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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 aleixo_ss_dr_jabo.pdf: 669677 bytes, checksum: f49e7e1d7f32450f963a408a99ad374c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Estado de São Paulo, em 2010, foi responsável pela produção de 1,60 bilhão de litros de leite. Essa produção coloca o estado na sexta posição em relação aos maiores produtores do Brasil. O volume produzido atualmente é próximo ao produzido no ano de 1978, quando foram registrados os mesmos 1,58 bilhão de litros. Atualmente o estado representa apenas 5,23% da produção nacional. Essa perda de importância do estado ocorre pelo aumento crescente da produção brasileira e pela estagnação e redução da produção paulista. Em dez anos, a produção leiteira do Brasil evoluiu 64,35%, o contrário do que ocorreu com São Paulo que apresentou queda de 13,74%. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um panorama socioeconômico da produção leiteira, produzir análises referentes ao fornecimento de matéria prima e à industrialização de produtos no período de 1997 a 2010 e analisar as mudanças recentes nas estruturas de gastos e consumo de leite e derivados das famílias do estado de São Paulo. Os dados utilizados para a pesquisa foram séries históricas provenientes da Pesquisa Produção da Pecuária Municipal, Censo Agropecuário, Pesquisa Trimestral do Leite e Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, todas produzidas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. Com a análise dos resultados foi possível observar que, tendo em vista o alto grau de desenvolvimento empresarial da agricultura em São Paulo, a pecuária leiteira precisaria de um desenvolvimento técnico e econômico elevado para sobreviver diante do desenvolvimento de outras culturas, o que de certa forma pode diferenciar o complexo agroindustrial do leite em São Paulo dos outros estados brasileiros. A desregulamentação econômica e abertura comercial tiveram influência na forma como se configurou o complexo agroindustrial... / Sao Paulo State in 2010 was responsible for the production of 1.60 billion liters of milk. This production places the state in the sixth position in relation to the major producers in Brazil. The volume produced nowadays is close to that produced in 1978, when were recorded 1.58 billion liters. Currently, the state represents only 5.23% of the national production. This loss occurs by production increasing in Brazil and the stagnation and production reduction in São Paulo. In ten years, milk production in Brazil increased 64.35%, opposite to the observed with São Paulo presenting decline of 13.74%. So, this study aimed to show a socio-economic scenery of milk production, to produce analyzes for the supply of raw materials and the product manufacture from 1997 to 2010 and analyze the recent changes in the structure of spending and consumption of milk and dairy products of families in Sao Paulo state. The data used for the study were historical series from Municipal Livestock Production Research, Agricultural Census, Milk Quarterly Survey and Family Budget Research, all produced by the Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute - IBGE. With the analysis of results, it was observed that, in view of the high degree of business development of agriculture in Sao Paulo, dairy farming would need a high economic and technical development to survive front of the development of other cultures, which somehow can differentiate the milk agroindustrial complex in Sao Paulo from other Brazilian states. The economic deregulation and the trade liberalization influenced as the milk agroindustrial complex was configured in the state and it was possible to observe that, by insisting on the idea that the best public policy is simply let the market operate freely, it was also responsible for sudden drops in production. In relation to income and food... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Jeffery R. Williams / Economically optimized ration formulations were used to test whether California dairy producers who implemented price risk management strategies on both the input and output sides achieved significantly higher net returns as measured by milk income minus feed costs compared to producers who bought feed and sold milk on the spot market. Two ration formulation models were developed, a least cost and a profit-maximization. The least cost method formulates a ration that meets the nutritional requirements of a lactating cow at the lowest possible cost for a given level of milk production. The profit maximization model incorporates into its algorithm a production function between net energy intake and milk production that increases at a decreasing rate. For today's high producing cows, after being supplied with enough energy to meet maintenance requirements, all additional energy is partitioned for milk production. Up to a certain point, depending on the price of milk and the price of feed, the cost of providing additional feed units is more