International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / There are seven parts of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451 Smart Transducer family of standards either approved, in work, or in review. These documents are providing a nonproprietary set of standards for the implementation of smart transducers (i.e., sensors and actuators). This paper overviews these standards and their status. In particular, the IEEE P1451.5, which addresses wireless transducers, and the IEEE P1451.0, which will provide a common high level architecture for the entire family, will be discussed. A reference model, which is being used as a focus for the IEEE P1451.0, will be introduced to help show the relation between all the members of the family.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / The Technical Committee 9 (TC-9) of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Instrument and Measurement Society wants to ensure that all members of the IEEE 1451 family of standards conform to a common set of basic functionality and have, at some level, a common interface. To this end, the IEEE p1451.0 working group has been chartered to prepare an overarching standard that will define the operation of the other members of the family while still leaving the physical interface up to the various other standards working groups. The IEEE p1451.0 will define the general functionality required of an IEEE 1451 transducer, a common command set that is appropriate to all family members, and the core set of transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS). This paper gives a brief overview of the overall functionality and follows that with a description of the commands and the TEDS.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Replacing and maintaining sensors in existing legacy systems is costly and time consuming since no information beyond voltage or current is supplied by these sensors. When a sensor is replaced or added, information for that sensor has to be incorporated by the software programmer into the main system software – a costly and time-consuming process. A method has been developed to give these old sensors the intelligence to meet the requirements of the proposed IEEE P1451.3 standard. This is accomplished with no changes to the legacy hardware and a minor, one time change to the legacy main system software.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Current legacy acquisition systems such as the Advanced Airborne Test Instrumentation System (AATIS) are custom-built to each individual application with unique sensors and data modules. Replacing, adding, or subtracting sensors requires the system to be removed from service for days, weeks, or even months. This is a result of having to route special wires to each sensor and reprogramming the system with sensor information, calibration data, etc. AR sensor information must be contained in the main system since these systems do not have intelligence at the sensor level. If sensors were to contain information in their own IEEE 1451-compliant transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), the main system would no longer have to be reprogrammed with this information. This information could then be obtained directly from the sensors when they are inserted into the system. A plug-n-play capability is being added to the system with the development of a standard interface to the system control unit (SCU). This interface, called a Multi-Network Capable Applications Processor (Multi-NCAP), will interface IEEE 1451-compliant smart transducer interface modules (STIMs) to the SCU in the AATIS as well as other legacy systems. With this development, maintenance and new configuration times for the AATIS and other legacy systems will be significantly reduced.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper describes a methodology for aircraft T&E processes that exploits the advantages of the IEEE 1451 family of standards, including the design, implementation, test, and maintenance of instrumentation systems. The methodology includes the use of handheld and desktop applications that support the design of sensor networks, commissioning of sensors, sensor health monitoring, sensor plug-and-play capability, alarm management, and reports. The methodology incorporates the use of existing instrumentation support systems that have traditionally been used for aircraft T&E processes.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / The wireless sensor concept has been hindered in the past by the large number of components needed to add the wireless transceiver feature and the additional power consumption needed for that feature. This has been resolved by incorporating all the wireless components into a single, low power modular circuit. Intelligence is being added to legacy sensors to make them Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451.4 compatible with an element called a Sensor Identification Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (SITEDS), which contains the Transducer Electronics Data Sheet (TEDS) for that sensor. All the sensor interface parameters are automatically configured by a module called the Universal Smart Transducer Interface Module (USTIM) using the TEDS input from the respective sensor’s SITEDS. An IEEE P1451.5 compatible wireless interface can be incorporated into the SITEDS with the transceiver module giving the legacy sensor full wireless capability.

A busca constante por soluções mais eficientes, tanto no âmbito técnico como econômico, tem levado à crescente adoção de sistemas de automação baseados em redes de controle e transdutores inteligentes. A fragmentação desse mercado, no entanto, decorrente da proliferação de inúmeros protocolos e especificações para as redes de controle, impõe restrições e entraves ao desenvolvimento dos transdutores e dos sistemas de automação. A família de normas IEEE 1451 procura atenuar esse problema propondo interfaces padronizadas entre os transdutores e as redes, permitindo separar o projeto do transdutor da escolha da rede de controle. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um transdutor inteligente baseado na norma IEEE 1451.2 (STIM) e sua interface para a rede de controle LonWorks (NCAP). Através do desenvolvimento e avaliação dos protótipos foi verificada a aplicabilidade da norma e dos conceitos gerais da IEEE 1451, comprovando ainda seu uso em uma rede para a qual, no presente momento, não se tem conhecimento de solução similar. Constatou-se também que um transdutor inteligente baseado na IEEE 1451.2 pode ser desenvolvido com ferramentas e componentes comerciais de fácil acesso e baixo custo, e que é possível agregar os benefícios da IEEE 1451 às qualidades presentes nas redes LonWorks. Verificou-se ainda que a aceitação da IEEE 1451 no mercado é ainda incipiente, sendo imprescindível a publicação das demais normas que compõe a família para facilitar e incentivar sua adoção e disseminação. / The need for more efficient and cost-effective solutions in the control and automation market drives the increasing demand for systems based on control networks and smart transducers. However, the fragmented nature of the control network market hinders the development of solutions based on such technologies. The IEEE 1451 family of standards tries to solve this problem by specifying a common set of interfaces between the transducers and the control networks, isolating the transducer\'s project from the choice of networks. In this work, a smart transducer based on the IEEE 1451.2 standard (STIM) and its interface module to a LonWorks network (NCAP) were developed. Through the development and evaluation of the prototypes, the applicability of the standard and the concepts involved in the IEEE 1451 were verified. It was confirmed that a smart transducer based on the IEEE 1451.2 standard can be developed with low-cost, off-the-shelf components and software tools, and that it is possible to combine the benefits of the IEEE 1451 with the qualities of the LonWorks system. It was also perceived that the acceptance of the IEEE 1451 in the market is quite low, and that the release of the remaining standards that make up the IEEE 1451 family is essential for its success.

A busca constante por soluções mais eficientes, tanto no âmbito técnico como econômico, tem levado à crescente adoção de sistemas de automação baseados em redes de controle e transdutores inteligentes. A fragmentação desse mercado, no entanto, decorrente da proliferação de inúmeros protocolos e especificações para as redes de controle, impõe restrições e entraves ao desenvolvimento dos transdutores e dos sistemas de automação. A família de normas IEEE 1451 procura atenuar esse problema propondo interfaces padronizadas entre os transdutores e as redes, permitindo separar o projeto do transdutor da escolha da rede de controle. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um transdutor inteligente baseado na norma IEEE 1451.2 (STIM) e sua interface para a rede de controle LonWorks (NCAP). Através do desenvolvimento e avaliação dos protótipos foi verificada a aplicabilidade da norma e dos conceitos gerais da IEEE 1451, comprovando ainda seu uso em uma rede para a qual, no presente momento, não se tem conhecimento de solução similar. Constatou-se também que um transdutor inteligente baseado na IEEE 1451.2 pode ser desenvolvido com ferramentas e componentes comerciais de fácil acesso e baixo custo, e que é possível agregar os benefícios da IEEE 1451 às qualidades presentes nas redes LonWorks. Verificou-se ainda que a aceitação da IEEE 1451 no mercado é ainda incipiente, sendo imprescindível a publicação das demais normas que compõe a família para facilitar e incentivar sua adoção e disseminação. / The need for more efficient and cost-effective solutions in the control and automation market drives the increasing demand for systems based on control networks and smart transducers. However, the fragmented nature of the control network market hinders the development of solutions based on such technologies. The IEEE 1451 family of standards tries to solve this problem by specifying a common set of interfaces between the transducers and the control networks, isolating the transducer\'s project from the choice of networks. In this work, a smart transducer based on the IEEE 1451.2 standard (STIM) and its interface module to a LonWorks network (NCAP) were developed. Through the development and evaluation of the prototypes, the applicability of the standard and the concepts involved in the IEEE 1451 were verified. It was confirmed that a smart transducer based on the IEEE 1451.2 standard can be developed with low-cost, off-the-shelf components and software tools, and that it is possible to combine the benefits of the IEEE 1451 with the qualities of the LonWorks system. It was also perceived that the acceptance of the IEEE 1451 in the market is quite low, and that the release of the remaining standards that make up the IEEE 1451 family is essential for its success.

A utilização de sensores e de atuadores cresceu vertiginosamente nos últimos anos. As aplicações centralizadas em sensoriamento e controle avançaram com a instrumentação industrial, passando pela incorporação desses elementos em redes distribuídas até culminar, na atualidade, em redes integradas que possuem inúmeras funções e aplicações, dentre elas: controle, monitoramento, rastreamento e segurança. Entretanto o crescimento do número de sensores e atuadores conectados através de barramentos e redes não ocorreu de forma única, proliferando uma diversidade de formas de padronização na comunicação entre esses e seus respectivos monitores ou controladores. Dessa pluralidade de protocolos emergiu a necessidade de criação de um padrão que permitisse interoperabilidade entre transdutores e redes de controle, bem como a introdução do conceito de sensores e atuadores inteligentes. Nesse contexto foi proposto o protocolo IEEE1451 (Standards for Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators). Nessa perspectiva o trabalho em questão apresenta os resultados do desenvolvimento e a utilização desse padrão em duas aplicações de engenharia biomédica. Primeiramente em um sistema embarcado capaz de realizar aquisição e processamento de biopotenciais, em específico, de eletrocardiogramas e a posterior transmissão dos dados coletados através de uma interface sem fio Wifi (IEEE802.11b/g) utilizando os protocolos IEEE1451.0 e IEEE1451.5. E em um eletrogoniômetro, para fins fisioterápicos, que realiza medidas de amplitude de movimento das articulações e transfere os dados serialmente através de uma interface USB (Universal Serial Bus) utilizando como padrões o IEEE1451.0 e o IEEE1451.2. Ambos os sistemas permitem além do monitoramento local, o acesso das informações coletadas pela Internet através de uma instrumentação remota implementada por um Web Service. Dessa maneira foi construída uma rede de sensores padronizada que permitiu demonstrar os benefícios e as potencialidades do protocolo IEEE1451. / The use of sensors and actuators grew vertiginously in recent years. The centralized applications in sensing and controlling advanced with industrial instrumentation, going through the incorporation of these elements into industrial computer network protocols until currently culminating in integrated networks with innumerable functions and applications, amongst them: controlling, monitoring, tracking and security. However, the growth of the number of sensors and actuators connected through bus and computers networks did not occur in a single way, and a diversity of communication standards proliferated. From these protocols, plurality required the creation of a standard to allow interoperability between transducers and networks, as well as the introduction of the smart sensors and actuators concept. In this context the IEEE1451 protocol (Standards for Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators) was proposed. In this perspective, this work presents two applications of biomedical engineering using the IEEE1451 standard. The first application is an embedded system for biopotencial acquisition and processing, specifically, electrocardiogram signals and data transmission through a wireless interface Wifi (IEEE802.11b/g) using IEEE1451.0 and IEEE1451.5 protocols. The other application is an electrogoniometer, for physiotherapy, that measures the joint movements amplitude and transfers the data through an USB (Universal Serial Bus) connection using the IEEE1451.0 and the IEEE1451.2 protocols as standards. Both systems allow local monitoring and the access to information through a remote instrumentation implemented by Web Services. Hence, this project demonstrates the IEEE1451 benefits and the potentialities.

A utilização de sensores e de atuadores cresceu vertiginosamente nos últimos anos. As aplicações centralizadas em sensoriamento e controle avançaram com a instrumentação industrial, passando pela incorporação desses elementos em redes distribuídas até culminar, na atualidade, em redes integradas que possuem inúmeras funções e aplicações, dentre elas: controle, monitoramento, rastreamento e segurança. Entretanto o crescimento do número de sensores e atuadores conectados através de barramentos e redes não ocorreu de forma única, proliferando uma diversidade de formas de padronização na comunicação entre esses e seus respectivos monitores ou controladores. Dessa pluralidade de protocolos emergiu a necessidade de criação de um padrão que permitisse interoperabilidade entre transdutores e redes de controle, bem como a introdução do conceito de sensores e atuadores inteligentes. Nesse contexto foi proposto o protocolo IEEE1451 (Standards for Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators). Nessa perspectiva o trabalho em questão apresenta os resultados do desenvolvimento e a utilização desse padrão em duas aplicações de engenharia biomédica. Primeiramente em um sistema embarcado capaz de realizar aquisição e processamento de biopotenciais, em específico, de eletrocardiogramas e a posterior transmissão dos dados coletados através de uma interface sem fio Wifi (IEEE802.11b/g) utilizando os protocolos IEEE1451.0 e IEEE1451.5. E em um eletrogoniômetro, para fins fisioterápicos, que realiza medidas de amplitude de movimento das articulações e transfere os dados serialmente através de uma interface USB (Universal Serial Bus) utilizando como padrões o IEEE1451.0 e o IEEE1451.2. Ambos os sistemas permitem além do monitoramento local, o acesso das informações coletadas pela Internet através de uma instrumentação remota implementada por um Web Service. Dessa maneira foi construída uma rede de sensores padronizada que permitiu demonstrar os benefícios e as potencialidades do protocolo IEEE1451. / The use of sensors and actuators grew vertiginously in recent years. The centralized applications in sensing and controlling advanced with industrial instrumentation, going through the incorporation of these elements into industrial computer network protocols until currently culminating in integrated networks with innumerable functions and applications, amongst them: controlling, monitoring, tracking and security. However, the growth of the number of sensors and actuators connected through bus and computers networks did not occur in a single way, and a diversity of communication standards proliferated. From these protocols, plurality required the creation of a standard to allow interoperability between transducers and networks, as well as the introduction of the smart sensors and actuators concept. In this context the IEEE1451 protocol (Standards for Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators) was proposed. In this perspective, this work presents two applications of biomedical engineering using the IEEE1451 standard. The first application is an embedded system for biopotencial acquisition and processing, specifically, electrocardiogram signals and data transmission through a wireless interface Wifi (IEEE802.11b/g) using IEEE1451.0 and IEEE1451.5 protocols. The other application is an electrogoniometer, for physiotherapy, that measures the joint movements amplitude and transfers the data through an USB (Universal Serial Bus) connection using the IEEE1451.0 and the IEEE1451.2 protocols as standards. Both systems allow local monitoring and the access to information through a remote instrumentation implemented by Web Services. Hence, this project demonstrates the IEEE1451 benefits and the potentialities.