Thermotherapy using natural thermal mud has played a crucial role for human health care since ancient times. However, recently the SPA and Wellness Centers have come into prominence with the exhaustion of primary reserves of natural thermal mud. In these centers, instead of natural thermal mud, peloids prepared using clay and/or clay minerals with thermal or mineral water through maturation process that changes the physicochemical properties of the clay and/or clay minerals. Turkey has several clay reserves / however, the investigation about their suitability for the pelotherapic applications is not adequate. The aim of this study is to investigate the mineralogical, chemical, and physicochemical properties of the 13 different samples collected from K&uuml / &ccedil / &uuml / khacibey, Hancili, and Kazbekir localities in &Ccedil / ankiri and Kizil&ouml / ren, Karadirek, and H&uuml / dai localities in Afyonkarahisar in order to evaluate their suitability for pelotherapic applications. The results of mineralogical, chemical, and physicochemical analyses including cation exchange capacity, swelling index, plastic index, water loss, specific surface area, grain size and cooling rate properties were compared with the results in the previous studies. For maturation process distilled water and two different commercial mineral water with different chemical compositions were used. At the end of the four week long maturation, the peloids are evaluated in the sense of consistency, ease of handling and pleasant sensation during application. Evaluation of analyses results showed that clay deposits in Hancili and K&uuml / &ccedil / &uuml / khacibey localities in &Ccedil / ankiri can be considered being suitable for pelotherapic applications. On the other hand, clay deposits in Kazbekir locality in &Ccedil / ankiri and in all three localities in Afyonkarahisar cannot be considered being suitable for pelotherapic purposes.

Mineralization has the potential to capture CO₂. In nature, mineralization is the chemical weathering of alkaline-earth minerals in which stable carbonate minerals are formed, which leads to the removal of CO₂ from the atmosphere. The adsorptive carbonation reaction of olivine ((Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄)), consisting mainly of pure magnesium silicate (Mg₂SiO₄), a main constituent of the Earth’s crust, was carried out to estimate its potential application to the separation of CO₂ in the presence of water vapor in combustion plumes. Based on the thermodynamics for a basis of the reaction mechanism, the olivine carbonation reaction is thermodynamically favorable. Water vapor was found to play an important role in improving the carbonation rate, and experimental results revealed that carbon dioxide carbon dioxide can bind into olivine minerals to form highly stable surface carbonates. The reaction activity of olivine and pure Mg₂SiO₄ in the presence/absence of water vapor was carried out by varying the temperature, reactant concentrations, and space time. Based on changes in CO₂ concentration with time, the reaction kinetic model of pure Mg₂SiO₄carbonation was developed. The reaction order was found to be approximately 1 for CO₂. The activation energy derived for the Arrhenius equation of Mg₂SiO₄-based carbonation is 76.2 ± 4.8 kJ/mol based on the changes in the reaction rates with temperature in the range of 150-200°C. To investigate the molecular reaction mechanism of CO₂ adsorption on the metal oxide surface, forming carbonates, we performed the quantum mechanical calculation of CO₂ adsorption on a CaO (100) surface. It shows that CO₂ molecules strongly react with the CaO surface due to its high reactivity and high basicity. Consequently, this study will basically lay the groundwork for the chemical mechanism of mineral carbonation of olivine with carbon dioxide in the presence of water vapor and as provide relevant information for the practical application of CO₂ sequestration by stable adsorption on mineral silicates.

M. Tech. Metallurgical Engineering. / Investigate the dissolution behaviour of sphalerite minerals in sulphuric acid using ferric ions as oxidants. The specific objectives are to study the following: 1. the mineralogical characteristics of sphalerite ores ; 2. mineralogical effects on dissolution kinetics in sulphuric acid and 3. Effect of ferric ion concentration on the dissolution kinetics of sphalerite ores in sulphuric acid. Mineralogy is a critical area in mineral processing and has to be considered during process design stage, and during each processing stage. The type and concentration of oxidizing agent depend on the mineralogical composition of the ore. Many researchers investigations and test-works have been reported on leaching of sphalerite using both ferric sulphate and ferric chloride (Al-Harahsheh and Kingman, 2007; Rath et al., 1981). However, little or no studies have been reported on the combined oxidants.

Thesis (M.Sc (Hons.))-- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998. / Bibliography : leaves 105-106.