than offset by the revenues derived by the extra milk produced from the larger quantities of feed consumed. The profit-maximization model used formulates a ration using both feed and milk prices where the cost of the last unit of feed provided is equal to the revenues of the last unit of milk produced. To compare returns, a ration program was designed that could either use spot or forward values for feed costs and milk price to economically optimize the ration on a weekly basis in the cow’s milk production cycle. To better gauge the impact of price volatility on both the input and output sides and to account for the extended nature of the forward contracts, the 305-day lactation cycle of a high producing cow over six successive cycles was used. The federal order Class III milk price was used for milk values and it was assumed that unless the producer engaged in some sort of forward contract, the milk price received was the monthly Class III value. To account for forward sales, the Class III futures contract traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange was used. For the feed prices, the ration model had a library of 16 different ingredients, 11 of which had forward and spot values. Similar to the output side, it was assumed that unless the producer engaged in some sort of forward contract the feed price used was the spot value averaged for each month. Most California dairy operators use some version of the least-cost method when formulating their rations. A large number also forward contract a significant portion of their feed as the concept of forward contracting feed is much more common in the western U.S. as compared to other regions in the country. Conversely, there has been little interest in locking in future milk prices as the tools for forward contracting are relatively new and many producers are not familiar with the mechanics. This helps explain the limited use of the profit-maximization model since milk prices are an integral part of this process. Results of this study show that producers who formulate using the profit-maximization model attain higher milk production and derive higher milk revenues, albeit with higher feed costs. Nonetheless, across every situation, that is whether one forward contracts feed, milk, or some combination thereof the profit-maximization model returned anywhere from $0.14 to $0.19 of milk revenues in excess of feed costs per hundredweight of milk as opposed to the least-cost method. For a producer milking 1,000 cows this represents another $50,000 to $70,000 of income per year. The results also show that whether least-cost or the profit-maximization method is employed, feed costs were lower when producers forward contract at least a portion of their needs. Milk prices, on the other hand, were lower relying on the spot market as opposed to either of the two forward milk contracting models that were developed. Finally, the variability of returns as measured by the coefficient of variability show less volatility in revenues when producers forward contract milk and less variability with input costs when producers forward contract feed.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Science and Industry / Barry Bradford / During the past decades, the dairy industry has been challenged to find alternative approaches in order to feed cows without affecting their performance or increasing production costs. To accomplish these objectives, some options that have been implemented are the inclusion of short chain carbohydrates to replace starch and the addition of synthetic supplements to increase feed efficiency. In order to assess the impact of these strategies, an experiment was conducted to evaluate productive responses of lactating dairy cattle when they received sucrose and/or exogenous amylase in low starch diets. The results indicated that milk production, milk component profile, and feed efficiency were not significantly altered by the use of the enzyme, sucrose inclusion, or the combination of both. Comparing these results with the literature revealed apparent inconsistencies in responses to the inclusion of sugar in dairy rations. For that reason, a meta-analysis was performed to determine the impact of different sugar sources on milk production, and also to evaluate the impact of other dietary factors on response to dietary sugar. The results indicated that dry matter intake responses were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by an interaction between added sugar and dietary forage neutral detergent fiber content, but overall, dry matter intake tended to increase when sugar replaced corn grain in diets. Energy corrected milk was not affected by dietary sugar, but milk production showed a tendency to respond to treatment, dependent on an interaction between added sugar and rumen undegradable protein. In summary, sugar inclusion may promote small increases in dry matter intake, but the impact on milk production is inconsistent; both factors may be influenced by the diet to which sugar is added.

