Purpose The purpose of this study is to explain what possibilities the new license between Youtube and Stim can have for Swedish artists and what impact this may have for the Swedish major record labels’ competitive advantage. Based on this, the aim is also to describe how artists' position of power against major record labels may change due to the license. Method The essay is based on an inductive approach. The authors have used a qualitative research method to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon investigated. Primary sources have been collected using a variety of interviews from different parts of the Swedish music industry. Conclusion The Swedish major labels still hold a strong position today both when it comes to power balance and attractiveness. However, the authors found that the major record labels attractiveness is weak for smaller artists and bands but stronger for the larger ones. During the study it has been confirmed that major record labels will retain 90 percent of revenue from Youtube, which has led to more artists now questioning whether it is worth giving up so much to be signed to a major record label. More choices for artists have led to other ways for them to build a career as there now exist substitutes for the functions that a major label has today. When barriers to entry the industry has been lower due to the new license there is also a good chance that new players will emerge with more attractive offers than the major record labels.

In an effort to dissect the mechanism of SOCe activation, I used two novel 2-APB analogs (DPB162-AE and DPB163-AE) which are ~50-100 times more potent at modifying SOCe than 2-APB. In the presence of STIM1, both compounds (2 µM) differentially affected Orai subtypes, fully blocking endogenous Orai1, but not Orai2 or Orai3 mediated SOCe in DT40 Orai-specific knockout cells. Neither analog directly activated Orai3 over-expressed alone in HEK293 cells. Analysis of constitutively active Orai1 mutant, Orai1V102C, showed an increase in Ca2+ entry after application of DPB162-AE independent of STIM1. When STIM1 was co-expressed with Orai1V102C, there was no inhibitory effect of the analog on the mutant channel complex. DPB162-AE appeared to have a long term effect on the channel complex revealed a lack of SOCe 10 minutes after washout of the analog. STIM1ct-Orai1 Ca2+ entry was moderately increased by DPB162-AE yet constitutively active Stim1ct4EA-Orai1 Ca2+ entry was robustly inhibited. The activation of mutant Orai1V102C indicated the analogs are capable of interacting with Orai1, perhaps to widen the pore, and pointing to a putative mechanism of action for inhibition. FRET analysis indicated no effect on STIM1-Orai1, STIM1ct-Orai1 or SOAR-Orai1 coupling. Thus, the inhibitory effect on STIM1-Orai may be through physical alteration of Orai1 gating. Previously reported as having biphasic effect on SOCe proteins, DPB163-AE appeared to effect its potentiation exclusively via STIM2 with no evident inhibition of STIM2 SOCe. Inhibition by both analogs was mediated by STIM1. DPB162-AE and DPB163-AE had remarkable specificity on Orai1 as opposed to other Ca2+ permeant channels. Neither compound affected Ca2+ entry through TRPC3, TRPC6, or strontium entry through Cav1.2 channels at concentrations (2 µM) that completely inhibited Orai1-mediated SOCe. In summary, DPB162-AE and DPB163-AE are highly specific inhibitors of Orai1 SOCe, with little effect on Orai2 and Orai3, and no effect on other Ca2+ channels. They do not disrupt STIM-Orai coupling but may modify functional Orai1 channel structure to effect their inhibitory action on SOCe. / Biochemistry

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Current legacy acquisition systems such as the Advanced Airborne Test Instrumentation System (AATIS) are custom-built to each individual application with unique sensors and data modules. Replacing, adding, or subtracting sensors requires the system to be removed from service for days, weeks, or even months. This is a result of having to route special wires to each sensor and reprogramming the system with sensor information, calibration data, etc. AR sensor information must be contained in the main system since these systems do not have intelligence at the sensor level. If sensors were to contain information in their own IEEE 1451-compliant transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), the main system would no longer have to be reprogrammed with this information. This information could then be obtained directly from the sensors when they are inserted into the system. A plug-n-play capability is being added to the system with the development of a standard interface to the system control unit (SCU). This interface, called a Multi-Network Capable Applications Processor (Multi-NCAP), will interface IEEE 1451-compliant smart transducer interface modules (STIMs) to the SCU in the AATIS as well as other legacy systems. With this development, maintenance and new configuration times for the AATIS and other legacy systems will be significantly reduced.

