3. Diferentes amostras foram preparadas, desde estruturas simples (possuindo apenas orifícios) até amostras multi-estruturadas do tipo degrau. As medidas de STIM foram comparadas com medidas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) de maneira a confirmar a viabilidade e confiabilidade dos estudos morfológicos das amostras em questão. A técnica de STIM se apresentou viável para o estudo morfológico de microestruturas fabricadas por microfeixe de íons em películas poliméricas, sendo que a melhor configuração é na geometria on-axis utilizando o íon He+2 que provê melhor resolução em energia, sem comprometer a resolução espacial. Em comparação com medidas de MEV, apresenta vantagens como maior rapidez, preservação da amostra e o poder de resolver estruturas enterradas na amostra. A similaridade entre as duas técnicas com relação às demais características faz do STIM uma excelente alternativa à mais comumente utilizada para diversas análises morfológicas de películas poliméricas. / Ion beam techniques have many applications in different areas such as materials, biology, neuroscience and environmental science among others. The ion microprobe has also the ability of fabricating microstructures with applications in the fields of biomaterials, micro-photonics, micro-fluidics, porous membranes and many others. The Ion Implantation Laboratory of the Physics Institute at UFRGS has a microprobe beamline equiped with detectors used in different techniques: Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM). Besides, its scanning capability makes allows the use of the micro-fabrication technique called Proton Beam Writing (PBW). Currently, this technique has been used to write micro-structures over polymers. Several projects are in progress for the development and improvement of such techniques, since the microbeam line is a recent acquisition by the laboratory. This work presents two guidelines: one of them is the analysis of fish liver through the micro-PIXE technique. These livers present injuries associated to the exposure of contaminants. The injuries are characterized by the presence of pigmented cells based on metals called melanomacrophage centers. It was observed that the fish liver is a promising sample for environmental studies. The other guideline is the study of the STIM technique on micro-fabricated polymer foils by PBW. Different geometric configurations for the STIM technique were explored, as well as the use of different ion beams (H+1, He+2 and Li+3). Different samples were prepared, ranging from simple structures (containing only one hole) to step-like multi-structured samples. STIM measurements were compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to confirm the viability and reliability of morphological studies of the samples under study. The STIM technique proved to be suitable for the morphological study of micro-structures fabricated by ion microbeam on polymeric foils. The best configuration is the on-axis geometry using He+2 beam, which provides the best energy resolution without compromising the spatial resolution. In comparison with SEM measurements, advantages such as speed of measurement, non-destructiveness and power of resolving buried structures of the sample were observed. Concerning other features, the similarities between the two techniques make STIM an excellent alternative for morphological analysis of polymeric foils.

As técnicas baseadas em microfeixe de íons energéticos possuem aplicações em diferentes áreas de conhecimento, tais como materiais, biologia, neurociência, ciências ambientais, entre outros. A microssonda iônica também possui a capacidade de fabricar micro-estruturas com aplicações em biomateriais, micro-fotônica, micro-fluídica, membranas porosas e diversas outras. O Laboratório de Implantação Iônica do Instituto de Física (LII) da UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) conta com uma linha de microssonda iônica que dispõe de detectores para a realização de diversos tipos de experimentos: Emissão de RaiosX Induzida por Partículas (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission – PIXE), Espectroscopia de Espalhamento de Rutherford (Rutherford Backskattering Spectroscopy – RBS), Reação Nuclear (Nuclear Reaction Analysis – NRA) e