O presente trabalho estudou os sistemas de pagamento de leite no Brasil, nos seis principais estados produtores. Analisou e discutiu a diferenciação de preços do leite em decorrência do pagamento de bonificações por volume de 1666 produtores dentro de 62 diferentes linhas de coleta de 5 cooperativas. Cerca de 34% das cooperativas amostradas no Brasil pagam por volume e cerca de 55% das cooperativas utilizam os critérios de volume e qualidade na remuneração dos produtores. Para o pagamento do frete, 58% das cooperativas cobram o frete somente pelo volume entregue, enquanto 23% utilizam os critérios distância e volume no cálculo do frete e 19% das cooperativas cobram o frete dos produtores pela distância percorrida. Na segunda etapa foram selecionadas cinco cooperativas que utilizavam somente o critério volume no pagamento do leite. O volume total captado no mês pela amostra foi de 4.300.810 litros, em 62 linhas de coleta das cinco cooperativas. A média foi de 106 litros/dia por produtor, com um mínimo de 0,6 litros até um valor máximo de 3983 litros/dia para o maior produtor. O trabalho também analisou o frete pago por litro. A média da amostra foi de R$ 0,029/litro, com um pagamento variando desde nenhuma cobrança de frete até R$ 0,070 por litro. O valor líquido por litro apresentou uma média de R$ 0,373, com um mínimo de R$ 0,255 e um valor máximo de R$ 0,541, variações de 112%. Foi observado que o valor recebido pelo litro do leite aumenta significativamente com o aumento do volume. As constatações efetuadas permitem afirmar que o valor do frete cobrado aos produtores, como se poderia esperar, está vinculado positivamente ao tamanho da rota de coleta e ao número de produtores na rota e negativamente ao volume coletado de cada produtor. Essas mesmas variáveis influem também de acordo com a lógica econômica nos preços recebidos pelos produtores. Observou-se, todavia, que o volume produzido influenciava positivamente os preços recebidos também por outras vias que não seu impacto sobre o valor do frete. Essa é, fora de dúvida, uma forte evidência favorável à discriminação de preços contra os menores produtores, embora não seja uma prova cabal da ocorrência de tal fato. / This article aimed to study payment systems of milk in Brazil, in the six main producing states. It analyzed and discussed the different milk prices practiced due to the paying of bonus per volume, of 1,666 producers, among 62 different lines of collect of 5 cooperatives. Roughly 34% of the studied cooperatives in Brazil pay per volume and around 55% of the cooperatives use the criteria of volume and quality to pay producers´ income. For the freight payment, 58% of the cooperatives charge the freight only based on the volume delivered, whereas 23% use the criteria of distance and volume in the figures and 19% of the cooperatives charge producers the freight based on the distance run. On the second phase was chosen 5 cooperatives, which use only the criterion of volume to pay the milk. The amount of volume obtained in the month studied totaled 4,300,810 liters, in 63 lines of collect of 5 cooperatives. The average was 106 liters/day per producer, with the minimum of 0.6 liters up to a maximum value of 3,983 liters/day for the biggest producer. The study also analyzed the freight paid per liter. The average of the study was R$ 0.029/liter, with the payment ranging from no charge of freight up to R$ 0.070 per liter. The net value per liter showed an average of R$ 0.373, with the minimum of R$ 0.255 and a maximum price of R$ 0.541, variations of 112%. It was observed that the value received per liter of milk significantly increases with the raise of volume. The conclusions obtained alow to state that the price of the freight charged on the producers, as It was expected, is linked positively to the length of the route of collect and to the number of producers in the route and negatively to the volume collected from each producer. These very variables affect also according to the economic logic of the prices received by producers. It was noticed, however, that the volume produced affected positively the prices received also by other vias that did not have any impact on the freight price. This is, without doubt, one strong evidence favorable to the discrimination of prices against minor producers, even thought it is not a real proof of such fact.

Com o objetivo de determinar a influência dos sistemas de produção e de alimentação sobre as características do leite, dados coletados de produtores de leite do sul do Brasil e de experimentos sobre níveis de restrição alimentar e de atendimento das exigências energéticas de vacas em lactação foram submetidos à análise de fatores principais, de correlação e médias canônicas, agrupamento e comparação de médias dos grupos. Os atributos estudados comuns em todos os sistemas foram produção leiteira diária, componentes lácteos, estabilidade do leite, peso corporal e escore de condição corporal. Na análise dos sistemas de produção, três grupos de produtores foram formados pela análise de agrupamento, com características de sistemas especializados, semi-especializados e não especializados em ambas as regiões avaliadas. Grupos de produtores especializados produziam leite em conformidade com as especificações da Instrução Normativa Nº 62. Enquanto que para os produtores da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, as estratégias de alimentação foram determinantes para distinção entre os grupos de produtores, no extremo oeste de Santa Catarina a estrutura das propriedades foi mais determinante. Níveis de restrição severos (40 e 50%) alteraram significativamente a produção leiteira diária, os teores de proteína e lactose e a estabilidade do leite. O atendimento das exigências energéticas para vacas em lactação possui uma relação direta com a produção diária de leite, com o teor da lactose e com a estabilidade do leite. A produção leiteira, os componentes lácteos e a estabilidade do leite diferenciam-se entre os sistemas de produção e alimentação. / Aiming to determine the influence of production and feeding systems on milk characteristics, data collected from dairy producers in southern Brazil and experiments on levels of feed restriction and attendance of the energy requirements of lactating cows were subjected to principal factor, correlation and means canonical, cluster analysis and comparison of means between groups. The variables common to all systems were daily milk production, milk components contents, ethanol stability, body weight and body condition score. In the analysis of production systems, three producers groups were formed by cluster analysis, with characteristics of specialized, semi-specialized and unspecialized systems in both regions evaluated. Groups of specialized dairy farmers produced milk in accordance with Normative Instruction Nº 62. While for the producers in southern Rio Grande do Sul, the feeding strategies were crucial to distinguish groups, at the far west of Santa Catarina structure of the properties was more important. Severe feed restriction levels (40 and 50%) altered significantly the daily milk yield, protein and lactose contents and ethanol stability. Attendance of the energy requirements for lactating cows showed a direct relationship with the daily milk production, content of lactose and milk stability. Milk production, milk components and milk stability are different between production and feeding systems.

