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Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (BImTBI) is one of the most common causes of traumatic brain injuries. BImTBI mechanisms are not well identified, as most previous blast-related studies were focused on the visible and fatal injuries. BImTBI is a hidden lesion and long-term escalation of related complications is considered a serious health care challenging due to lack of accurate data required for early diagnosis and intervention. The experimental studies presented in this thesis were performed to investigate aspects of blast shock wave mechanisms that might lead to mild traumatic brain injury. A compressed air-driven shock tube was designed and validated using finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental investigation. Two metal diaphragm types (steel and brass) with three thicknesses (0.127, 0.76, and 0.025mm) were utilized in the shock tube calibration experiment, as a new approach to generate shock wave. The consistency of generated shock waves was confirmed using a statistical assessment of the results by evaluating the shock waves parameters. The analysis results showed that the 0.127mm steel diaphragm induces a reliable shock waveform in the range of BImTB investigations. Evaluation of the shock wave impacts on the brain was examined using two sets of experiments. The first set was conducted using a gel brain model while the second set was performed using a physical head occupied with a gel brain model and supported by a neck model. The gel brain model in both the experimental studies was generated using silicone gel (Sylgard-527). The effects of tested models locations and orientations with respect to the shock tube exit were investigated by measuring the generated pressure wave within the brain model and acceleration. The results revealed that the pressure waveform and acceleration outcomes were greatly affected by the tested model orientations and locations in relation to the path of shock wave propagation. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Recently there has been considerable attention directed towards the increased risk for head injuries that athletes face while participating in high impact sports. Furthermore, there is also heightened interest in the asymptomatic sport related sub-concussive blows, commonly experienced during play, that possibly lead to long term neurological deficits. Purpose: The goal of this study was to investigate retired professional athletes of the Canadian Football League with a history of sport-related concussions, using several advanced MRI methods. The ultimate goal being the identification of any potential synergistic effects between a history of sport-related concussions, and exacerbated cognitive decline later on in life. Materials and Methods: Twenty former professional athletes of the Canadian Football League were scanned using a GE Discovery MR750 3T MRI with a 32-channel RF-coil. Axial FSPGR-3D images were used to define rs-BOLD and DTI scans. Seed based network analysis of the DMN was performed on rs-BOLD data. Voxel-wise tensor fitting of DTI data provided the means for estimating several tensor metrics. Results were normalized through comparison with a database of healthy controls. Potential associations between functional connectivity, white matter integrity, and cortical thickness measures were correlated with retired athlete position and years of professional play. Results: We found widespread cortical thinning in retired CFL subjects, alongside significant increases in axial and mean diffusivity in the corona radiata and splenium and genu of the corpus callosum compared to controls. Seed based correlation analysis of the DMN network revealed interrupted connectivity in retired athletes. Athlete age, po- sition, and number of years played appear to be factors in overall core white matter microstructural integrity. Conclusions: When compared to an age and sex matched control population, differences were observed both in functional and structural con- nectivity, suggesting that even years after retiring the brains of these former athletes still exhibit signs of damage. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Sport-related concussions affect millions of athletes on a yearly basis in the United States alone. Concussions are often accompanied by short-lived neurological impairments, such as confusion, headaches, dizziness, nausea and memory loss. In addition, there is the potential for development of long term mental health and cognitive impairment. The goal of this work was to identify any neurological changes present in retired athletes of the Canadian Football League, through the use of advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques evaluating thickness of brain structures, changes in brain activity, and alterations in core microstructure of the brain. Analyzing the results of these techniques revealed changes in a number of brain regions within the retired professional athlete population. These results suggest that a career of high impact sports may lead to short term, in addition to long-term neurological consequences.