Thesis (M. Sc.) (Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998. / Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (Honours) in the University of Western Sydney. Bibliography : p. 100-105.

Na região leste do RS, porção sul da Bacia do Paraná, ocorre uma unidade do Jurássico Superior denominada de Arenito Pedreira. Para definir as relações estratigráficas e caracterizar esta unidade foram avaliados dois furos de sondagem para pesquisa de carvão, situados na região de Osório. Foram coletadas amostras representativas para análise petrográfica e contagem modal dos minerais constituintes para definição da proveniência dos sedimentos. Esta unidade está depositada entre à Formação Botucatu por desconformidade sobreposta e a Formação Rio do Rastro, com a qual tem contato erosivo. O Arenito Pedreira é composto por uma sucessão de ciclos granodecrescentes constituídos por arcóseos líticos e conglomerados arcoseanos clasto-suportados e polimíticos com grânulos e seixos subangulosos de varias litologias, que sucedem para pacotes de arenitos médios a grossos com estratificação cruzada tangencial e de baixo ângulo, finalizando em arcóseos com marcas de ondas e pelitos laminados no topo. Os litoclastos analisados representam rochas metamórficas de alto e baixo grau, granitoides, rochas sedimentares e vulcânicas básicas. As feições diagenéticas observadas caracterizam condições de eodiagenese e mesodiagenese, indicando ukm ambiente de clima continental seco. Os litoclastos descritos representam fontes associadas a um arco magmático dissecado e mostram características petrográficas semelhantes aquelas encontradas em rochas do Terreno Tijucas e do Batólito Pelotas, do Cinturão Dom Feliciano no RS. Estes dados sugerem uma área fonte próxima a área de deposição. A porção norte da estrutura soerguida do Arco de Rio Grande de direção NW-SE, representa a área fonte dos sedimentos que constituíram o Arenito Pedreira. / In the eastern part of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the southern portion of the Paraná Basin, there is a Upper Jurassic unit informally called Pedreira Arenite. In define the stratigraphic relations and to characterize this unit, a description of the two drilling holes associated to coal research work situated in the Osório region. It was collected representative samples to petrographic analysis and the modal count of the constituent minerals was carried out to define the provenance and origin of the sediments. This unit is deposited under Botucatu Formation by to unconformity and over Rio do Rastro Formation, with which it has erosive contact. The Pedreira Arenite is composed of a succession of granodecrescent cycles consisting of lithic arkoses and conglomerate sandstones, clast-supported and polymitic with subangular granules and pebbles of various lithologies, which succeed for medium to thick sandstone packages with tangential and low angle cross-stratification. This package ending in marks of waves arkoses and laminated mudstones at the top. The analyzed lithoclasts are represented by high and low metamorphic rocks, granitoids, sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The diagenetic features found characterize conditions of eodiagenesis and mesodiagenesis, where the environment present features of continental dry climate environment. The provenance studies highlight sources associated with dissected magmatic arc and shows petrographic features similiar to the rocks founded in Tijucas Terrane and Pelotas Batholith, of the Dom Feliciano Belt in the RS State. This data refers to a source area very close to the deposition area. The north portion of the positive structure of NW-SE direction called Rio Grande Arch,represent the source area of the sediments that generated the Pedreira Arenite.

