En Tunisie, comme dans plusieurs pays méditerranéens, la céréaliculture est une activité très consommatrice de pesticides, (63% de la consommation totale de l'agriculture tunisienne). Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d'étudier le devenir des pesticides appliqués afin de réduire les quantités perdues dans l'environnement tout en maintenant un niveau acceptable de l'efficacité des traitements. Plusieurs études ont montré qu'après leur éjection par la buse, les gouttes sont plus ou moins soumises aux phénomènes de dérive et de perte au sol pendant l'application. La partie principale de ce travail est basée sur le développement et la validation d'un modèle capable de calculer les dépôts, la volatilisation, (évaporation et pertes vers l'air) sous le vent, en grandes cultures. Le modèle DriftL a été alors construit sous le logiciel SciLab, version 5.03. Il a été calé à partir de mesures réalisées sous des conditions contrôlées en soufflerie et a bénéficié d'une validation expérimentale. Une deuxième partie a étudié expérimentalement les pertes directes au sol et la rétention sur les plantes en conditions de laboratoire. Comme le travail mené en soufflerie, elle a permis de mettre en évidence une relation entre la granulométrie de la pulvérisation, la hauteur des buses, les variables microclimatiques et les dépôts mesurés dans les compartiments air, sol et plante. Pour effectuer les mesures, une démarche expérimentale a été mise en place afin de choisir la méthode de travail. Après de nombreux tests, un collecteur a été sélectionné pour chaque compartiment. Une rampe mobile a été également fabriquée pour jouer le rôle du pulvérisateur dans les conditions de laboratoire. Les mesures effectuées au champ ont permis de valider des calculs de DriftL et des résultats obtenus au laboratoire / In Tunisia, as in many Mediterranean countries, cereal is a very very pesticides intensive crop (63% of overall Tunisian agriculture consumption). Consequently, it is necessary to study the fate of applied pesticides to reduce the losses to the environment and maintain an acceptable effectiveness of treatments. Several studies have shown that after their ejection from the nozzle, drops are subject to drift and ground loss during application.The main part of this work is based on the development and validation of a model to calculate drift in field crops. Thus was developed our model, DriftL, under Scilab software, version 5.03. It has been stalled from controlled conditions measurements in a wind tunnel and received experimental validation. A second part studied experimentally the direct soil losses and plants retention under laboratory conditions. As well as the wind tunnel results, it has showed a relationship between the size of the drops VMD, the microclimatic variables and deposits in the concerned compartments.To measure deposits, an experimental approach has been established in order to choose the work method. After numerous tests, one collector was selected for each compartment. A device was also built to replace the sprayer in laboratory conditions. The field measurements were used to discuss DriftL calculations and laboratory results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sampaio_rcn_me_botfca.pdf: 767675 bytes, checksum: becd907541dbe51345d5e208bdc9d31e (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os processos de fragmentação florestal geram intensa degradação na Mata Atlântica, atualmente um dos biomas mais ameaçados do mundo. O efeito de borda é um dos fatores chave ligados à fragmentação de habitats, que contribui para a degradação dos fragmentos florestais.Em florestas estacionais semideciduais, cujo processo de fragmentação é antigo, a importância do efeito de borda ainda não está bem documentada.Os objetivos do trabalho foram estudar o efeito de borda em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual em função de características do meio físico e estrutura da vegetação. O estudo foi realizado num remanescente florestal no município de Lençóis Paulista, SP, a RPPN “Olavo Egydio Setúbal”. O fragmento é circundado por plantios comerciais de eucalipto, sendo parte do mesmo vizinha a um talhão de Pinus sp., recentemente cortado e substituído por Eucalyptus sp, que se encontrava ainda bastante jovem no início do estudo. Foram amostradas quatro transeções de 200m, alocadas perpendicularmente à borda deste talhão jovem, até o interior do fragmento, onde se coletaram trimestralmente variáveis microclimáticas (temperatura e umidade do ar, umidade do solo, intensidade luminosa e temperatura do solo). Foram amostrados também todos os indivíduos regenerantes (≥50 cm e < 1,30m de altura) das transecções, em subparcelas de 1x10 m; e os indivíduos com altura ≥1,30m em parcelas contíguas de 10x10 m. O efeito principal da distância à borda foi estudado através de análise de regressão não linear (modelo exponencial), usando-se o programa “Statistica 7.0”. As curvas foram ajustadas relacionando as variáveis com a distância à borda. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância para se estudar o gradiente borda-centro. Os resultados obtidos indicaram... / Forest fragmentation processes have been leading to a fast degradation of Atlantic Forest Biome in Brazil, currently one of the most threatened world’s biomes. The edge effect is one of the key processes linked to habitat fragmentation, which accounts for much of ecosystem degradation. In seasonal semideciduous forest ecosystems, were the fragmentation process is older, the importance of edge effect has not been sufficiently documented. We had the objective to assess the edge effect existing in a seasonal tropical forest fragment, considering physical environment and forest structure parameters .The study was conducted in a remnant forest at Lençóis Paulista county, state of São Paulo , at the “Olavo Egydio Setubal”private reserve. The forest is surrounded by Eucalyptus sp commercial plantations and a former Pinus sp stand which had been recently harvested and shifted to Eucalyptus sp. We sampled four 200m long transects, allocated perpendicularly from the edge to the inner part of the fragment. Microclimatic variables (air temperature and relative humidity, soil moisture, light intensity and soil temperature) where collected every three months, during three consecutive days in each transect. We also sampled all individuals with height ≥1,30m in 10x10 m contiguous plots and the regenerating individuals (height ≥50 cm and < 1,30m) in one 1x10 m subplots inside each plot. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The main effect of distance to the edge was studied by nonlinear regression analysis (exponential model) using the package Statistica 7.0. The results indicated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The aim of the paper: to investigate the effect of microclimatic factors on the process of ammonia emission from manure, and evaluate possibilities to reduce ammonia emission from cowsheds by controlling these factors. The completed analysis of microclimatic factors in various naturally ventilated cowsheds revealed patterns of variation in ammonia concentration depending on air temperature in the barn. While analysing the process of ammonia evaporation from the manure, the effect of interacting environmental factors on the intensity of evaporation was evaluated. The effect of temperature, ventilation intensity and drying of manure surface on the intensity of ammonia evaporation process from manure was determined and proved. Theoretical and experimental presumptions were made for the investigation of the effect of the crust formation at the manure surface on ammonia diffusion process. Based on the obtained results, ammonia emission from naturally ventilated cowsheds with various engineering solutions can be predicted, and equipment reducing the ammonia emission from them can be installed. / Darbo tikslas ˗ Ištirti mikroklimato veiksnių įtaką amoniako emisijos procesui iš mėšlo ir įvertinti galimybes juos valdant sumažinti amoniako emisiją iš karvidžių. Ištyrus mikroklimato veiksnius įvairiose natūraliai vėdinamose karvidėse, nustatyti amoniako koncentracijos kaitos dėsningumai priklausomai nuo oro temperatūros tvarte. Analizuojant amoniako garavimo iš mėšlo procesą, įvertinta tarpusavyje sąveikaujančių aplinkos veiksnių komplekso įtaka garavimo intensyvumui. Nustatyta ir įrodyta temperatūros, vėdinimo intensyvumo ir mėšlo paviršiaus džiūvimo įtaka amoniako garavimo iš mėšlo proceso intensyvumui. Sukurtos teorinės ir eksperimentinės prielaidos tirti mėšlo paviršiuje besiformuojančios plutos įtaką amoniako difuzijos procesui. Pagal gautus rezultatus galima prognozuoti amoniako emisiją iš natūraliai vėdinamų karvidžių su įvairiais inžineriniais sprendimais ir diegti priemones mažinančias amoniako emisiją iš jų.

Thermal comfort receives little priority in the planning and design of bicycle pathways. Design tools are required to illustrate the importance of the relationship between climate and bicycling activity to improve the bicycling experience and extend the bicycling season in a cold climate. Microclimatic and bicycle pathway design principles were integrated with a COMFA model to simulate the thermal comfort of users bicycling on a proposed pathway in Ottawa, Canada. Modelling results predicted bicyclists could be thermally comfortable travelling at a steady-state speed of 16.0-19.2 km/h, but preferred to be cooler when travelling at higher speeds and warmer in colder months when standing at rest. Design implications recognized the compatibility of microclimatic and bicycle pathway design principles and demonstrated how a bioclimatic approach to designing bicycle infrastructure can encourage user thermal comfort, mitigate weather discomforts, accentuate seasonal climate conditions, and address a more inclusive combination of bicycle user design criteria.