No description available.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um sistema de aquisição, processamento e armazenamento de sinais adquiridos de um arranjo de sensores embasado na norma IEE 1451.4 , resultando num sistema de sensores plug&play. O sistema de aquisição de sinais proposto permitirá monitorar diversos tipos de sensores para as mais variadas aplicações nos campos da área biomédica, automação industrial, monitoramento ambiental dentre outras. O sistema de aquisição proposto é constituído por um módulo chamado de STIM (\"Smart Transducer Interface Module\") cujo elemento principal é um microcontrolador com arquitetura RISC de propósito geral, [Johnson 2001]. O módulo STIM é conectado a um computador via interface serial (RS232) para transmitir dados dos sensores e receber comandos de controle. Os sensores analógicos aqui utilizados foram adequados ao sistema utilizando-se da técnica chamada MMI (Mixed Mode Interface) em conformidade com a norma IEEE 1451.4, transformando os sensores em um sistema plug&play. O módulo STIM é monitorado por um software residente no computador PC permitindo que os dados adquiridos dos sensores sejam visualizados e gravados em arquivo para posterior estudo. A obtenção de um sistema de sensores plug&play foi desenvolvida utilizando a estrutura TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet) gravada em uma memória serial não volátil. O TEDS possui informações e especificações técnicas do transdutor de acordo com um modelo (template) conforme a norma IEEE 1451.4, tal que, quando um sensor é conectado, o sistema exibe na tela do computador informações tais como, o canal conectado, o tipo de sensor, o modelo, número de série, nome do fabricante e a data de fabricação. Neste trabalho foram implementados três módulos MMI utilizando três sensores analógicos, temperatura, pressão e pH. Estes três módulos MMI possibilitaram realizar medidas comparativas que fundamentam o funcionamento do sistema. / The purpose of this work was the development of an acquisition, processing and storage system of a signal from an arrangement of sensors based on IEEE 1451.4 standard, resulting in a plug&play sensors system. The acquisition signal system proposed will permit to monitoring several kinds of sensors for a variety application in the fields of biomedical, industrial automation and environment and many others. The system proposed is formed by a module, called STIM (Smart Transducer Interface Module) that the main element is a general purpose microcontroller with RISC architecture, [Johnson 2001]. The STIM module is connected with a PC computer by serial interface (RS232) to transmit the data from sensors and to receive the control commands. The analog sensors here utilized was adapted to the system utilizing a technique called MMI (Mixed Mode Interface) attending the IEEE 1451.4 standard, transforming the sensors in a plug&play system. The STIM module is assisted by a PC via resident software that will permit the acquired data viewing and recording in file for further study. The plug&play sensors system was developed utilize the TEDS structure (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet) recorded in a non volatile serial memory. The TEDS has specifications and technical information from the transducer according a model (template) in conformity of IEEE 1451.4 standard , as well, when a sensor is connected , the system shows information on the PC screen, as the connected channel , the kind of the sensor , the model , serial number, producer name and produced date. In this work three MMI modules were implemented utilizing three analog sensors; temperature, pressure and pH. These three MMI modules let\'s realize comparative measurements that grounds the system operation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um sistema de aquisição, processamento e armazenamento de sinais adquiridos de um arranjo de sensores embasado na norma IEE 1451.4 , resultando num sistema de sensores plug&play. O sistema de aquisição de sinais proposto permitirá monitorar diversos tipos de sensores para as mais variadas aplicações nos campos da área biomédica, automação industrial, monitoramento ambiental dentre outras. O sistema de aquisição proposto é constituído por um módulo chamado de STIM (\"Smart Transducer Interface Module\") cujo elemento principal é um microcontrolador com arquitetura RISC de propósito geral, [Johnson 2001]. O módulo STIM é conectado a um computador via interface serial (RS232) para transmitir dados dos sensores e receber comandos de controle. Os sensores analógicos aqui utilizados foram adequados ao sistema utilizando-se da técnica chamada MMI (Mixed Mode Interface) em conformidade com a norma IEEE 1451.4, transformando os sensores em um sistema plug&play. O módulo STIM é monitorado por um software residente no computador PC permitindo que os dados adquiridos dos sensores sejam visualizados e gravados em arquivo para posterior estudo. A obtenção de um sistema de sensores plug&play foi desenvolvida utilizando a estrutura TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet) gravada em uma memória serial não volátil. O TEDS possui informações e especificações técnicas do transdutor de acordo com um modelo (template) conforme a norma