Há poucos estudos sobre a influência da mineralogia no comportamento do solo em relação aos atributos de resistência física. Neste sentido, o estudo tem como hipótese que independentemente do potencial matricial de água no solo a composição mineralógica da fração argila interfere na pressão de préconsolidação, modificando a capacidade de suporte de carga dos solos. Assim, objetivou-se caracterizar a composição mineralógica de classes de solos representativas no Rio Grande do Sul; Determinar parâmetros físico-mecânicos dos solos; E estabelecer correlações entre parâmetros físico-mecânicos com mineralógicos melhorando o entendimento da capacidade de suporte de carga. Para tal, foram selecionados sete solos de duas classes de solos; três Argissolos e quatro Latossolos. As amostras deformadas e indeformadas foram coletadas sob vegetação natural na camada de 10 a 15 cm de profundidade. Na fração TFSA, foram realizadas análises físicas (granulometria e área superficial específica), químicas (carbono orgânico total, teor de óxidos de ferro pedogênicos e óxidos de baixa cristalinidade) e mineralógicas (difratometria de raio x e refletância difusa). Nas amostras indeformadas foram realizadas as análises de permeabilidade ao ar e o ensaio de compressão uniaxial. Os dados foram analisados por correlações de Pearson. Os solos avaliados possuem a caulinita como principal mineral da fração argila, no entanto diferenças com relação aos óxidos de ferro foram encontradas, os quais correlacionaram com a pressão de pré-consolidação. A hematita influenciou positivamente sobre a pressão de pré-consolidação à 100 kPa, assim, dependendo do potencial matricial de água no solo. / There are few studies on the influence of mineralogy on the ground behavior in relation to physical resilience attributes. The is study has hypothesized that regardless of the matric potential of soil water the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction interferes with the pre-consolidation pressure by modifying the soil bearing capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the mineralogical composition of representative soil classes in Rio Grande do Sul; determine physical-mechanical parameters of the soil; and establish correlations between physico-mechanical parameters mineralogical improving the understanding of the load-bearing capacity. To this end, it was selected seven soils of two soil classes; three Ultisols and four Oxisols. The disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected under natural vegetation in the layer from 10 to 15 cm deep. In TFSA fraction, physical analyzes were performed (particle size and specific surface area), chemical (total organic carbon content of pedogenic iron oxides and low crystallinity oxides) and mineralogical (x ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance). In undisturbed soil samples were carried out air permeability tests and uniaxial compression test. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlations. The evaluated soils have kaolinite as the main mineral of the clay fraction, however differences with respect to iron oxides were found, which correlated with the pressure of pre-consolidation. The hematite had a positive effect on the pre-consolidation pressure of 100 kPa, thus depending on the matric potential of soil water.

Na região leste do RS, porção sul da Bacia do Paraná, ocorre uma unidade do Jurássico Superior denominada de Arenito Pedreira. Para definir as relações estratigráficas e caracterizar esta unidade foram avaliados dois furos de sondagem para pesquisa de carvão, situados na região de Osório. Foram coletadas amostras representativas para análise petrográfica e contagem modal dos minerais constituintes para definição da proveniência dos sedimentos. Esta unidade está depositada entre à Formação Botucatu por desconformidade sobreposta e a Formação Rio do Rastro, com a qual tem contato erosivo. O Arenito Pedreira é composto por uma sucessão de ciclos granodecrescentes constituídos por arcóseos líticos e conglomerados arcoseanos clasto-suportados e polimíticos com grânulos e seixos subangulosos de varias litologias, que sucedem para pacotes de arenitos médios a grossos com estratificação cruzada tangencial e de baixo ângulo, finalizando em arcóseos com marcas de ondas e pelitos laminados no topo. Os litoclastos analisados representam rochas metamórficas de alto e baixo grau, granitoides, rochas sedimentares e vulcânicas básicas. As feições diagenéticas observadas caracterizam condições de eodiagenese e mesodiagenese, indicando ukm ambiente de clima continental seco. Os litoclastos descritos representam fontes associadas a um arco magmático dissecado e mostram características petrográficas semelhantes aquelas encontradas em rochas do Terreno Tijucas e do Batólito Pelotas, do Cinturão Dom Feliciano no RS. Estes dados sugerem uma área fonte próxima a área de deposição. A porção norte da estrutura soerguida do Arco de Rio Grande de direção NW-SE, representa a área fonte dos sedimentos que constituíram o Arenito Pedreira. / In the eastern part of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the southern portion of the Paraná Basin, there is a Upper Jurassic unit informally called Pedreira Arenite. In define the stratigraphic relations and to characterize this unit, a description of the two drilling holes associated to coal research work situated in the Osório region. It was collected representative samples to petrographic analysis and the modal count of the constituent minerals was carried out to define the provenance and origin of the sediments. This unit is deposited under Botucatu Formation by to unconformity and over Rio do Rastro Formation, with which it has erosive contact. The Pedreira Arenite is composed of a succession of granodecrescent cycles consisting of lithic arkoses and conglomerate sandstones, clast-supported and polymitic with subangular granules and pebbles of various lithologies, which succeed for medium to thick sandstone packages with tangential and low angle cross-stratification. This package ending in marks of waves arkoses and laminated mudstones at the top. The analyzed lithoclasts are represented by high and low metamorphic rocks, granitoids, sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The diagenetic features found characterize conditions of eodiagenesis and mesodiagenesis, where the environment present features of continental dry climate environment. The provenance studies highlight sources associated with dissected magmatic arc and shows petrographic features similiar to the rocks founded in Tijucas Terrane and Pelotas Batholith, of the Dom Feliciano Belt in the RS State. This data refers to a source area very close to the deposition area. The north portion of the positive structure of NW-SE direction called Rio Grande Arch,represent the source area of the sediments that generated the Pedreira Arenite.