The present dissertation details a sequence of studies in mild traumatic brain injury, the progression of its effects on the human brain as recorded by event-related electroencephalography, and potential applications of machine learning algorithms in detecting such effects. The work investigated data collected from two populations (in addition to healthy controls): 1) a recently-concussed adolescent group, and 2) a group of retired football athletes who sustained head trauma a number of years prior to testing. Neurophysiological effects of concussion were assessed across both groups with the same experimental design using a multi-deviant auditory oddball paradigm designed to elicit the P300 and other earlier components. Explainable machine learning models were trained to classify concussed individuals from healthy controls. Cross-validation performance accuracies on the recently-concussed (chapter 4) and retired athletes (chapter 3) were 80% and 85%, respectively. Features showed to be most useful in the two studies were different, motivating a study of potential differences between the different injury-stage/age groups (chapter 5). Results showed event-related functional connectivity to modulate differentially between the two groups compared to healthy controls. Leveraging results from the presented work a theoretical model of mild traumatic brain injury progression was proposed to form a framework for synthesizing hypotheses in future research. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

[ES] Debido al agotamiento de las fuentes de petróleo, la mayor demanda de energía y combustibles para el transporte, y la necesidad de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la dependencia de los recursos fósiles, la utilización de fuentes alternativas sostenibles para producir combustibles y productos químicos se vuelve esencial. En este contexto, la valorización de alquitranes ligeros (formados durante los procesos de refinación de petróleo y gasificación de biomasa) y otras fuentes no convencionales (es decir, ácidos grasos) y su conversión en productos químicos de alto valor agregado será una opción interesante y desafiante. En este trabajo se desarrollan catalizadores sólidos y procesos catalíticos para la transformación de alquitranes ligeros mediante el proceso de hidrotratamiento suave. Este proceso está estudiado empleando diferentes hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) como moléculas modelo, representativas de materias primas de alquitrán ligero. Los compuestos de tipo alquitrán de esta mezcla modelo se transforman en hidrocarburos C9-C15 parcialmente hidrogenados, que podrían aplicarse como aditivos (mejoradores) del combustible de aviación, o como productos químicos y disolventes para la industria. Primero, se estudia el hidrotratamiento suave de alquitranes empleando Pd soportado sobre TiO2, que posee diferentes fases cristalinas. La actividad de hidrotratamiento y la selectividad hacia los productos hidrogenados deseados (es decir, tetralina y otros) aumentaron al aumentar tanto la acidez como el área superficial del catalizador, junto con la presencia de nanopartículas de Pd pequeñas y bien distribuidas. El catalizador Pd/TiO2 Nano revela una notable actividad de hidrotratamiento y estabilidad después de varios reusos sin prácticamente cambios en la estructura del TiO2. Además, no se observa prácticamente deposición de carbono, ni lixiviación de Pd, manteniéndose tanto el tamaño de partícula como la adecuada distribución del Pd, incluso después de la regeneración del catalizador. Además, el catalizador Pd/TiO2 Nano demuestra ser más eficaz para la producción de hidrocarburos C9-C15 que otros catalizadores de hidrotratamiento comerciales y reportados anteriormente. Además, el Pd soportado en el óxido mixto TiO2-Al2O3 preparado mediante el método de co-precipitación optimizado, se evalúa en el hidrotratamiento suave de alquitranes, mostrando buena actividad y estabilidad después de varios reusos. Su actividad de hidrotratamiento se compara con la de los catalizadores Pd/TiO2 Nano y Pd/Al2O3; mientras que su ámbito de aplicación se extiende a otras reacciones de hidrogenación más exigentes, como la aminación reductora de acetol bioderivado. Además, un nuevo catalizador desarrollado con Pd soportado sobre TiO2/Al2O3 (precursor de Ti impregnado sobre alúmina como soporte) demuestra una buena actividad en el hidrotratamiento suave de compuestos de tipo alquitrán. Finalmente, los catalizadores a base de Ni se preparan y prueban en el hidrotratamiento suave de alquitranes, siendo el catalizador Ni/TiO2/Al2O3 el más activo entre ellos. Además, los catalizadores de Ni muestran un excelente rendimiento catalítico cuando se aplican como catalizadores en la hidrogenación selectiva de ácidos grasos para producir hidrocarburos, catalizadores de Ni/TiO2/Al2O3 y Ni/TiO2/ZrO2, ofreciendo la más alta selectividad hacia n-heptadecano (C17). Curiosamente, se encuentra que el dopaje con Pt aumenta la actividad de los últimos catalizadores de Ni. En resumen, diferentes catalizadores soportados por metales desarrollados en este estudio son capaces de transformar alquitranes ligeros y ácidos grasos en condiciones de reacción suaves, ofreciendo así una opción viable y más sostenible para la producción de hidrocarburos útiles de otras fuentes no convencionales. / [CA] Degut a l'esgotament dels depòsits petrolífers, hi hagut un increment de la demanda d'energia i de combustibles; al mateix temps que la necessitat de reduir les emissions de gasos GHG i la dependència als recursos fòssils; esdevé essencial la utilització de fonts d'energia alternativa per a produir