It has generally been thought that Hannibal was a hostile individual and despised in Roman society because of his non-Roman status and his apparent tendency to be deceptive, cruel and savage. Yet, our understanding of Hannibal as a character is limited. This thesis attempts to address his characterisation through an examination of his night-time military exploits, and argue that our knowledge of Hannibal can be expanded upon by examining how Livy characterised Hannibal in his account of the Second Punic War. Furthermore, this thesis takes a fresh approach to Hannibal’s characterisation, considering Livy’s use of ‘the night’ in association with military activity, and revealing that Hannibal displayed traits that the Romans themselves valued. Thus, Hannibal’s character is developed through a nocturnal military setting, and he becomes comparable to Rome’s finest generals, including Fabius Maximus, Marcellus and Scipio Africanus. Similarly, it is also shown that he exhibited Roman military virtus in place of the traits traditionally thought to be synonymous with the non-Roman. By analysing the character of Hannibal in this manner, we reveal that in Roman thought he was an ambiguous character, whilst simultaneously highlighting how the Romans both perceived and used the night within the context of the army.

Almost for 50 years Lithuania was under the military power of occupational army which made a harm which cannot be rebuilt. After the soviet army left it left huge harmed areas, the injured and polluted the soil, the destroyed forests, the depredated surface of the vegetation behind it. That is why the evaluation and renovation of the ecological shape of the military areas lately has been one of the most actual problems of environment protection. In defining the impact of the military activities on the ecosystem stability in the Lithuania Gaižiūnai and Kairiai military ranges was chosen for the investigation. On the first chapters of this thesis it is made a review on the scale of the military use of the nature and ecological consequences in Lithuania during Soviet times, the experience of foreign. The landscape mechanical transgression, the condition of the plants and the animals, the preserve abode of the Gaižiūnai and Kairiai military ranges were evaluated in the experimental analytical part. Using the PHOENICS software a model of the situation was formed to determine an influence of walls on the wind velocity and soil protection from the deflation. According to the results, protective walls can be recommended as one of the most effective means of decreasing the wind velocity which also helps to improve the environmental state and ensure its stability The results and conclusions are received – is important information on the vegetation’s shape on the military grounds and... [to full text]

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