Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The thesis describes how civil-military relations at the international level enhance international security, in particular, the way of development of international society in trying to orient its progress towards international peace, security and sustainable development. It focuses upon civil-military relationships in the League of Nations and the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, The International Committee of Red Cross. The thesis identifies particular types of relationships created by these international organizations and explains how participants influence each other. A short historical overview of emerging international civil-military relationships shows how civil-military relationships have developed at international level. The ongoing Iraq crises illustrates how civil-military relationships are functioning and serving for enhancing international security. The examples and the analyses have shown that the international community has made great progress toward establishing norms of civil-military relations, while trying to regulate behavior of independent states. From ad-hoc experiments included a system of agreements under the International Red Cross, and then the community recognized the need to control military forces as it created the League of Nations that established a strictly centrally managed, or authoritarian, civil-military relationship system on the base of the accumulated knowledge and experience of aristocratic societies. The United Nations, created also in the aftermath of a world war, established decentralized civil-military relationships that have a robust array of interactions and well-defined policy-formulating bodies, the General Assembly and the Security Council, but never gotits standing army etc. / Major, Hungarian Army

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis seeks to demonstrate that such structural explanations as economic underdevelopment, ethnic fragmentation, and political corruption for the collapse of democracy in Nigeria in 1966, are insufficient. This study further demonstrates that the immediate cause of the collapse was the failure of the young democratic government to respond to the challenge posed by military opportunism through adequate civilian control strategies. The thesis argues that democratization is attainable in Nigeria if elected governments devise appropriate control strategies to check military opportunism while strengthening and legitimizing their own rule. It acknowledged that the first government of Nigeria's Fourth Republic, installed on May 29 1999, appears to have learned this lesson. The thesis concludes that constant vigilance on the part of successive governments will be essential as the Fourth Republic passes through the long process of democratic transition and consolidation. / http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1116 / Civilian, Ministry of Defense, Nigeria

While academics and commentators have devoted considerable energy to analyzing the relationship between United States military casualties and the reaction of American public opinion, few have taken notice of the opinions and perceptions of military officers. U.S. Army officers, comprising the bulk of the American military leadership, sustained a thorough debate concerning casualties and public opinion between 1970 and 1999. That debate is apparent from a study of articles in the military's professional journals, contributions to scholarly journals, memoirs, and monographs emerging from the various service schools. Examining the material generated by officers during these decades reveals that they perceived a trend - as well as disclosing a trend in their own writing and discussions. Shaken by the experience of the Vietnam War, unsettled by the public's rejection of that war, officers struggled to prepare for future wars. In the thirty years under discussion, U.S. Army officers noticed an emphasis on technology intended to be more lethal to the enemy and to provide more protection for the American soldier. Officers observed a doctrinal trend beginning with conserving scarce manpower, escalating to minimizing casualties, and reaching the establishment of force protection as a mission equal to any in a given operation. American officers perceived that their political and military leadership had first grown wary of spending American lives and gradually came to view casualties as synonymous with defeat. Associated with this phenomenon, officers noted that in many cases - increasing as this era advanced - sustaining casualties below a given threshold marked the operation as a victory. In sum, military officers observed a trend in which America's civilian and military leadership strived to avoid sending men into conflict, attempting to mitigate through technology the risk combat posed to soldiers, and reacting to casualties as if they signified military defeat.

In Mao¡¦s era , Mao Zedong had a dominant leadership role, and PLA political role was affected by Mao¡¦s authority. PLA had to subordinate to Mao¡¦s order. PLA only played a role as a tool. After the 1978 reform, Deng Xiaoping promoted military modernization in the 1980s to reduce the political influence of the military. After Deng¡¦s death, Jiang Zemin lacked the personal authority and military background. As a result, Jiang had to grant concessions to PLA in order to ensure its support. One concession had obviously been the unprecedented participation of military chiefs in foreign affairs decisions that were of concern to PLA, including issues related to Taiwan and relations with the United States. Besides, in Jiang¡¦s era, the opportunities and channels which PLA participated in foreign policies increased. PLA influence in foreign policy was stronger than Mao¡¦s era and Deng¡¦s era. The research motivation of this essay is to expect that can understand the change of PLA political influence. The research aims of the essay include the following: 1. exploring the factors that affect PLA political influence; 2.probing into PLA participation in foreign policy, and realizing PLA political influence; 3.analying military diplomacy, and understanding the cooperation between PLA and Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 4.probing into the conflict between PLA and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and understanding PLA strong attitude; 5.analying the decision model, Party-Military relations, political situation, the issues related to the national security, and deducing PLA political influence in the future.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Moran, Daniel J. Second Reader: Robinson, Glenn E. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Israel, Israel Defense Force (IDF), Civlil-military relations, Intractable conflict, Statism, Professionliam, Militarism, Permeability, Military-industrial complex, Nation-in Arms, Parliamentary System, Proportional representation (PR), Political economy, MAPAI, HERUT, "Parachuting", Concordance, Discourse space, Agency. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-98). Also available in print.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2004. / Thesis advisor(s): Lyman H. Miller, Jeanne K. Giraldo. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-60). Also available online.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2004. / Thesis advisor(s): Gaye Christoffersen, Seyyed Vali R. Nasr. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-120). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M.A.) -- Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64). Also available online.