combustibles líquids i productes químics. En aquest context, la valorització de quitrans lleugers (formats durant els processos de refinament del petroli i de gasificació de la biomassa) i d'altres fonts d'energia no convencionals com per exemple àcids grassos; i la seva conversió en productes químics d'alt valor afegit són una opció interessant i prometedora. En aquest treball, es desenvoluparan catalitzadors sòlids i processos catalítics per a la transformació de quitrans lleugers a través del procés d'hidrotractament en condicions suaus. Aquest procés s'estudia utilitzant diferents hidrocarburs policíclics aromàtics (PAHs) com a molècules model representatives de la matèria prima que constitueixen els quitrans lleugers. Els quitrans d'aquesta mescla representativa es transformen a hidrocarburs C9-C15 parcialment hidrogenats que poden ser utilitzats com a querosè o com a productes químics i dissolvents per a la indústria. Primer, l'hidrotractament en condicions suaus dels quitrans va ser estudiat utilitzant materials de Pd suportat sobre TiO2 de diferents fases cristal·lines. L'activitat de l'hidrotractament i la selectivitat del procés als productes hidrogenats desitjats (i.e tetralina i altres) augmenta en augmentar l'acidesa i l'àrea superficial del catalitzador, junt amb la presència de petites nanopartícules de Pd adequadament distribuïdes. El catalitzador Pd/TiO2 Nano presenta una destacada activitat en la reacció d'hidrotractament i resulta estable després de reutilitzar-lo en diverses ocasions sense pràcticament canvis en l'estructura TiO2, malgrat que té lloc certa sedimentació de carboni, no es detecta lixiviació i es manté tan la distribució com les dimensions de les partícules després de la regeneració del catalitzador. A més a més, el catalitzador Pd/TiO2 Nano resulta ésser més efectiu per a la producció d'hidrocarburs C9-C15 que altres catalitzadors comercials i d'altres descrits prèviament en la bibliografia. A més a més, s'ha estudiat el Pd suportat en l'òxid mixt TiO2-Al2O3 preparat a través de l'optimització del mètode de la coprecipitació en la reacció d'hidrotractament de quitrans en condicions suaus. Aquest catalitzador mostra una bona activitat i estabilitat després de reutilitzar-lo en vàries ocasions. La seva activitat en dita reacció es compara a la que presenten els catalitzadors de Pd/TiO2 Nano i Pd/Al2O3; i també s'ha comprovat el seu abast en altres reaccions d'hidrogenació d'interès, com per exemple l'aminació reductiva d'acetol provinent de la biomassa. A més a més, s'ha desenvolupat un nou catalitzador de Pd suportat sobre TiO2/Al2O3 (on el precursor de Ti s'impregna sobre l'alúmina que actua com a suport) que mostra una bona activitat en la reacció d'hidrotractament de compostos tipus quitrans en condicions suaus. Finalment, els catalitzadors basats en Ni han estat preparats i testats en reaccions d'hidrotractament de quitrans en condicions suaus, sent el catalitzador Ni/TiO2/Al2O3 el més actiu de tots. Addicionalment, els catalitzadors de níquel mostren excel·lents activitats catalítiques quan s'utilitzen com a catalitzadors per a la hidrogenació selectiva d'àcids grassos per a la producció d'hidrocarburs. Els catalitzadors de Ni/TiO2/Al2O3 i Ni/TiO2/ZrO2 presenten la major selectivitat a n-heptadecà (C17). Cal mencionar, que el dopatge amb Pt tendeix a augmentar l'activitat de l'últim catalitzador de Ni. Resumint, s'ha demostrat que diferents catalitzadors basats en metall suportat que han estat desenvolupats durant aquest estudi són capaços de transformar els quitrans lleugers i els àcids grassos en condicions su / [EN] Because of the depletion of petroleum sources, the increased demand for energy and transportation fuels, and the need for both reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and the dependence on fossil resources, the utilization of sustainable alternative sources to produce fuels and chemicals becomes essential. In this context, the valorization of light tars (formed during petroleum refining and biomass gasification processes) and other non-conventional sources (i.e., fatty acids), and their conversion into high-added value chemicals will be an interesting and challenging option. In this work, solid catalysts, and catalytic processes for the transformation of light tars via mild hydrotreatment process are developed. This process is studied by employing different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model molecules representative of light tars feedstocks. The tars-type compounds of this model mixture are transformed into C9-C15 partially hydrogenated hydrocarbons that could be applied as jet fuel additives (improvers) or as chemicals and solvents for industry. First, the tars mild hydrotreatment is studied over Pd supported on TiO2 possessing different crystalline phases. The hydrotreatment activity and selectivity towards the desired hydrogenated products (i.e., tetralin and others) increase by increasing both acidity and surface area of the catalyst, along with the presence of small and well distributed Pd nanoparticles. The Pd/TiO2 Nano catalyst reveals remarkable hydrotreatment activity and stability after several reuses with practically no changes in TiO2 structure, quite low carbon deposition, any Pd leaching detected and maintaining both small Pd particle size and their adequate distribution, even after regeneration of the catalyst. Additionally, Pd/TiO2 Nano catalyst demonstrates to be more effective to the production of C9-C15 hydrocarbons than other commercial and previously reported hydrotreatment catalysts. In addition, Pd supported on TiO2-Al2O3 mixed oxide, prepared via optimized co-precipitation