Microscopia Iônica de Varredura por Transmissão (Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy – STIM). Além disso, tem-se aperfeiçoado a técnica de micro-fabricação denominada Litografia por Feixe de Prótons (Proton Beam Writing – PBW), atualmente em substratos poliméricos. Este trabalho apresenta dois focos: um deles é a análise de fígado de peixe pela técnica de micro-PIXE. Estes fígados apresentam lesões associadas à exposição de contaminantes. Essas lesões são acompanhadas de células pigmentosas à base de metais chamadas de centros de melanomacrófagos. Observou-se que o fígado de peixe é uma amostra em potencial para estudos ambientais. Outro foco foi o estudo da técnica de STIM em películas poliméricas micro-fabricadas por PBW. Foram estudadas diferentes configurações geométricas para a técnica de STIM, bem como a utilização de feixes de H+1, He+2 e Li+3. Diferentes amostras foram preparadas, desde estruturas simples (possuindo apenas orifícios) até amostras multi-estruturadas do tipo degrau. As medidas de STIM foram comparadas com medidas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) de maneira a confirmar a viabilidade e confiabilidade dos estudos morfológicos das amostras em questão. A técnica de STIM se apresentou viável para o estudo morfológico de microestruturas fabricadas por microfeixe de íons em películas poliméricas, sendo que a melhor configuração é na geometria on-axis utilizando o íon He+2 que provê melhor resolução em energia, sem comprometer a resolução espacial. Em comparação com medidas de MEV, apresenta vantagens como maior rapidez, preservação da amostra e o poder de resolver estruturas enterradas na amostra. A similaridade entre as duas técnicas com relação às demais características faz do STIM uma excelente alternativa à mais comumente utilizada para diversas análises morfológicas de películas poliméricas. / Ion beam techniques have many applications in different areas such as materials, biology, neuroscience and environmental science among others. The ion microprobe has also the ability of fabricating microstructures with applications in the fields of biomaterials, micro-photonics, micro-fluidics, porous membranes and many others. The Ion Implantation Laboratory of the Physics Institute at UFRGS has a microprobe beamline equiped with detectors used in different techniques: Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM). Besides, its scanning capability makes allows the use of the micro-fabrication technique called Proton Beam Writing (PBW). Currently, this technique has been used to write micro-structures over polymers. Several projects are in progress for the development and improvement of such techniques, since the microbeam line is a recent acquisition by the laboratory. This work presents two guidelines: one of them is the analysis of fish liver through the micro-PIXE technique. These livers present injuries associated to the exposure of contaminants. The injuries are characterized by the presence of pigmented cells based on metals called melanomacrophage centers. It was observed that the fish liver is a promising sample for environmental studies. The other guideline is the study of the STIM technique on micro-fabricated polymer foils by PBW. Different geometric configurations for the STIM technique were explored, as well as the use of different ion beams (H+1, He+2 and Li+3). Different samples were prepared, ranging from simple structures (containing only one hole) to step-like multi-structured samples. STIM measurements were compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to confirm the viability and reliability of morphological studies of the samples under study. The STIM technique proved to be suitable for the morphological study of micro-structures fabricated by ion microbeam on polymeric foils. The best configuration is the on-axis geometry using He+2 beam, which provides the best energy resolution without compromising the spatial resolution. In comparison with SEM measurements, advantages such as speed of measurement, non-destructiveness and power of resolving buried structures of the sample were observed. Concerning other features, the similarities between the two techniques make STIM an excellent alternative for morphological analysis of polymeric foils.