Orientador: Vera Lex Engel / Banca: Giselda Durigan / Banca: José Marcelo Domingues Torezan / Resumo: Os processos de fragmentação florestal geram intensa degradação na Mata Atlântica, atualmente um dos biomas mais ameaçados do mundo. O efeito de borda é um dos fatores chave ligados à fragmentação de habitats, que contribui para a degradação dos fragmentos florestais.Em florestas estacionais semideciduais, cujo processo de fragmentação é antigo, a importância do efeito de borda ainda não está bem documentada.Os objetivos do trabalho foram estudar o efeito de borda em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual em função de características do meio físico e estrutura da vegetação. O estudo foi realizado num remanescente florestal no município de Lençóis Paulista, SP, a RPPN "Olavo Egydio Setúbal". O fragmento é circundado por plantios comerciais de eucalipto, sendo parte do mesmo vizinha a um talhão de Pinus sp., recentemente cortado e substituído por Eucalyptus sp, que se encontrava ainda bastante jovem no início do estudo. Foram amostradas quatro transeções de 200m, alocadas perpendicularmente à borda deste talhão jovem, até o interior do fragmento, onde se coletaram trimestralmente variáveis microclimáticas (temperatura e umidade do ar, umidade do solo, intensidade luminosa e temperatura do solo). Foram amostrados também todos os indivíduos regenerantes (≥50 cm e < 1,30m de altura) das transecções, em subparcelas de 1x10 m; e os indivíduos com altura ≥1,30m em parcelas contíguas de 10x10 m. O efeito principal da distância à borda foi estudado através de análise de regressão não linear (modelo exponencial), usando-se o programa "Statistica 7.0". As curvas foram ajustadas relacionando as variáveis com a distância à borda. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância para se estudar o gradiente borda-centro. Os resultados obtidos indicaram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Forest fragmentation processes have been leading to a fast degradation of Atlantic Forest Biome in Brazil, currently one of the most threatened world's biomes. The edge effect is one of the key processes linked to habitat fragmentation, which accounts for much of ecosystem degradation. In seasonal semideciduous forest ecosystems, were the fragmentation process is older, the importance of edge effect has not been sufficiently documented. We had the objective to assess the edge effect existing in a seasonal tropical forest fragment, considering physical environment and forest structure parameters .The study was conducted in a remnant forest at Lençóis Paulista county, state of São Paulo , at the "Olavo Egydio Setubal"private reserve. The forest is surrounded by Eucalyptus sp commercial plantations and a former Pinus sp stand which had been recently harvested and shifted to Eucalyptus sp. We sampled four 200m long transects, allocated perpendicularly from the edge to the inner part of the fragment. Microclimatic variables (air temperature and relative humidity, soil moisture, light intensity and soil temperature) where collected every three months, during three consecutive days in each transect. We also sampled all individuals with height ≥1,30m in 10x10 m contiguous plots and the regenerating individuals (height ≥50 cm and < 1,30m) in one 1x10 m subplots inside each plot. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The main effect of distance to the edge was studied by nonlinear regression analysis (exponential model) using the package "Statistica 7.0". The results indicated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis deals with ergonomic audit of the workspace and working conditions of a university. First, factors affecting students and researchers are analyzed, with focus on their effects on physical and mental health. Attention is mainly given to the effects of thermal and moisture parameter of air, carbon dioxide concentration, lighting and classroom and office equipment. Level of adaptation of the workspace to the needs of disabled students and faculty is also considered. In the practical part of the thesis, the proposed audit is carried out at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Brno University of Technology. Measurements of ergonomic parameters were performed in selected rooms. Based on their results, shortcomings were identified and corrective measures were proposed.