Data were collected from a 1,000 cow commercial dairy unit during three different time periods to determine the interrelationships between teat shape, teat erosion, mastitis (as measured by the California Mastitis Test and somatic cell counts), and milk production. Results showed no relationship between teat shape or teat end erosion and milk or fat production. The relationship between teat end erosion and mastitis appeared to be masked by the high level of teat erosion. There was an indication that cows with flat and cone shaped teat ends were prone to higher California Mastitis Test scores than cows with pointed, round, or disk shaped teat ends. Pointed teat ends showed the highest amount of erosion and cone and flat teat ends showed the least amount of erosion. There was a high correlation between the California Mastitis Test and somatic cell counts. Teat end erosion and California Mastitis Test scores decreased and milk production increased when a change in milking equipment and milking technique occurred and teat dipping was instigated.

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Résumé Létude des performances laitières des bovins en stations au Burundi a été réalisée dans les stations de Mahwa et de Rukoko de lInstitut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU). Elle a pour objectifs principaux de quantifier les effets des facteurs non génétiques et de croisement sur la production laitière journalière et de prédire les paramètres génétiques et de croisement de la production laitière journalière des bovins de ces stations. Elle a également pour objectifs secondaires de décrire lélevage bovin laitier au Burundi et de proposer des perspectives et solutions damélioration de cette activité. 1.Elevage bovin laitier au Burundi Lélevage bovin laitier au Burundi est limité par plusieurs contraintes dont les principales sont la diminution des pâturages en raison de la croissance continue de la population, la présence de diverses pathologies animales incontrôlées, linsuffisance des structures publiques ou privées destinées à promouvoir lélevage laitier et à améliorer la génétique bovine, le manque de formation pratique des éleveurs burundais et labsence dune filière lait. Ces conditions défavorables ont été accentuées par la guerre de 1993 qui a entraîné une diminution des effectifs bovins, la réduction de la quantité du lait déjà déficitaire ainsi que la suspension des activités des projets délevage bovin entre autre dans les stations de lISABU. 2.Influence des facteurs environnementaux et du croisement sur la production laitière journalière. La production laitière des bovins des stations de lISABU est influencée par différents facteurs dont la durée de lactation, lâge au vêlage, la parité, le type de croisement entre bovins, le mode dallaitement des veaux, lannée et la saison de lactation. Ces effets ont été quantifiés à laide dun modèle linéaire permettant destimer les moyennes des moindres carrés de la production laitière journalière pour chaque facteur. Les résultas de ces analyses montrent que la production laitière journalière était plus élevée en saison des pluies quen saison sèche. Les meilleures productions ont été observées chez les bovins croisés avec 50 à 75% Bos taurus (Ayrshire et Jersey). La guerre de 1993 a provoqué une chute de production laitière journalière de 53,14% (en moyenne) qui serait due à linsuffisance des moyens financiers pour assurer un niveau alimentaire et un suivi vétérinaire suffisants. Cette détérioration des conditions délevage est à lorigine des faibles performances laitières observées dans les stations de lISABU. Pour les bovins Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole, le maximum de production laitière journalière a été observé au 8ème jour (7,16 ± 0,07 l/jour) de lactation chez 150 vaches allaitées et traites pendant les 120 premiers jours (avant le sevrage) et traites ensuite (vaches AT). Il a été observé au 8ème jour (7,63 ± 0,39 l/jour) chez 8 bovins allaités et traits pendant toute la lactation (vaches A) et au 7ème jour (7,34 ± 0,39 l/jour) pour 7 bovins uniquement traits (vaches T). Ladéquation à la fonction de Wood (1976) des courbes de lactation a été vérifiée chez les bovins AT et T