As técnicas baseadas em microfeixe de íons energéticos possuem aplicações em diferentes áreas de conhecimento, tais como materiais, biologia, neurociência, ciências ambientais, entre outros. A microssonda iônica também possui a capacidade de fabricar micro-estruturas com aplicações em biomateriais, micro-fotônica, micro-fluídica, membranas porosas e diversas outras. O Laboratório de Implantação Iônica do Instituto de Física (LII) da UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) conta com uma linha de microssonda iônica que dispõe de detectores para a realização de diversos tipos de experimentos: Emissão de RaiosX Induzida por Partículas (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission – PIXE), Espectroscopia de Espalhamento de Rutherford (Rutherford Backskattering Spectroscopy – RBS), Reação Nuclear (Nuclear Reaction Analysis – NRA) e Microscopia Iônica de Varredura por Transmissão (Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy – STIM). Além disso, tem-se aperfeiçoado a técnica de micro-fabricação denominada Litografia por Feixe de Prótons (Proton Beam Writing – PBW), atualmente em substratos poliméricos. Este trabalho apresenta dois focos: um deles é a análise de fígado de peixe pela técnica de micro-PIXE. Estes fígados apresentam lesões associadas à exposição de contaminantes. Essas lesões são acompanhadas de células pigmentosas à base de metais chamadas de centros de melanomacrófagos. Observou-se que o fígado de peixe é uma amostra em potencial para estudos ambientais. Outro foco foi o estudo da técnica de STIM em películas poliméricas micro-fabricadas por PBW. Foram estudadas diferentes configurações geométricas para a técnica de STIM, bem como a utilização de feixes de H+1, He+2 e Li+3. Diferentes amostras foram preparadas, desde estruturas simples (possuindo apenas orifícios) até amostras multi-estruturadas do tipo degrau. As medidas de STIM foram comparadas com medidas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) de maneira a confirmar a viabilidade e confiabilidade dos estudos morfológicos das amostras em questão. A técnica de STIM se apresentou viável para o estudo morfológico de microestruturas fabricadas por microfeixe de íons em películas poliméricas, sendo que a melhor configuração é na geometria on-axis utilizando o íon He+2 que provê melhor resolução em energia, sem comprometer a resolução espacial. Em comparação com medidas de MEV, apresenta vantagens como maior rapidez, preservação da amostra e o poder de resolver estruturas enterradas na amostra. A similaridade entre as duas técnicas com relação às demais características faz do STIM uma excelente alternativa à mais comumente utilizada para diversas análises morfológicas de películas poliméricas. / Ion beam techniques have many applications in different areas such as materials, biology, neuroscience and environmental science among others. The ion microprobe has also the ability of fabricating microstructures with applications in the fields of biomaterials, micro-photonics, micro-fluidics, porous membranes and many others. The Ion Implantation Laboratory of the Physics Institute at UFRGS has a microprobe beamline equiped with detectors used in different techniques: Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM). Besides, its scanning capability makes allows the use of the micro-fabrication technique called Proton Beam Writing (PBW). Currently, this technique has been used to write micro-structures over polymers. Several projects are in progress for the development and improvement of such techniques, since the microbeam line is a recent acquisition by the laboratory. This work presents two guidelines: one of them is the analysis of fish liver through the micro-PIXE technique. These livers present injuries associated to the exposure of contaminants. The injuries are characterized by the presence of pigmented cells based on metals called melanomacrophage centers. It was observed that the fish liver is a promising sample for environmental studies. The other guideline is the study of the STIM technique on micro-fabricated polymer foils by PBW. Different geometric configurations for the STIM technique were explored, as well as the use of different ion beams (H+1, He+2 and Li+3). Different samples were prepared, ranging from simple structures (containing only one hole) to step-like multi-structured samples. STIM measurements were compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to confirm the viability and reliability of morphological studies of the samples under study. The STIM technique proved to be suitable for the morphological study of micro-structures fabricated by ion microbeam on polymeric foils. The best configuration is the on-axis geometry using He+2 beam, which provides the best energy resolution without compromising the spatial resolution. In comparison with SEM measurements, advantages such as speed of measurement, non-destructiveness and power of resolving buried structures of the sample were observed. Concerning other features, the similarities between the two techniques make STIM an excellent alternative for morphological analysis of polymeric foils.

