Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:41:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Jeremy G Rauber 2.pdf: 8078083 bytes, checksum: f2d742bf8414241dc0d4dc419b285266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-08 / The overwhelming need to use renewable energy sources for electricity generation allowed the use of gas microturbines (MTG) in distributed generation applications (GD) and energy cogeneration. Microturbine behavior prediction for studies applied in this context require the use of dynamic models. Among the many microturbines existing gas in the literature, we selected three dynamic models of gas microturbines: recurrent in the literature, Rowen model; the simple model, GAST model; a model representative of the thermodynamic equations, thermomechanical model. However, lack of studies to represent the same microturbine under the same ways using different types of microturbines and seeking to establish parametric relationships so that they can check for any correlation between them and there is few studies on the impact of the use of simplified models MTG in DG and CHP applications. For work on the gas microturbine literature, typically address the problem of GD and energy cogeneration separately. This work aims to contribute analysis on the applicability of MTG models for simultaneous studies of GD and energy cogeneration, seeking to find correlation between the equations and parameters governing such models and elucidate the impact of simplifications in MTG models for studies of GD and cogeneration. These models were evaluated for possible analytical and parametric relationships to each other, as well as to their static and dynamic operating characteristics. The microturbine was considered connected to the mains via a frequency inverter and operating in cogeneration energy represented by a Stirling engine by performing heat recovery from the exhaust gases. The first evaluation of models and simplifications was performed qualitative and comparative manner, elucidating the main differences modeling each MTG model. It was later performed static analysis of the equations that predict the torque and temperature. Finally, the application of models in GD and cogeneration with the aid of dynamic simulation involving tests that induced MTG to changes in the operating point of electricity generation, as well as the system's response to an electrical failure in the network scenario was evaluated. The analysis of the simulation results showed that the three models of microturbines make up three different philosophies of modeling that have no direct algebraic relations between them, but have parametric relationships. The main difference between the results of different models modeling the micro turbine s fuel system. Based on the results obtained, Gast model showed similar results to model more Rowen, unlike thermomechanical model. The simplifications of dynamic models of MTG were sensitive to the consideration of the fuel system, because its absence influences the representation of cogeneration and GD phenomena. / A contundente necessidade do uso de fontes energéticas renováveis para geração elétrica permitiu o uso de microturbinas a gás (MTG) em aplicações de geração distribuída (GD) e cogeração energética. Estudos para previsão do comportamento de microturbinas aplicadas neste contexto demandam o uso de modelos dinâmicos. Dentre os diversos modelos de microturbinas a gás existente na literatura, selecionou-se três modelos dinâmicos de microturbinas a gás: o mais recorrente na literatura, modelo de Rowen; o modelo simples, modelo GAST; um modelo que representativo das equações termodinâmicas, modelo Termomecânico. Entretanto, carecem de estudos que permitam representar a mesma microturbina sob os mesmos aspectos utilizando modelos diferentes de microturbinas e que busquem estabelecer relações paramétricas maneira que possam verificar alguma correlação entre eles e, ainda, não há poucos estudos acerca do impacto do uso de modelos simplificados de MTG em aplicações de GD e Cogeração. Pois, os trabalhos na literatura de microturbinas a gás tipicamente abordam o problema da GD e cogeração energética em separado. Este trabalho visa contribuir com análises acerca da aplicabilidade de modelos de MTG para estudos simultâneos de GD e cogeração energética, buscando encontrar correlação entre as equações e parâmetros que regem os tais modelos e, ainda, elucidar o impacto de simplificações nos modelos de MTG para os estudos de GD e cogeração. Estes modelos foram avaliados quanto às possíveis relações analíticas e paramétricas entre si, bem como quanto às suas características operativas estáticas e dinâmicas. A microturbina foi considerada conectada à rede elétrica via inversor de frequência e operando em cogeração energética representada por um motor Stirling realizando o aproveitamento térmico dos gases de exaustão. A primeira avaliação dos modelos e das simplificações foi realizada de forma qualitativa e comparativa, elucidando as principais diferenças de modelagem de cada modelo de MTG. Posteriormente, foi executada análise estática das equações que preveem o torque e a temperatura. Por fim, foi avaliado a aplicação dos modelos em GD e cogeração com auxílio de simulação dinâmica envolvendo testes que induziram a MTG a mudanças no ponto de operação da geração elétrica, bem como a reação do sistema a um cenário de falta elétrica na rede. As análises dos resultados da simulação permitiram concluir que os três modelos de microturbinas compõem três filosofias diferentes de modelagem que não possuem relações algébricas diretas entre si, mas que possuem relações paramétricas. A principal diferença entre os modelos resulta da distinta modelagem do sistema de combustível da microturbina. Frente aos resultados obtidos, o modelo GAST apresentou resultados mais semelhantes ao modelo de Rowen, ao contrário do modelo Termomecânico. As simplificações de modelos dinâmicos de MTG se mostraram sensíveis à consideração do sistema de combustível, pois sua ausência impacta na representação dos fenômenos de cogeração e GD.