mais pas chez les animaux A. Chez les frisonnes, la courbe de lactation était normale avec un pic de lactation au 15ème jour de lactation (11,48 ± 0,20 l/jour). La courbe de lactation des croisées Jersey x Sahiwal x Ankole nétait pas normale. Le maximum de production laitière journalière (12,67 ± 0,42 l/jour) a été observé au 43ème jour de lactation. La production était plus élevée chez les bovins A que chez les bovins T. Une chute de production laitière autour de 120 premiers jours de lactation (période de sevrage) a été observée chez les bovins AT. Les meilleures productions laitières journalières ont étés observées chez les Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole qui ont vêlé en première parité à un âge moyen de 31 mois (6,30 ± 0,15 l), en deuxième parité à un âge moyen de 49 mois (6,25 ± 0,10 l) et en troisième parité et plus à un âge moyen de 66 mois (4,62 ± 0,05 l). Chez les Frisonnes, la production laitière a augmenté avec lâge au vêlage en première et troisième et plus parité mais a évolué de manière curvilinéaire descendante avec un maximum de production laitière à lâge au vêlage de 44 mois en deuxième parité. La production laitière moyenne a été de 11,47 ± 0,30 l/jour, 5,23 ± 0,09 l/jour et de 10,11 ± 0,06 l/jour pendant respectivement la première, la deuxième et la troisième et plus lactation. 3.Paramètres génétiques et de croisement Les paramètres génétiques et de croisement pour la production laitière journalière des bovins Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole ont été obtenus à laide dun modèle animal mixte répétable contenant les effets fixes : année (n = 26) et mois (n = 12) de lactation, semaines de lactation (n = 43) et mode dallaitement (n = 3), âge au vélage (n = 93) et parité (n = 3), groupe génétique (n = 5) ; les effets aléatoires génétiques additifs directs (n = 317) et les effets aléatoire liés à lenvironnement permanent (n = 184). La méthode du maximum de vraisemblance a été utilisée avec le programme de Misztal(1990) pour calculer les variances additive, environnementale et résiduelle. Les solutions des différents groupes génétiques ont été utilisées pour estimer les paramètres de croisement à laide du modèle de Dickerson (1969). Lhéritabilité et la répétabilité prédites étaient de 0.27 et 0.36, respectivement. La valeur prédite de leffet génétique additif direct pour la production laitière journalière de lAyrshire (5,22 l/jour) était positive et supérieure en valeur absolue à celles obtenues pour les races Sahiwal (-0,48 l/jour) et Ankole (-1,66 l/jour). Ces valeurs indiquent que la race Ayrshire contribue beaucoup à laugmentation de la production laitière journalière chez les bovins Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole. Les valeurs estimées de lhétérosis direct pour la production laitière journalière des croisés Sahiwal x Ankole, Ayrshire x Ankole et Ayrshire x Sahiwal étaient respectivement de 1,97l/jour (35,8%), de 2,30 l/jour (41,9%) et de -2,33 l/jour (- 42,4%). Le pourcentage de lhétérosis direct des croisés Ayrshire x Ankole (41,9%) supérieur à celui des croisés Sahiwal x Ankole (35,8%) prouve quil serait plus productif de croiser lAnkole avec lAyrshire si les conditions délevage étaient améliorées. SUMMARY The current study was conducted on the Mahwa and Rukoko stations of the Institute of agronomic Sciences in Burundi (ISABU). The aim of the study was to assess the effects of environmental and crossbreeding factors on the daily milk yield (DMY) and to predict genetic and crossbreeding parameters for DMY of cows in those stations. The secondary objectives were to describe the dairy breeding in Burundi and to propose solutions of improvement of milk production in the country. 1. Dairy cattle breeding in Burundi In Burundi, dairy cattle breeding is limited by many constraints of which the principal are the low level of feeding, the presence of many and uncontrolled animal diseases, the lack of public and private institutions to help smallholders, the limited know-how of smallholders and the lack of milk market and conditioning equipments in rural area. The 1993 crisis accentuated the situation and caused the decrease of the dairy cattle population and disturbed breeding activities in ISABU stations and in other breeding projects. 