A novel surface structure comprising dendritically ordered nano-particles of copper was developed during the duration of this thesis research project. A high current density electrodeposition process, where hydrogen bubbles functioned as a dynamic mask for the materials deposition, was used as a basic fabrication method. A post processing annealing treatment was further developed to stabilize and enhance the mechanical stability of the structure. The structure was studied quite extensively in various pool boiling experiments in refrigerants; R134a and FC-72. Different parameters were investigated, such as; thickness of the porous layer, presence of vapor escape channels, annealed or non-annealed structure. Some of the tests were filmed with a high speed camera, from which visual observation were made as well as quantitative bubble data extracted. The overall heat transfer coefficient in R134a was enhanced by about an order of magnitude compared to a plain reference surface and bubble image data suggests that both single- and two-phase heat transfer mechanisms were important to the enhancement. A quantitative and semi-empirical boiling model was presented where the main two-phase heat transfer mechanism inside the porous structure was assumed to be; micro-layer evaporation formed by an oscillating vapor-liquid meniscus front with low resistance vapor transport through escape channels. Laminar liquid motion induced by the oscillating vapor front was suggested as the primary single-phase heat transfer mechanism. The structure was applied to a standard plate heat exchanger evaporator with varying hydraulic diameter in the refrigerant channel. Again, a 10 times improved heat transfer coefficient in the refrigerant channel was recorded, resulting in an improvement of the overall heat transfer coefficient with over 100%. A superposition model was used to evaluate the results and it was found that for the enhanced boiling structure, variations of the hydraulic diameter caused a change in the nucleate boiling mechanism, which accounted for the largest effect on the heat transfer performance. For the standard heat exchanger, it was mostly the convective boiling mechanism that was affected by the change in hydraulic diameter. The structure was also applied to the evaporator surface in a two-phase thermosyphon with R134a as working fluid. The nucleate boiling mechanism was found to be enhanced with about 4 times and high speed videos of the enhanced evaporator reveal an isolated bubble flow regime, similar to that of smooth channels with larger hydraulic diameters. The number and frequency of the produced bubbles were significantly higher for the enhanced surface compared to that of the plain evaporator. This enhanced turbulence and continuous boiling on the porous structure resulted in decreased oscillations in the thermosyphon for the entire range of heat fluxes. / QC 20111111

Dans cette thèse, nous proposons l'utilisation d'un nouveau type de fibre à cristal photonique, la fibre Kagomé à coeur creux, pour la livraison d'impulsions ultra-courtes en endoscopie non linéaire. Ces fibres permettent la livraison d'impulsions sans distorsion sur une large bande spectrale, avec un faible bruit de fond, grâce à la propagation dans le cœur creux. Nous avons résolu le problème de la résolution spatiale, à l'aide d'une microbille en silice, insérée dans le cœur de la fibre Kagomé. Nous avons développé un système d'imagerie compacte, qui utilise un tube piézo-électrique pour le balayage du faisceau, un système achromatiques de microlentilles et une fibre Kagomé double gaine, spécialement conçue pour l'endoscopie. Avec ce système, nous avons réussi à imager des tissus biologiques, à l'extrémité distale de la fibre (endoscopie), en utilisant des différentes techniques tels que TPEF, SHG et CARS, un résultat qui ne trouve pas d'égal dans la littérature actuelle. L'intégration dans une sonde portable (4,2 mm de diamètre) montre le potentiel de ce système pour de futures applications en endoscopie multimodale in-vivo. / In this thesis, we propose the use of a novel type of photonic crystal fiber, the Kagomé lattice hollow core fiber, for the delivery of ultra-short pulses in nonlinear endoscopy. These fibers allow undistorted pulse delivery, over a broad transmission window, with minimum background signal generated in the fiber, thanks to the propagation in a hollow-core. We solved the problem of spatial resolution, by means of a silica micro-bead inserted in the Kagomé fiber large core. We have developed a miniature imaging system, based on a piezo-electric tube scanner, an achromatic micro-lenses assembly and a specifically designed Kagomé double-clad fiber. With this system we were able to image biological tissues, in endoscope modality, activating different contrasts such as TPEF, SHG and CARS, at the distal end of the fiber, a result which finds no equal in current literature. The integration in a portable probe (4.2 mm in diameter) shows the potential of this system for future in-vivo multimodal endoscopy.