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a natureza e a extensão dos efeitos de borda sobre a estrutura da comunidade de anuros de serapilheira da Estação Biológica de Boracéia (EBB). A EBB é uma unidade de conservação com 16.450 ha pertencente à Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e situa-se na Serra do Mar, domínio da Mata Atlântica, a uma altitude de 900m, em uma das regiões mais úmidas do Brasil. A comunidade de anuros de serapilheira foi amostrada entre maio de 2012 a outubro de 2013 nos limites da floresta nativa com cultivo de eucaliptos. Foram amostradas 63 parcelas de 5×5 m dispostas em sete transectos com nove faixas de distância da borda (-50, -25, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 m); além de sete parcelas na área-controle, totalizando 1.750 m2 amostrados.Para caracterizar o ambiente em cada faixa de distância, foram medidas as seguintes variáveis: temperatura e umidade relativa da serapilheira, profundidade da serapilheira, cobertura do dossel, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e altura das árvores. Foram capturados 312 indivíduos de 23 espécies de anuros, sendo 19 endêmicas da Mata Atlântica. A comunidade apresentou alta diversidade de espécies (H` = 2,17).A riqueza e a diversidade de anuros aumentaram com a distância da borda florestal. A alta diversidade ß registrada (0,819) para a comunidade de anuros de serapilheira indicou uma alta taxa de substituição de espécies nas diferentes distâncias da borda.Houve maior variação da temperatura e umidade próxima à borda florestal e na área externa à floresta nativa.A riqueza e abundância de anuros foram negativamente correlacionadas com a temperatura e positivamente com a umidade da serapilheira, a densidade do dossel e o diâmetro das árvores.O cultivo de eucalipto pode ter minimizado os efeitos da borda sobre a comunidade de anuros. Os fatores de maior influência sobre a estrutura da comunidade de anuros de serapilheira foram as variações microclimáticas (até a faixa 75 m da borda) e estruturais (densidade do dossel e DAP). Diferentes respostas das espécies aos efeitos de borda indicaram duas faixas de transição para a comunidade de anuros de serapilheria ao longo do gradiente de distância. O primeiro ocorreu entre a borda e os primeiros 25 m no interior da floresta devido à drástica redução da riqueza e da abundância de espécies. O segundo ocorreu entre 50 e 75 m para o interior da floresta, alterando a composição de espécies. Em uma avaliação geral, a extensão dos efeitos de borda na EBB limitou-se a 50 m no interior da floresta. As espécies apresentaram respostas distintas aos efeitos da borda, porém, todas estas estão de acordo com o modelo transacional negativo, pois houve perda da qualidade do hábitat a partir da borda, o que afetou a riqueza e a abundância. / This study aimed at determine nature and extension of edge effects on the structure of a leaf-litter anuran community at the Ecological Station of Boracéia (EEB). EEB is a reserve with 16,450 ha belonging to University of São Paulo (USP) and lies at Serra do Mar, domain of Atlantic Forest, 900 m altitude, in one of the wettest regions of Brazil. The leaf-litter anuran community was sampled between May 2012 and October 2013, on the edge of a native forest with eucalypts cultivation. Sixty-three 5×5 m plots displayed in seven transects along nine distance strips of the edge (-50, -25, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 m) were sampled. To characterize the environment in each distance strip, the following measurements were taken: leaf-litter temperature and relative humidity, leaf-litter deepness, canopy cover, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of trees. Three hundred and twelve individuals of 23 species were captured, being 19 endemic from Atlantic forests. The community presented high species diversity (H` = 2,17). Anuran richness and diversity increased with the distance from the forest edge. High ß diversity found for the leaf-litter anuran community (0.819) indicated a high species turn over along different distances from the edge. There were higher temperature and humidity variation near the edge and outside native forest. Anuran richness and abundance were negatively correlated to temperature and positively with leaf-litter humidity, canopy cover and DBH. Eucalypts cultivation could have minimized the edge effects on the anuran community. Factors most influencing the structure of the leaf-litter anuran community were microclimatic (until 75 m from the edge) and structural (canopy cover and DBH) variations. Different species responses to the edge effects indicated two transition strips for the leaf-litter anuran community along the distance gradient. The first occurred between the edge and the first 25 m inside the forest due to drastic reduction of species richness and abundance. The second occurred between 50 and 75 m inside the forest, changing species composition. In a general, the extension of the edge effects at EEB was limited at 50 m inside the forest. Species presented distinct responses to the edge effects, however, all of them agree with the negative transational model, because there were loss of habitat quality from the edge, which affected richness and abundance.