2. Effects of non genetic and crossbreeding factors on the daily milk yield of cows in the stations Lactation length and suckling, calving age and parity, genetic groups, month and years of lactation were the principal factors that affected DMY of cows in the ISABU stations. A linear model was used to quantify effects of those factors on DMY. All factors influenced significantly (P<0.001) DMY. Milk production was significantly higher during the rainy than the dry season. Crossbreeding improved milk production and highest yields were observed with 50% to 75% of Bos Taurus (Ayrshire or Jersey) inheritance. Milk production increased from 1977 to 1992 due to the improvement of genetic and the interaction of environmental and animal management. The decrease observed since 1993 in all cows was related to the civilian war which caused financial problems in the ISABU institution, decline in feeding and deterioration of the animal health. This situation was also responsible of the low milk production observed in the stations. For Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole cows, the maximum of DMY was observed at 8th (7.16 ± 0.07 l/day), 8th (7.63 ± 0.39 l/day) and 7th day in milk (7,34 ± 0,39 l/ day) for suckled and milked (SM), suckled only (S) and milked only (M) cows. The incomplete gamma model using the Wood function was able to distinguish two groups of milk curve: standard shape for the M and SM cows and an atypical continuously decreasing shape for the S cows. For Friesian purebred cows, the lactation shape was typical and the maximum of DMY (11.48 ± 0.20 l/ day) was observed at 15th day in milk. The lactation shape for Jersey x Sahiwal x Ankole crossed cows was in disagreement with the theoretical curve and the maximum DMY (12.67 ± 0.42 l/ day) was observed at 43rd day in milk. Milk production was higher in SM cows than in M cows. For SM cows, a drop was observed at 120th day in milk corresponding to the weaning period. For Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole crosses cows, highest least-squares means were observed at calving ages of 31 months (6.30 ± 0.15 l), 49 months (6.25 ± 0.10 l) and 66 months (4.62 ± 0.05 l) for SM cows in parities 1, 2 and 3 or more, respectively. For Friesian cows, milk production increased with the calving age in the 1st and 3rd and more parities. In the 2nd parity, the trend was curvilinear decreasing with the maximum production at the 44th month of age at calving. 3. Prediction of genetic and crossbreeding parameters for DMY of Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole crosses cows The prediction of heritability, repeatability and crossbreeding parameters was only possible in the Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole crosses cows due to the limited number of cows in the other groups. Data were analysed using an animal model that included year and month of lactation, age at calving, parity, suckling group, week in milk and genetic groups as fixed effects and the random effects for the direct additive genetic and the permanent environmental effects. The programs of Miztal (1990) were used to obtain REML estimates of the additive, environmental and residual variances. Solutions obtained for the genetic groups with the animal model were used to compute the crossbreeding parameters following Dickersons genetic model (1969). The overall average DMY was 5.49 l/day. Computed heritability and repeatability were 0.27 and 0.36, respectively. The predicted additive direct effects for DMY of Ankole (A), Sahiwal (S) and Ayrshire (A) breeds were -1.66 l, -0.48 l and 5.22 l, respectively. These values indicated that the Ayrshire breed contributed most to the increase in DMY of the Ayrshire x Sahiwal x Ankole crosses in the Mahwa station. The estimated direct heterosis effects for DMY of SA, YS and YA crosses were 1.97 l (35,8%), -2.33 l(- 42,4%) and 2.30 l (41,9%), respectively. Direct heterosis for YA was higher than that for SA crosses because A and Y cows are more different in their gene frequency than A and S cows. These values suggested that it is more productive to cross Ankole with Ayrshire (Bos Taurus) than with Sahiwal (Bos Indicus).