Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Includes bibliographies. / by Glenn Lamar Ray. / Ph.D.

In order to evaluate the electron microprobe (EMP) method for chemical dating of monazite, we chemically analyzed selected suites of monazite grains that were previously dated by standard U/Pb isotopic methods at three laboratories each equipped with a sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP). Representing diverse igneous and metamorphic lithologies, these grains yielded conventional isotopic ages ranging in age from Neoarchean to Devonian. Chemical dating was performed at Virginia Tech using a Cameca SX-50 EMP in which the analytical routines and settings were specifically optimized for monazite geochronology, including correction of analytical peaks for all major spectral interferences and correction of peak intensities for local background emission. Placement of cross-grain analytical traverses was based on backscattered electron (BSE) images together with wavelength-dispersive (WD) generated X-ray maps for Y, Th, U, and Ca, which revealed the internal compositional complexity of each grain. Shorter EMP traverses were selected adjacent to each SHRIMP pit in order to provide the best possible comparison of ages obtained by the two dating methods. Synthesis protocol for key elemental measurements (Y, Th, U, and Pb) was developed utilizing the 1Ï elemental errors associated with individual analyses, providing an objective approach for data synthesis. Analytical dates were either accepted or excluded based on analytical and spatial justifications. Isotopic dating techniques utilize three independent age calculations, provided the sample is old enough to have accumulated sufficient 207Pb (i.e., ≥~1000 Ma). Similarly, the chemical dating method can utilize two independent age calculations (i.e., Th/Pb and U/Pb) and a U-Th-Pbtotal centroid age in Th/Pb vs. U/Pb space, verified independently against the calculated Th* or U* CHIME ages. Across the entire 2,200 m.y. age range represented by the sample set, the chemical ages calculated from the EMP data chemical ages are internally consistent (within 2Ï error) with the previously measured SHRIMP isotopic ages, except in one case where bulk mixing of discrete age domains within an ablation pit led to an isotopically discordant apparent age. Overall, this study illustrates that EMP chemical dating (1) represents both an accurate and precise primary method for dating monazite from igneous and polymetamorphic terrains; (2) provides superior spatial resolution for obtaining meaningful ages from small and/or irregular domains of discrete age that may be irresolvable or misinterpreted by other dating techniques that sample larger volumes; and (3) illuminates the geological meaning of isotopically discordant monazite ages obtained using conventional methods with lower spatial resolution (e.g., SHRIMP). / Ph. D.

DNA detection technology has developed rapidly due to its extensive application in clinical diagnostics, bioengineering, environmental monitoring, and food science areas. Currently developed methods such as surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) methods, fluorescent dye labeled methods and electrochemical methods, usually have the problems of bulky size, high equipment cost and time-consuming algorithms, so limiting their application for in vivo detection. In this work, an intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (IFPI) based DNA sensor is presented with the intrinsic advantages of small size, low cost and corrosion-tolerance. This sensor has experimentally demonstrated its high sensitivity and selectivity. In theory, DNA detection is realized by interrogating the sensor's optical cavity length variation resulting from hybridization event. First, a microgap structure based IFPI sensor is fabricated with simple etching and splicing technology. Subsequently, considering the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA, layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly technique is adopted to attach the single strand capture DNA to the sensor endface. When the target DNA strand binds to the single-stranded DNA successfully, the optical cavity length of sensor will be increased. Finally, by demodulating the sensor spectrum, DNA hybridization event can be judged qualitatively. This sensor can realize DNA detection without attached label, which save the experiment expense and time. Also the hybridization detection is finished within a few minutes. This quick response feature makes it more attractive in diagnose application. Since the sensitivity and specificity are the most widely used statistics to describe a diagnostic test, so these characteristics are used to evaluate this biosensor. Experimental results demonstrate that this sensor has a sensitivity of 6nmol/ml and can identify a 2 bp mismatch. Since this sensor is optical fiber based, it has robust structure and small size ( 125μm ). If extra etching process is applied to the sensor, the size can be further reduced. This promises the sensor potential application of in-cell detection. Further investigation can be focused on the nanofabrication of this DNA sensor, and this is very meaningful topic not only for diagnostic test but also in many other applications such as food industry, environment monitoring. / Master of Science

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 1977 / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics

Knorpel ist ein kompliziertes System aus einem kollagenen Netzwerk, gefüllt mit wasserbindenden Makromolekülen (Proteoglykanen) und darin eingebetteten Zellen. Störungen in den komplexen Wechselbeziehungen können zur Gefährdung der strukturellen Integrität des Knorpels führen. Die hochauflösende Magnetresonanztomographie (NMR-Mikroskopie) kann über die Analyse der Signalintensität interne Knorpelstrukturen darstellen (hypo- und hyperintense Zonen). Mit Hilfe ionenmikroskopischer Analysemethoden (PIXE, RBS, ERDA) wurden im Knorpel (femorale und tibiale Kondyle des Hausschweins) im Querschnitt die zweidimensionalen Verteilungen der Knorpelelemente (H, C, N, O, P, S, Cl, K und Ca) aufgenommen sowie die Konzentrationen in ausgewählten Zonen bestimmt. Ergänzend wurde mit STIM die Dichteverteilung im Knorpel untersucht. Es gelang auch mit STIM, erstmalig kollagene Fasern in ihrer, bis auf den Wasserentzug natürlichen, Umgebung im Knorpel und damit unverändert in ihrer Anordnung sichtbar zu machen (keine chemische Demaskierung nötig). Die Ergebnisse wurden mit NMR- und polarisationsmikroskopischen Untersuchungen verglichen und in ihrem Zusammenhang mit den histologischen Knorpelzonen diskutiert. In den NMR-hypointensen Zonen fanden sich eine erhöhte Chlorkonzentration und punktförmige Calciumanreicherungen. Diese Zonen waren (im gefriergetrockneten Zustand) durch eine, bis zu einem Faktor vier höhere Dichte gekennzeichnet, die im maximalen Gehalt der Matrixelemente, H, C, N, O, (höchste Kollagendichte) begründet liegt. Im tibialen Knorpel konnten in der NMR-hypointensen Zone radial verlaufende einzelne Kollagenfasern nachgewiesen werden. Im femoralen Knorpel wurden in dieser Zone keine Einzelfasern nachgewiesen. Es deutete sich eine tubuläre Anordnung der Kollagenfasern an. In der hypertrophen Zone zeigten sich hohe Konzentrationen an Phosphor (Zellorganellen), Schwefel (Proteoglykane), Kalium (alkalisches Milieu) und Calcium (Vorstufe der Kalzifizierung). Die Chlorkonzentration hatte dort ihr Minimum. In dieser Zone verlaufen die Kollagenfasern radial und münden senkrecht in den Kalkknorpel. In der Tangentialfaserschicht wurde eine erhöhte Konzentration an Calcium und Phosphor beobachtet (Einlagerung von Calciumphosphaten). In dieser Zone wurden tangential verlaufende Kollagenfasern und ihr Übergang zur stärkeren Vernetzung mit teilweise arkadenförmiger Überstruktur sichtbar gemacht. Zur genaueren Aufklärung der dreidimensionalen Anordnung der Kollagenen Strukturen wurden erste Experimente zur STIM-Tomographie durchgeführt.

No description available.

No description available.

Revestimentos de zinco obtidos por imersão a quente têm sido amplamente utilizados em estruturas expostas em solos, águas naturais e atmosfericamente, devido a excelente resistência em meios de baixa agressividade. Nessas aplicações, as arestas de corte ficam expostas e estão mais susceptíveis à corrosão. Objetivando relacionar a microestrutura dos revestimentos com técnicas de microssondas eletroquímicas, para melhor entender os processos corrosivos de aços galvanizados, buscou-se uma nova metodologia para ampliar as fases e obter uma estrutura em camadas. Para a caracterização da morfologia dos revestimentos obtidos pelo processo de galvanização por imersão a quente (galvanized, galvannealed e galvalume) utilizou-se microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura com microanálise. Para verificar e analisar os mecanismos de corrosão das fases presentes nos revestimentos de zinco de forma localizada empregou-se a técnica de varredura por eletrodo vibratório (SVET) e microcélula capilar (MEC), e de forma complementar, para identificar os produtos de corrosão formados utilizou-se micro difração de raios X (μ-DRX). Os resultados demonstraram que a metodologia empregada neste estudo é adequada para avaliar as fases de forma individual ou conectadas galvanicamente, e assim identificar as fases mais ativas durante os processos corrosivos. Os resultados obtidos por microcélula complementam os mapeamentos de densidade de corrente obtidos por eletrodo vibratório, mostrando que os intermetálicos permanecem estáveis após os ensaios e a região mais ativa é o revestimento não intemperizado (polido) próximo à interface aço/revestimento. O revestimento que apresentou melhor resistência à corrosão em soluções contendo cloreto foi o Zn55Al. O espectro μ-XRD para o revestimento galvanized, indica a presença das fases zincita e Fe-α sobre o aço IF (interstitial free), mostrando que sob condições de OCP a superfície de aço IF foi protegida pelo revestimento apesar da sua grande área. Esta precipitação pode ainda proteger áreas de aço expostas aonde o revestimento foi danificado por arranhões ou na aresta de corte. / Hot-dip zinc coatings have been widely used in structures exposed to soils, natural water and atmosphere due to their excellent resistance in low aggressive media. In such applications, the cutting edges are exposed and more susceptible to corrosion. In order to correlate the microstructure of the coating with electrochemical microprobe techniques, a new methodology was developed to amplify the size of the phases and to obtain a layered structure. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the morphology of the coatings obtained by the hot dip galvanization process (galvanized, galvannealed e galvalume). Scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and capillary microcell (MEC) were used to identify and study the corrosion mechanisms of the phases present in zinc coatings. The corrosion products were identified by X-ray micro-diffraction (μ-XRD). The results demonstrated that the methodology employed in this study is adequate to evaluate the phases individually or galvanically connected, thus identifying the most active phases during the corrosive processes. The results obtained by microcell complement the current density mappings obtained by vibrating electrode, showing that the intermetallics remain stable after the analysis and the most active region is the not wedered coating near the steel/coating interface. The coating that showed the best corrosion resistance in solutions containing chloride was the Zn55Al. The μ-XRD spectrum for the galvanized coating indicates the presence of zincite and Fe-α on the IF steel (interstitial free), showing that under OCP conditions the IF steel surface was protected by the coating despite its large area. This precipitation can further protect exposed steel areas where the coating has been damaged by scratches or at the cutting edge.

No description available.

No description available.