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a natureza e a extensão dos efeitos de borda sobre a estrutura da comunidade de anuros de serapilheira da Estação Biológica de Boracéia (EBB). A EBB é uma unidade de conservação com 16.450 ha pertencente à Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e situa-se na Serra do Mar, domínio da Mata Atlântica, a uma altitude de 900m, em uma das regiões mais úmidas do Brasil. A comunidade de anuros de serapilheira foi amostrada entre maio de 2012 a outubro de 2013 nos limites da floresta nativa com cultivo de eucaliptos. Foram amostradas 63 parcelas de 5×5 m dispostas em sete transectos com nove faixas de distância da borda (-50, -25, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 m); além de sete parcelas na área-controle, totalizando 1.750 m2 amostrados.Para caracterizar o ambiente em cada faixa de distância, foram medidas as seguintes variáveis: temperatura e umidade relativa da serapilheira, profundidade da serapilheira, cobertura do dossel, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e altura das árvores. Foram capturados 312 indivíduos de 23 espécies de anuros, sendo 19 endêmicas da Mata Atlântica. A comunidade apresentou alta diversidade de espécies (H` = 2,17).A riqueza e a diversidade de anuros aumentaram com a distância da borda florestal. A alta diversidade ß registrada (0,819) para a comunidade de anuros de serapilheira indicou uma alta taxa de substituição de espécies nas diferentes distâncias da borda.Houve maior variação da temperatura e umidade próxima à borda florestal e na área externa à floresta nativa.A riqueza e abundância de anuros foram negativamente correlacionadas com a temperatura e positivamente com a umidade da serapilheira, a densidade do dossel e o diâmetro das árvores.O cultivo de eucalipto pode ter minimizado os efeitos da borda sobre a comunidade de anuros. Os fatores de maior influência sobre a estrutura da comunidade de anuros de serapilheira foram as variações microclimáticas (até a faixa 75 m da borda) e estruturais (densidade do dossel e DAP). Diferentes respostas das espécies aos efeitos de borda indicaram duas faixas de transição para a comunidade de anuros de serapilheria ao longo do gradiente de distância. O primeiro ocorreu entre a borda e os primeiros 25 m no interior da floresta devido à drástica redução da riqueza e da abundância de espécies. O segundo ocorreu entre 50 e 75 m para o interior da floresta, alterando a composição de espécies. Em uma avaliação geral, a extensão dos efeitos de borda na EBB limitou-se a 50 m no interior da floresta. As espécies apresentaram respostas distintas aos efeitos da borda, porém, todas estas estão de acordo com o modelo transacional negativo, pois houve perda da qualidade do hábitat a partir da borda, o que afetou a riqueza e a abundância. / This study aimed at determine nature and extension of edge effects on the structure of a leaf-litter anuran community at the Ecological Station of Boracéia (EEB). EEB is a reserve with 16,450 ha belonging to University of São Paulo (USP) and lies at Serra do Mar, domain of Atlantic Forest, 900 m altitude, in one of the wettest regions of Brazil. The leaf-litter anuran community was sampled between May 2012 and October 2013, on the edge of a native forest with eucalypts cultivation. Sixty-three 5×5 m plots displayed in seven transects along nine distance strips of the edge (-50, -25, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 m) were sampled. To characterize the environment in each distance strip, the following measurements were taken: leaf-litter temperature and relative humidity, leaf-litter deepness, canopy cover, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of trees. Three hundred and twelve individuals of 23 species were captured, being 19 endemic from Atlantic forests. The community presented high species diversity (H` = 2,17). Anuran richness and diversity increased with the distance from the forest edge. High ß diversity found for the leaf-litter anuran community (0.819) indicated a high species turn over along different distances from the edge. There were higher temperature and humidity variation near the edge and outside native forest. Anuran richness and abundance were negatively correlated to temperature and positively with leaf-litter humidity, canopy cover and DBH. Eucalypts cultivation could have minimized the edge effects on the anuran community. Factors most influencing the structure of the leaf-litter anuran community were microclimatic (until 75 m from the edge) and structural (canopy cover and DBH) variations. Different species responses to the edge effects indicated two transition strips for the leaf-litter anuran community along the distance gradient. The first occurred between the edge and the first 25 m inside the forest due to drastic reduction of species richness and abundance. The second occurred between 50 and 75 m inside the forest, changing species composition. In a general, the extension of the edge effects at EEB was limited at 50 m inside the forest. Species presented distinct responses to the edge effects, however, all of them agree with the negative transational model, because there were loss of habitat quality from the edge, which affected richness and abundance.