Há poucos estudos sobre a influência da mineralogia no comportamento do solo em relação aos atributos de resistência física. Neste sentido, o estudo tem como hipótese que independentemente do potencial matricial de água no solo a composição mineralógica da fração argila interfere na pressão de préconsolidação, modificando a capacidade de suporte de carga dos solos. Assim, objetivou-se caracterizar a composição mineralógica de classes de solos representativas no Rio Grande do Sul; Determinar parâmetros físico-mecânicos dos solos; E estabelecer correlações entre parâmetros físico-mecânicos com mineralógicos melhorando o entendimento da capacidade de suporte de carga. Para tal, foram selecionados sete solos de duas classes de solos; três Argissolos e quatro Latossolos. As amostras deformadas e indeformadas foram coletadas sob vegetação natural na camada de 10 a 15 cm de profundidade. Na fração TFSA, foram realizadas análises físicas (granulometria e área superficial específica), químicas (carbono orgânico total, teor de óxidos de ferro pedogênicos e óxidos de baixa cristalinidade) e mineralógicas (difratometria de raio x e refletância difusa). Nas amostras indeformadas foram realizadas as análises de permeabilidade ao ar e o ensaio de compressão uniaxial. Os dados foram analisados por correlações de Pearson. Os solos avaliados possuem a caulinita como principal mineral da fração argila, no entanto diferenças com relação aos óxidos de ferro foram encontradas, os quais correlacionaram com a pressão de pré-consolidação. A hematita influenciou positivamente sobre a pressão de pré-consolidação à 100 kPa, assim, dependendo do potencial matricial de água no solo. / There are few studies on the influence of mineralogy on the ground behavior in relation to physical resilience attributes. The is study has hypothesized that regardless of the matric potential of soil water the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction interferes with the pre-consolidation pressure by modifying the soil bearing capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the mineralogical composition of representative soil classes in Rio Grande do Sul; determine physical-mechanical parameters of the soil; and establish correlations between physico-mechanical parameters mineralogical improving the understanding of the load-bearing capacity. To this end, it was selected seven soils of two soil classes; three Ultisols and four Oxisols. The disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected under natural vegetation in the layer from 10 to 15 cm deep. In TFSA fraction, physical analyzes were performed (particle size and specific surface area), chemical (total organic carbon content of pedogenic iron oxides and low crystallinity oxides) and mineralogical (x ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance). In undisturbed soil samples were carried out air permeability tests and uniaxial compression test. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlations. The evaluated soils have kaolinite as the main mineral of the clay fraction, however differences with respect to iron oxides were found, which correlated with the pressure of pre-consolidation. The hematite had a positive effect on the pre-consolidation pressure of 100 kPa, thus depending on the matric potential of soil water.

M.Sc. / The ca. 800 km2 Tete Complex of NW Mozambique is located at the eastern end of the 830 ±30 Ma Zambezi Belt, near the transition zone into the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt. The Complex is located just south of the Sanangoe Shear Zone where Mesozoic and Late Palaeozoic cover rocks obscure much of the region. Country rocks immediately in contact with the Tete Complex include amphibolitic gneiss, graphite-bearing marble, calcsilicate gneiss, muscovite and biotite schist and quartzite of the Chidue Group. The Tete Complex may have been intrusive into the Chidue Group, although there is evidence inferring tectonic emplacement. Those few contact exposures that exist are equivocal. Some of the rocks within the Tete Complex have been affected by metamorphism up to amphibolite grade, although large proportions of the rocks retain pristine magmatic mineralogy and texture. The Tete Complex contains mafic, ultramafic and anorthositic rocks, dolerite dykes and minor Fe-Ti oxide-rich rocks that occur as rubble. