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[pt] Devido à diminuição do número de descobertas de novas reservas de óleo e gás nas últimas décadas, as companhias de petróleo têm demonstrado um interesse cada vez maior em melhorar a eficiência dos processos de recuperação de óleo. Geralmente, após as fases de recuperação primário e secundário, uma grande quantidade de óleo permanece dentro do reservatório, pois a extração se torna não rentável. Assim, cresce o número de estudos voltados para a recuperação avançada de petróleo, com o objetivo de obter uma melhor fração de recuperação. O foco deste trabalho é estudar os fundamentos do deslocamento de óleo em meios porosos usando um microscópio confocal de varredura a laser, que possibilita visualizações 3D com boa resolução. A análise foi no deslocamento de óleo resultante da injeção de uma suspensão de capsulas de goma gelana em água após a injeção de água. Estas capsulas, movendo com a água, bloqueiam alguns dos caminhos preferenciais e forçam a água a deslocar uma parte do óleo preso. O resultado alcançado foi uma coleção de imagens 3D de meios porosos artificiais, nas quais foi possível distinguir a distribuição das fases (microcápsulas, fase aquosa e oleosa) dentro dos meios porosos, antes e após a injeção das microcápsulas. Essas imagens mostraram que as microcápsulas de goma gelana bloqueiam os caminhos preferenciais da água e que, após o bloqueio, alguns gânglios de óleo foram deslocados de suas posições originais. Esta tese aplica técnicas modernas de microscopia para examinar o conceito por trás da recuperação avançada de óleo usando microcápsulas. / [en] Thanks to decay of new discoveries of oil and gas reserves in the past decades, oil companies have a growing interest in the increase of oil recovery efficiency. Commonly, after primary and secondary recovery phases, a largeamount of oil remains inside the reservoir, as it becomes unprofitable to continue the extraction. Thus, the number of studies focused on enhanced oil recovery is growing, aiming to obtain a better recovery fraction. The focus of this work is to study the fundamentals of oil displacement in porous media using a confocal laser scanning microscope, which enables 3D visualization with a good resolution. The analysis was on oil displacement that results from the use of a suspension of gellan gum microcapsules in water injected after water injection. These microcapsules, moving along with the water, blocked some of the preferential paths and forced the water to displaces parcels of the trapped oil. The result achieved was a collection of 3D images from artificial porous media, in which it was possible to distinguish the distribution of phases (microcapsules, oil, and aqueous phases) inside the porous media, before and after the microcapsules injection. These images showed that indeed the gellan gum microcapsules blocked preferential water paths and that, after the blockage, some oil ganglia were displaced from their original positions. This thesis applies modern techniques of microscopy to investigate the concept behind enhanced oil recovery using microcapsules.

The prokaryotic adaptive immune system CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a defense mechanism that helps to protect the prokaryotic cell from invading mobile genetic elements. This project was performed at Uppsala University and served to answer whether the expression of Cascade, which is part of the CRISPR defense system, will have a negative effect on the cell that expresses it and to also determine whether the CRISPR defense system is effective enough to stop the spread of a conjugative plasmid. A microfluidic system was used in order to perform the experiments and images were taken with the help of fluorescent microscopy. Three different donor strains from E.coli were used. These strains had their own version of the RP4 conjugative plasmid which had the ability to infect recipient E.coli cells with said plasmid. The recipient cells had the ability to express the CRISPR system in order to defend themselves from the plasmid and CRISPR was also inducible with the help of IPTG. The different versions of the RP4 conjugative plasmid had different amounts of spacer targets that Cascade, the recognition complex in the CRISPR system, could recognize. When the recipient cells were induced and had a known target sequence of the plasmid they were able to defend themselves and keep the number of transconjugant cells low. When the recipient cells did not know the target the amount of transconjugant cells were higher. It was also noted that when the cells were induced inside the microfluidic PDMS chip they had a slower generation time. It was also noted that recipient cells had begun to die towards the end of the microfluidic experiments when the cells were induced. This raised the question as to whether the CRISPR defense system was targeting itself as well as the RP4 conjugative plasmid.

<p>Research in paper-based analytical devices has been increasing rapidly in recent years. Manyof these devices are used as low-cost alternatives for diagnostics and biosensing. In this work,two novel paper-based technologies were developed.</p> <p>The first paper-based technology achieved was measuring streaming potential on paper-based microfluidic devices. The streaming potential measurements were able to detect the presence of adsorbed polyvinylamine or potassium polyvinylsulfate in paper-based microfluidic channels.</p> <p>The measured streaming potential ranged from -80 mV to 80 mV and the polarity was sensitive to the adsorbed polymer. Furthermore, the measured streaming potential on paper treated with BSA showed a polarity switch when the pH was changed from below the pKa to above the pKa of BSA. Lastly, streaming potential measurements may provide an electronic interface for paperbased sensors.</p> <p>The second technology developed was a paper-based chromatographic pre-concentration device for biological and chemical applications. The device successfully concentrated a protein, streptavidin, via biotinylated microgels immobilized onto a selected area of the filter paper. The device was able to process a large volume of fluid with the incorporation of a passive pump made of superabsorbent polymer. The concentration factor achieved by the device was over 3000-fold. The flow dynamics through the paper was modeled using Darcy’s law. This technology could be an excellent low-cost alternative for biochemical analysis for samples thatrequire preconcentration, especially for the analysis of trace compounds in wastewater and drinking water.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

<p>Sight-threatening diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), affect the tissues of the posterior segment of the eye. Though modern classes of biomolecular based drugs are therapeutically useful, drug targeting for prolonged bioavailability to pathological sites within the eye is challenging. Current delivery approaches are invasive and lack control over drug release rates and tissue-specific localization. In this thesis, a device using microneedles embedded in a flexible platform was developed that could potentially overcome these challenges.</p> <p>New methods for microneedle fabrication were developed by co-opting simple chemical etch methods commonly used for optical probe fabrication as an alternative to current complex and expensive photolithographic technologies to produce out-of-plane, high aspect ratio microneedles which are often constrained materially to silicon and metal. Microneedles with repeatable tip and taper sizes were obtained using hydrofluoric acid, an organic phase and fused-silica capillary tubing. Microneedles with 10 um tips were made using single and batch mode methods and were then integrated into poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) for alignment using low cost micromolding approaches offering the same degree of accuracy provided by conventional photolithography<strong>. </strong></p> <p>Single microneedle-based devices successfully delivered rhodamine intrasclerally, intravitreally, suprachoroidally and to the retina. This is the first demonstration of active delivery to specific spatial regions within the posterior eye at controllable rates using a non-implantable, biocompatible device – with minimal fabrication facilities, equipment and cost. The fabricated device demonstrated a new hybrid approach of coupling a rigid microneedle with a soft and pliable substrate that could conform to biological tissues.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)