La valeur potentielle des agro-forêts tropicales comme modèle d'intensification écologique de l'agriculture est un sujet d'intérêt croissant. Les agro-forêts tropicales sont des agroécosystèmes caractérisés par une forte diversité végétale et une diversité d'organisation spatiale des individus. Les structures complexes de ces agroécosystèmes en font des systèmes « proches » des écosystèmes naturels. Cette complexité améliorerait la fourniture de nombreux services écosystémiques. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés au service de régulation naturelle des bio-agresseurs des cultures. Notre hypothèse est que la complexité de structure (composition et structure spatiale) des agro-forêts influence la présence et l'intensité d'attaque des bio-agresseurs de la culture principale. En effet, l'augmentation de la diversité végétale à l'échelle de la parcelle diminuerait l'intensité d'attaque de bio-agresseurs spécialistes via la diminution de l'abondance de la ressource. Inversement, cette diversité amplifierait celle des bio-agresseurs généralistes via l'introduction potentielle d'hôtes alternatifs. Une diversité de structures spatiales d'individus associés est aussi susceptible d'influencer le microclimat et par son biais les bio-agresseurs des cultures. Pourtant, l'importance relative de l'effet de la composition (via la dilution ou l'amplification de la ressource) et de la structure spatiale (via l'altération du microclimat) du peuplement végétal sur l'intensité d'attaque de bio-agresseurs a rarement été étudiée. L'objectif de ce travail est de quantifier les interactions entre les caractéristiques de composition et de structure spatiale du peuplement végétal d'agroécosystèmes complexes et l'intensité d'attaque de bio-agresseurs de la culture principale à l'échelle de la parcelle. Ce travail est appliqué aux agro-forêts à cacaoyers du Costa Rica et du Cameroun. En effet, la culture du cacaoyer est l'une des rares encore réalisée traditionnellement au sein d'agro-forêts dans la majorité des pays producteurs. Nous nous intéresserons à trois bio-agresseurs du cacaoyer choisis pour leurs caractéristiques de dissémination et de développement contrastées : au Costa Rica, la moniliose sur un réseau de parcelles installées dans la région de Talamanca ; au Cameroun la pourriture brune et les mirides sur un réseau de parcelles installées dans la région Centre. Dans un premier temps nous avons construit des typologies descriptives des structures spatiales des agro-forêts à cacaoyers du Costa Rica et du Cameroun afin d'identifier la variabilité des structures spatiale des agro-forêts au sein d'une même région. Ces typologies ont permis d'identifier des structures spatiales horizontales variées allant de la régularité à l'agrégation significatives des arbres d'ombrage selon les pays étudiés. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons identifié et hiérarchisé les caractéristiques de composition et de structure spatiale à l'échelle de la parcelle agroforestière qui influencent l'intensité d'attaque de la moniliose au Costa Rica ; et de la pourriture brune et des mirides au Cameroun. La structure spatiale du peuplement végétal joue un rôle prépondérant dans l'ensemble de nos résultats. L'agrégation des arbres forestiers augmente l'intensité d'attaque de la moniliose au Costa Rica et la densité des mirides au Cameroun. La pourriture brune quant à elle augmente lorsque la densité des individus de la strate basse augmente à l'échelle de la parcelle. Pour finir, nous montrons que la quantité de tissus sensible plutôt que la composition en hôte explique l'intensité de la moniliose et la densité en miride. Ces résultats sont discutés en fonction des nombreux mécanismes qui relient la structure de la végétation aux bio-agresseurs et des caractéristiques de ces bio-agresseurs. Notre travail fournit une description précise de la structure d'agro-écosystèmes tropicaux complexes. / The potential value of tropical agroforests as a model for ecological intensification of agriculture is a subject of increasing interest. Tropical agroforests are agroecosystems characterized by high plant diversity and a complex spatial structure of individuals. With their forest-like structures, agroforests are close to natural ecosystems. The complex structure of agroforests would seem to improve the provision of numerous ecosystem services.This work concerned natural pest and disease regulation services in complex agroecosystems. Our hypothesis was that complex agroforest structures (composition and spatial structure) influence the pest and disease attack intensity on the main crop. Indeed, an increase in plant diversity in agroecosystems is known to reduce specialized pest and disease attack intensity due to a decrease in resource abundance and density on a plot scale. Conversely, plant diversity could increase the generalist pest and disease