method, is evaluated in the tars mild hydrotreatment, displaying good activity and stability after several reuses. Its hydrotreatment activityis compared with that of Pd/TiO2 Nano and Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalyst; while its application scope is extended to other demanding hydrogenation reactions, such as the reductive amination of bio-derived acetol with ethylenediamine to produce 2-methylpiperazine. Furthermore, a novel Pd supported on TiO2/γ-Al2O3 (Ti precursor impregnated onto alumina as support) developed catalyst demonstrates good activity in the mild hydrotreatment of tars-type compounds. Finally, Ni-based catalysts are prepared and tested in the tars mild hydrotreatment, Ni/TiO2/Al2O3 catalyst being the most active among them. Additionally, Ni catalysts show excellent catalytic performance when applied as catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of fatty acids to produce hydrocarbons, Ni/TiO2/Al2O3 and Ni/TiO2/ZrO2 catalysts offering the highest selectivity to n-heptadecane (C17). Interestingly, Pt doping is encountered to increase the activity of the latter Ni catalysts. Summarizing, different metal supported catalysts developed in this study are capable to transform light tars and fatty acids under mild reaction conditions, thus offering a viable and more sustainable option to produce useful hydrocarbons from other non-conventional sources. / Raad, Z. (2021). Catalysts and catalytic processes for the transformation of tars and other non-conventional feedstocks into fuels and chemicals [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/177954

Introduction: Several studies have suggested that greater adiposity in older adults is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related cognitive decline, some investigators have postulated that this association may be due to the protective effects of the adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin. In this study we sought to demonstrate that higher body mass indices (BMIs) are associated with greater baseline FDG PET measurements of the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl), a marker of local neuronal activity, slower rCMRgl declines in research participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). We then sought to clarify the extent to which those relationships are attributable to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or plasma leptin concentrations. Materials and methods: We used baseline PET images from 716 73 ± 8 years-old aMCI participants from the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) of whom 453 had follow up images (≥6 months; mean follow up time 3.3 years). For the leptin analyses, we used baseline CSF samples from 81 of the participants and plasma samples from 212 of the participants. Results: As predicted, higher baseline BMI was associated with greater baseline CMRgl measurements and slower declines within brain regions preferentially affected by AD. In contrast and independently of BMI, CSF, and plasma leptin concentrations were mainly related to less baseline CMRgl within mesocorticolimbic brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis. Discussion: While higher BMIs are associated with greater baseline CMRgl and slower declines in persons with aMCI, these associations appear not to be primarily attributable to leptin concentrations.

The physical complications of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have been understood as an accelerated ageing process (Morley, 2008). Do people with T1DM also experience accelerated cognitive and brain ageing? Using findings from research of the normal cognitive and brain ageing process and conceptualized in theories of the functional brain changes in cognitive ageing, a combination of cognitive testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques were used to evaluate evidence of accelerated cognitive and brain ageing in middle-aged adults with T1DM. The first part of this thesis comprises a cognitive study of 94 adults (≥ 45 years of age) with long duration (≥ 10 years) of T1DM. Participants completed cognitive assessment and questionnaires on general mood and feelings about living with diabetes. Findings highlighted the importance of microvascular disease (specifically retinopathy) as an independent predictor of cognitive function. The incidence and predictors of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were then explored. Results indicate a higher percentage of the group met criteria for MCI than expected based on incidence rates in the general population, providing initial evidence of accelerated cognitive ageing. Psychological factors were explored next. The relationship between the measures of well-being, diabetes health, and cognitive function highlighted the need for attention to patient's psychological well-being in diabetes care. Finally, a subgroup of 30 participants between the ages of 45 and 65 who differed on severity of retinopathy were selected to take part in an fMRI study. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity was evaluated while participants were engaged in cognitive tasks and during rest. The findings provided evidence that the pattern of BOLD activation and functional connectivity for those with high severity of retinopathy are similar to patterns found in adults over the age of 65. In line with the theories of cognitive ageing, functional brain changes appear to maintain a level of cognitive function. Evidence of accelerated brain ageing in this primarily middle-aged group, emphasizes the importance of treatments and regimens to prevent or minimize microvascular complications.