IEEE 1451.4, tal que, quando um sensor é conectado, o sistema exibe na tela do computador informações tais como, o canal conectado, o tipo de sensor, o modelo, número de série, nome do fabricante e a data de fabricação. Neste trabalho foram implementados três módulos MMI utilizando três sensores analógicos, temperatura, pressão e pH. Estes três módulos MMI possibilitaram realizar medidas comparativas que fundamentam o funcionamento do sistema. / The purpose of this work was the development of an acquisition, processing and storage system of a signal from an arrangement of sensors based on IEEE 1451.4 standard, resulting in a plug&play sensors system. The acquisition signal system proposed will permit to monitoring several kinds of sensors for a variety application in the fields of biomedical, industrial automation and environment and many others. The system proposed is formed by a module, called STIM (Smart Transducer Interface Module) that the main element is a general purpose microcontroller with RISC architecture, [Johnson 2001]. The STIM module is connected with a PC computer by serial interface (RS232) to transmit the data from sensors and to receive the control commands. The analog sensors here utilized was adapted to the system utilizing a technique called MMI (Mixed Mode Interface) attending the IEEE 1451.4 standard, transforming the sensors in a plug&play system. The STIM module is assisted by a PC via resident software that will permit the acquired data viewing and recording in file for further study. The plug&play sensors system was developed utilize the TEDS structure (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet) recorded in a non volatile serial memory. The TEDS has specifications and technical information from the transducer according a model (template) in conformity of IEEE 1451.4 standard , as well, when a sensor is connected , the system shows information on the PC screen, as the connected channel , the kind of the sensor , the model , serial number, producer name and produced date. In this work three MMI modules were implemented utilizing three analog sensors; temperature, pressure and pH. These three MMI modules let\'s realize comparative measurements that grounds the system operation.

Etudier le rôle des éléments traces à l’échelle cellulaire requiert des outils analytiques de pointe. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthodologie précise de la répartition des éléments chimiques cellulaires à partir d’une combinaison des méthodes d’analyse par faisceaux d’ions PIXE, RBS et STIM. Cette méthodologie s’appuie fortement sur le développement d’un logiciel (Paparamborde) pour le traitement quantitatif des expériences STIM. La validité de cette méthode ainsi que ses limites sont discutées. La méthode STIM-PIXE-RBS permet de quantifier la composition en éléments traces (µg/g) avec une incertitude de mesure évaluée à 19,8% dans des compartiments cellulaires de masse inférieure à 0,1 ng.Une des limites de la méthode réside dans le faible nombre d’échantillons analysables en raison à la fois du temps minimum nécessaire pour réaliser une acquisition et de l’accès limité aux plateformes d’analyse par faisceaux d’ions. C’est pourquoi nous avons également développé une base de données pour la capitalisation des compositions chimiques cellulaires (BDC4). Cette base de données s’inscrit dans la logique de l’utilisation de la composition chimique cellulaire comme un traceur de l’activité biologique, et doit permettre à terme de définir des compositions chimiques de référence pour les différents types cellulaires analysés.L’application de la méthodologie STIM-PIXE-RBS à l’étude de la toxicologie nucléaire du cobalt permet d’illustrer son intérêt en pratique. En particulier, l’analyse STIM s’avère indispensable dans le cas d’échantillons présentant une perte de masse organique au cours de l’analyse PIXE-RBS. / The study of the role of trace elements at cellular level requires the use of state-of-the-art analytical tools that could achieve enough sensitivity and spatial resolution. We developed a new methodology for the accurate quantification of chemical element distribution in single cells based on a combination of ion beam analysis techniques STIM, PIXE and RBS. The quantification procedure relies on the development of a STIM data analysis software (Paparamborde). Validity of this methodology and limits are discussed here. The method allows the quantification of trace elements (µg/g) with a 19.8 % uncertainty in cellular compartments with mass below 0.1 ng.The main limit of the method lies in the poor number of samples that can be analyzed, due to long irradiation times required and limited access to ion beam analysis facilities. This is the reason why we developed a database for cellular chemical composition capitalization (BDC4). BDC4 has been designed in order to use cellular chemical composition as a tracer for biological activities and is expected to provide in the future reference chemical compositions for any cellular type or compartment.Application of the STIM-PIXE-RBS methodology to the study of nuclear toxicology of cobalt compounds is presented here showing that STIM analysis is absolutely needed when organic mass loss appears during PIXE-RBS irradiation.

Knorpel ist ein kompliziertes System aus einem kollagenen Netzwerk, gefüllt mit wasserbindenden Makromolekülen (Proteoglykanen) und darin eingebetteten Zellen. Störungen in den komplexen Wechselbeziehungen können zur Gefährdung der strukturellen Integrität des Knorpels führen. Die hochauflösende Magnetresonanztomographie (NMR-Mikroskopie) kann über die Analyse der Signalintensität interne Knorpelstrukturen darstellen (hypo- und hyperintense Zonen). Mit Hilfe ionenmikroskopischer Analysemethoden (PIXE, RBS, ERDA) wurden im Knorpel (femorale und tibiale Kondyle des Hausschweins) im Querschnitt die zweidimensionalen Verteilungen der Knorpelelemente (H, C, N, O, P, S, Cl, K und Ca) aufgenommen sowie die Konzentrationen in ausgewählten Zonen bestimmt. Ergänzend wurde mit STIM die Dichteverteilung im Knorpel untersucht. Es gelang auch mit STIM, erstmalig kollagene Fasern in ihrer, bis auf den Wasserentzug natürlichen, Umgebung im Knorpel und damit unverändert in ihrer Anordnung sichtbar zu machen (keine chemische Demaskierung nötig). Die Ergebnisse wurden mit NMR- und polarisationsmikroskopischen Untersuchungen verglichen und in ihrem Zusammenhang mit den histologischen Knorpelzonen diskutiert. In den NMR-hypointensen Zonen fanden sich eine erhöhte Chlorkonzentration und punktförmige Calciumanreicherungen. Diese Zonen waren (im gefriergetrockneten Zustand) durch eine, bis zu einem Faktor vier höhere Dichte gekennzeichnet, die im maximalen Gehalt der Matrixelemente, H, C, N, O, (höchste Kollagendichte) begründet liegt. Im tibialen Knorpel konnten in der NMR-hypointensen Zone radial verlaufende einzelne Kollagenfasern nachgewiesen werden. Im femoralen Knorpel wurden in dieser Zone keine Einzelfasern nachgewiesen. Es deutete sich eine tubuläre Anordnung der Kollagenfasern an. In der hypertrophen Zone zeigten sich hohe Konzentrationen an Phosphor (Zellorganellen), Schwefel (Proteoglykane), Kalium (alkalisches Milieu) und Calcium (Vorstufe der Kalzifizierung). Die Chlorkonzentration hatte dort ihr Minimum. In dieser Zone verlaufen die Kollagenfasern radial und münden senkrecht in den Kalkknorpel. In der Tangentialfaserschicht wurde eine erhöhte Konzentration an Calcium und Phosphor beobachtet (Einlagerung von Calciumphosphaten). In dieser Zone wurden tangential verlaufende Kollagenfasern und ihr Übergang zur stärkeren Vernetzung mit teilweise arkadenförmiger Überstruktur sichtbar gemacht. Zur genaueren Aufklärung der dreidimensionalen Anordnung der Kollagenen Strukturen wurden erste Experimente zur STIM-Tomographie durchgeführt.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the major Ca2+ entry pathway in most non-excitable cells maintaining prolonged elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels required for gene transcription. SOCE is activated by the loss of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ through stromal interaction molecules (STIM), ER-membrane associated Ca2+ sensors. In humans, STIM1 and STIM2 share 65% sequence similarity but differentially regulate SOCE. Biophysical studies on the luminal Ca2+-binding region suggests that STIM2 EF-SAM is more stable than STIM1. The NMR structure of Ca2+-loaded STIM2 EF-SAM determined in this work suggests a more stable SAM and a tighter EF-hand and SAM interaction in STIM2 may be account for its higher stability. Chimeric swapping of the EF-hand and SAM domains generates an unstable ES211. Introducing ES211 into cherryFP-STIM1 shows constitutive puncta which activate SOCE independent of ER depletion. The current work demonstrates that the instability of the EF-SAM plays an important role in regulating SOCE initiation.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the major Ca2+ entry pathway in most non-excitable cells maintaining prolonged elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels required for gene transcription. SOCE is activated by the loss of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ through stromal interaction molecules (STIM), ER-membrane associated Ca2+ sensors. In humans, STIM1 and STIM2 share 65% sequence similarity but differentially regulate SOCE. Biophysical studies on the luminal Ca2+-binding region suggests that STIM2 EF-SAM is more stable than STIM1. The NMR structure of Ca2+-loaded STIM2 EF-SAM determined in this work suggests a more stable SAM and a tighter EF-hand and SAM interaction in STIM2 may be account for its higher stability. Chimeric swapping of the EF-hand and SAM domains generates an unstable ES211. Introducing ES211 into cherryFP-STIM1 shows constitutive puncta which activate SOCE independent of ER depletion. The current work demonstrates that the instability of the EF-SAM plays an important role in regulating SOCE initiation.