attack intensity due to the potential introduction of alternative hosts. Moreover, diversity in plant spatial structure has an impact on microclimatic conditions and, thereby, on the pest and disease attack intensity. However, the relative importance of host composition effects on pest and disease intensity, due to resource dilution or amplification, and plant spatial structure effects, due to microclimatic alteration, is still unknown.Our objective was to quantify interactions between the composition and spatial structure characteristics of agroforests and the pest and disease attack intensity on a plot scale.This work was applied to cacao agroforests in Costa Rica and Cameroon. Indeed, cacao is one of the last crops still to be grown in traditional agroforests in the majority of producing countries. The study was conducted on two cacao diseases and one pest chosen for their contrasting spread and development characteristics: in Costa Rica, Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) intensity was studied in cacao agroforests in the Talamanca region; in Cameroon, Black Pod (BP) intensity and mirid density were studied in cacao agroforests in the Centre region.Firstly, we established shade tree spatial structure typologies for cacao agroforests in Costa Rica and Cameroon, in order to identify spatial structure diversity in the same region. A diversity of spatial structures was identified ranging from significant regularity to significant aggregation, depending on the shade tree stand and country studied.Secondly, we identified and classified the host composition, amount of sensitive tissue and the spatial structure characteristics of the associated plants, according to their explanatory power in explaining FPR intensity, BP intensity and mirid density in cacao agroforests. The spatial structure of the associated plants was a crucial characteristic of agroforests in explaining FPR and BP intensity and mirid density. Indeed, forest tree regularity decreased FPR intensity in Costa Rica and mirid density in Cameroon. The BP intensity was reduced by a decrease in the density of individuals belonging to strata lower than or equal to the cacao tree stratum. Lastly, the amount of sensitive tissue rather than the host composition variables explained the increase in FPR intensity in Costa Rica and the mirid density in Cameroon. Our results are discussed in line with several mechanisms that explain plant diversity and pest and disease relationships.Our work provides a precise description of complex tropical agroecosystem structures. We quantified the relationship between observed plant structures and the pest and disease regulation ecosystem service. In the context of agroecology, this work opens up prospects for identifying and understanding ecological mechanisms involved in natural pest and disease regulation in cacao agroforests on a plot scale.

Le phénomène d'îlot de chaleur urbain engendre de l'inconfort thermique auprès des habitants. Améliorer le microclimat en zone urbaine est donc l'une des préoccupations des aménageurs. La végétalisation des villes s'avère une solution prometteuse, car l'évapotranspiration des plantes etles ombres portées des arbres ont un impact significatif sur le bilan thermique de l'atmosphère alentour. Un défi majeur aujourd'hui est le développement d'un modèle de simulation microclimatique capable de reproduire les conditions climatiques d'une rue, voire d'un quartier urbain végétalisé, dans l'objectif de proposer un outil d'aide à la décision pour l'aménagement des villes durables. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier comment prendre en compte la végétation et plus particulièrement les arbres, dans un modèle microclimatique 30 afin de simuler le microclimat d'un quartier. Deux modèles, LASER/F et RATP sont appliqués à l'échelle d'un arbre et d'un parc urbain pour mener à bien cette étude. / The urban heat island phenomenon causes thermal discomfort to residents. lmproving the microclimate in urban areas is therefore one of the concerns of urban plan ners. The greening of cities (with lawns, trees, green roofs, etc.) is a promising solution, as the transpiration of plants and the shadows of trees have a significant impact on the thermal balance of the surrounding atmosphere. This act must be planned to optimize the benefits of vegetation. A key challenge today is thus the development of a microclimatic simulation model capable of reproducing the climatic conditions of a street, or even a vegetated urban neighborhood, with the aim of proposinga decision support tool for the development of sustainable cities. The aim of this thesis is to study how to consider vegetation and especially trees, in a 30 microclimatic model to simulate the microclimate of a neighborhood. Two models, LASER/F and RATP were applied at the scale of a tree and an urban park to carry out this study.