Les véhicules hybrides se démocratisent avec une utilisation croissante des éléments de stockage à base de lithium-ion. Dans ce contexte d'exploitation, le type d'usage est atypique et dépend fortement des stratégies de répartition des énergies au sein du véhicule. Parmi les hybridations, la catégorie "mild hybrid" conserve la motorisation thermique pour l'autonomie qu'elle apporte, et lui adjoint une machine électrique associée à un élément de stockage réversible, afin de permettre une récupération de l'énergie cinétique du véhicule. L'objet de ces travaux porte sur la mise en place d'algorithmes destinés à la détermination des états de charge (SoC), de santé (SoH) et de fonction (SoF) de chacune des cellules qui compose un pack batterie lithium-ion. Ces fonctionnalités sont implantées dans un système de gestion dénommé BMS pour Battery Management System. Dans un souci de réduction des coûts de production, nos travaux s'attachent à limiter la puissance de calcul et les moyens de mesure nécessaires à la détermination de ces états. À partir de mesures effectuées lors d'une utilisation de la batterie dans une application "mild hybrid", les méthodes développées permettent la détermination des états, ainsi que d'une partie des paramètres internes aux cellules. Cette utilisation est caractérisée par de forts courants et un maintien de l'état de charge autour de 50 %, ceci afin de maximiser la disponibilité de la batterie et d'en minimiser le vieillissement. L'utilisation d'observateurs et de méthodes en boucle ouverte, à partir d'une modélisation simplifiée de cellule, nous permet d'obtenir des résultats satisfaisants avec une puissance de calcul réduite / Hybrid vehicles are developing with increasing use of energy storage elements based on lithium-ion battery. In this context, the use of battery is atypical and highly dependent on energy allocation strategies within the vehicle. Among these vehicles, the mild hybrid category retains heat engine for the autonomy that offer and adds to it an electric machine associated with a reversible storage system, to allow the kinetic energy recovery of the vehicle. The object of this work involves the development of algorithms for determining the states of charge (SoC) and health (SoH) and function (SoF) of each cell that compose a lithium-ion battery pack. These features are implemented in a Battery Management System (BMS) for industrial production. In order to reduce production costs, our work attempts to limit the computing power and the measuring sensors necessary for these states determination. From battery measurements in a "mild hybrid" use, developed methods allow the states determination, as well as some of the internal parameters of cells. This application is characterized by high currents and maintaining a SoC of around 50%, in order to maximize the availability of the battery and to minimize aging. The use of observers and estimators, using a simplified model cell, allows us to achieve satisfactory results with a reduced computing power

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We introduce a novel integration of real-time, predictive eye-gaze tracking models into a multimodal dialogue system tailored for remote health assessments. This system is designed to be highly accessible requiring only a conventional webcam for video input along with minimal cursor interaction and utilizes engaging gaze-based tasks that can be performed directly in a web browser. We have crafted dynamic subsystems that capture high-quality data efficiently and maintain quality through instances of user attrition and incomplete calls. Additionally, these subsystems are designed with the foresight to allow for future re-analysis using improved predictive models, as well as enable the creation and training of new eye-gaze tracking datasets. As we explored gaze patterns for various user-performed tasks, we developed generalizable eye-gaze metrics that capture and reflect the distinct gaze trends among different cohorts. And through testing various feature extraction and classification methods, we have found promising results that have enabled us to effectively classify individuals with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (MiNCD) / Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in a crowdsourced pilot study (N = 35) with an average accuracy of 0.94 (f1 = 0.83). Although just the beginning, this work represents the first step towards establishing predictive eye-gaze tracking as an accessible and important modality for healthcare applications moving forward, with the potential to significantly impact remote screening and monitoring of neurocognitive health.