This master‘s thesis deals with the problematic of flue gas produced by a gas microturbine which is used as a drying media for general drying. Flue gas needs to be cooled to specific temperatures. The computing part of this work includes solving the microturbine and the mixer. Further part contains bilance solution of a general dryer for resolving the output parameters of wet flue gas. In the last part, the problematic of drying in a laundry facility is described, along with using the flue gas for drying at the specific clothes dryer Primus T24 G.

Esta dissertação analisa a viabilidade técnico-econômica de pequenas centrais de cogeração a gás natural no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo, os estudos de cogeração foram baseados em casos reais de estabelecimentos comerciais dos principais segmentos do setor terciário com demanda elétrica e térmica compatível ao balanço energético para a configuração de cogeração. A análise dos resultados inclui o fator de utilização de energia (FUE), investimentos iniciais, economia operacional (fluxo de caixa), retorno dos investimentos (Payback), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e valor presente líquido (VPL). As tecnologias empregadas nos estudos foram gerador do tipo Motor a Combustão Interna (MCI) e Microturbina (TG), resfriador de líquido por absorção (ABS) e resfriador de líquido elétrico convencional. Foi realizada análise do potencial de mercado para aplicação de cogeração através do mapeamento dos principais segmentos do setor terciário e realizado o levantamento do estado da arte. Foram estudadas as legislações brasileiras tanto no que se refere à cogeração qualificada como geração distribuída, realizado análise de emissões com destaque ao comparativo entre emissão de CO2 das centrais de cogeração e a emissão de CO2 das termelétricas a gás natural. Foi realizado estudo do cenário energético brasileiro do ponto de vista geração e distribuição de energia elétrica, cenário da oferta de gás natural no Brasil e a sua estrutura de distribuição no estado de São Paulo e, por fim, foram destacados os benefícios e barreiras da cogeração no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados apontam para um revés na viabilidade financeira da cogeração devido aos consecutivos aumentos no preço da tarifa de gás natural, apesar de bastante racional e com benefícios diretos ao meio ambiente e ao país, fazem-se necessários incentivos específicos relacionados à tarifa do gás natural para o crescimento da aplicação de cogeração no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo. / This dissertation examines the technical and economic feasibility of small cogeneration plants powered by natural gas in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo. Cogeneration studies were based on real cases of commercial facilities of the main segments of the tertiary sector with electrical and thermal demands compatible for energy usage in cogeneration configuration. The analysis results include energy utilization factor (EUF), initial investments, operational savings (cash flow), return on investment (payback), internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). The technologies investigated in the study were Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Microturbine (TG) generator, absorption chiller (ABS) and conventional electrical chiller. It was carried out an analysis of the potential market for application of cogeneration by mapping the main segments of the tertiary sector and conducted a survey of the state of the art. Brazilian laws were studied both with regard to qualified cogeneration and distributed generation, performed emissions analysis with emphasis on the comparative between CO2 emission from cogeneration plant and CO2 emission from power plants by natural gas. It was made a study of Brazilian energy scenario from the viewpoint of generating and distributing of electricity, scenario of supply of natural gas in Brazil and its distribution structure in the São Paulo state and, finally, it was appointed the benefits and barriers of cogeneration in Brazil. The results indicate a setback on the financial viability of cogeneration due to consecutive increases in the price of natural gas, although quite rational and with direct benefits to the environment and the country, it\'s necessary specific incentives related to the natural gas price for the growth of the application of cogeneration in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo.

Esta dissertação analisa a viabilidade técnico-econômica de pequenas centrais de cogeração a gás natural no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo, os estudos de cogeração foram baseados em casos reais de estabelecimentos comerciais dos principais segmentos do setor terciário com demanda elétrica e térmica compatível ao balanço energético para a configuração de cogeração. A análise dos resultados inclui o fator de utilização de energia (FUE), investimentos iniciais, economia operacional (fluxo de caixa), retorno dos investimentos (Payback), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e valor presente líquido (VPL). As tecnologias empregadas nos estudos foram gerador do tipo Motor a Combustão Interna (MCI) e Microturbina (TG), resfriador de líquido por absorção (ABS) e resfriador de líquido elétrico convencional. Foi realizada análise do potencial de mercado para aplicação de cogeração através do mapeamento dos principais segmentos do setor terciário e realizado o levantamento do estado da arte. Foram estudadas as legislações brasileiras tanto no que se refere à cogeração qualificada como geração distribuída, realizado análise de emissões com destaque ao comparativo entre emissão de CO2 das centrais de cogeração e a emissão de CO2 das termelétricas a gás natural. Foi realizado estudo do cenário energético brasileiro do ponto de vista geração e distribuição de energia elétrica, cenário da oferta de gás natural no Brasil e a sua estrutura de distribuição no estado de São Paulo e, por fim, foram destacados os benefícios e barreiras da cogeração no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados apontam para um revés na viabilidade financeira da cogeração devido aos consecutivos aumentos no preço da tarifa de gás natural, apesar de bastante racional e com benefícios diretos ao meio ambiente e ao país, fazem-se necessários incentivos específicos relacionados à tarifa do gás natural para o crescimento da aplicação de cogeração no setor terciário do estado de São Paulo. / This dissertation examines the technical and economic feasibility of small cogeneration plants powered by natural gas in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo. Cogeneration studies were based on real cases of commercial facilities of the main segments of the tertiary sector with electrical and thermal demands compatible for energy usage in cogeneration configuration. The analysis results include energy utilization factor (EUF), initial investments, operational savings (cash flow), return on investment (payback), internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). The technologies investigated in the study were Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Microturbine (TG) generator, absorption chiller (ABS) and conventional electrical chiller. It was carried out an analysis of the potential market for application of cogeneration by mapping the main segments of the tertiary sector and conducted a survey of the state of the art. Brazilian laws were studied both with regard to qualified cogeneration and distributed generation, performed emissions analysis with emphasis on the comparative between CO2 emission from cogeneration plant and CO2 emission from power plants by natural gas. It was made a study of Brazilian energy scenario from the viewpoint of generating and distributing of electricity, scenario of supply of natural gas in Brazil and its distribution structure in the São Paulo state and, finally, it was appointed the benefits and barriers of cogeneration in Brazil. The results indicate a setback on the financial viability of cogeneration due to consecutive increases in the price of natural gas, although quite rational and with direct benefits to the environment and the country, it\'s necessary specific incentives related to the natural gas price for the growth of the application of cogeneration in the tertiary sector of the state of São Paulo.

L’objectif est de développer un algorithme de gestion énergétique d’un parc de production comprenant de la production distribuée sous forme de micro turbines à gaz et de générateurs PV pilotables dits «actifs » en vue de minimiser le coût économique et environnemental. Les principes généraux de la production d’électricité à base d’énergie renouvelable et non renouvelable sont d’abord présentés et le fonctionnement actuel des réseaux électriques est rappelé pour situer les innovations attendues dans les futurs réseaux dits intelligents. Ensuite, un algorithme de suivi du point de puissance maximale et de puissance limitée dans un générateur actif PV est présenté. La modélisation des micro-turbines à gaz est aussi présentée. La contribution principale concerne la conception d’une planification opérationnelle des moyens de production la veille pour le lendemain à partir de prédictions de la charge et de la production PV en utilisant une programmation dynamique adaptée. La méthode proposée prédétermine le profil de production des générateurs de manière à réaliser une optimisation globale d’une fonction objective pour un réseau électrique urbain. Pour l’exploitation, un algorithme d’ajustement est proposé et intervient toutes les ½ heures de manière à prendre en compte les déviations par rapport aux prédictions en utilisant un réseau de communication. Un micro réseau urbain est utilisé pour tester les algorithmes de gestion implantés dans un superviseur interfacé à un simulateur temps réel. Des comparaisons dans des situations identiques avec différentes fonctions objectives sont réalisées ainsi que des évaluations économiques et environnementales à l’aide d’indicateurs / The presented research works aim to develop an energy management system for a cluster of distributed micro gas turbines and controllable PV generators called «active generators». The general principles of electricity generation from renewable and non-renewable energy sources are first presented. The operation of actual electric grids is also recalled in order to highlight the challenges and expected innovations in future Smart Grids. Then, the integration of a novel method for maximum and limited power point tracking in a PV-based active generator is presented. The modeling of micro-gas turbines in a microgrid energy management system is also presented. The main contribution of this thesis concerns the design of an operational planning of generators one day ahead by the means of a dynamic programming-based algorithm, taking into account the PV power production and the consumption forecasts. The proposed method calculates the production planning of generators by performing a global optimization of an objective function. An adjustment algorithm is proposed and executed every ½ hours through a communication network in order to take into account the uncertainty in forecasted values. An urban microgrid is used for testing the developed algorithms through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) with hardware-in-the-loop and real-time simulations. Comparisons of the microgrid operation in identical situations with different objective functions are performed, as well as evaluations of economic and environmental indicators

The use of gas microturbines as a primary unit in CHP is still weak in the industrial process. It gives the driving force to the main aim of this master thesis, which is the technical and economic evaluation of the gas microturbines waste heat recovery system, which is the key factor for their economic sustainability. Assignment contains description of CHP system that was gradually built in LENP laboratory, part of NETME Centre. The author has joined the final work before start-up of the CHP system. He presents and describes results of the first experiments on this unit. The flue gas of a microturbine was used for heating water by heat exchanger flue gas–water and for direct linen drying. The case study of laundry with capacity 10 tons per shift was developed in cooperation with companies in laundry care. Results of those tests were used to process integration and utilization of this professional industrial laundry All obstacles found and opportunities of the use of microturbines are comprehensively described and tested in case studies, which are simulated in Chemstation Chemcad Software. Results of the thesis are expected to be useful these fields: the use of gas microturbines in industry & energy savings in industrial laundries.

This master’s thesis deals with problematics of natural gas microturbine integration into industrial laundry operation. This integration means utilization of waste heat for direct drying and water heating in a heat exchanger. This heated water can be used in further laundry processes, for example laundering. All the experiments were carried out on the cogeneration system that is installed in Laboratory of Energy Intensive Processes in NETME Centre at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Brno University of Technology. This system consists of a natural gas microturbine Capstone C30 with nominal electric power of 30 kW, an industrial dryer Primus DX55 with a nominal capacity of 55 kg for laundry and a heat exchanger Vakading type Vakavlas with nominal power of 53 kW. All necessary theoretical and technical preparation was done in order to carry out experiments as follows: • Standard drying program • Water accumulation test • Test of performance of heat exchanger • Direct drying with the use of microturbine’s flue gases These experiments were analyzed and discussed within this thesis. The main contribution of this work is as follows: • Summary of all the knowledge in the area of direct drying • Creation of methodology of utilization of flue gases for direct drying not only in laundry industry but in related fields • Summary of requirements and ways of heat exchanger testing and determination of heat exchanger parameters • Determination of optimal working settings of installed cogeneration system • Description of weak spots in the system and suggested improvements • Basic economic analysis of operating costs During the experiments, it was found that in case of direct drying better results could be achieved in comparison with standard drying. The functionality of the whole system together with the heat exchanger was verified and thus also the possibility of integrating the turbine into the washing process was confirmed. The integration of a natural gas microturbine is both technically and economically feasible for many industrial applications.

This diploma thesis investigate the question of combined production of heat and power by the gasification of biomass. The introduction describes basic dilemma energy conversion from biomass. Further, special attention at the gasification technology and it´s usage at combined heat and power production is paid. The main section includes schematic proposal cycle with use of microturbine 80 [kWe] as well as basic calculation, which serves as a base for folowing project optimization. For discussed optimization is made concept of configuration, thermal and aerodynamics calculation for both heat exchangers B1 and B2. Last but not least these heat exangers were compared by different aspects such as influence of deposits on power transfer and pressure loss. At the end of the work calculated numeric values are discussed and the project of heat exchanger with it´s advantages for practise are summarised.

This Master´s thesis deals with a theoretical micro cogeneration unit design contains hot air microturbine using energy from biomass. In the first part of the thesis there are model examples of energy consumption in typical family or apartment houses. In the next part there is the overview of micro cogeneration commercial units which can be used in model examples of a family or apartment housing. According to the assignment of this thesis and based on the analysis of model examples a new cogeneration system is designed. The last part of the thesis deals with the economic evaluation of the new cogeneration system compared with commercial systems.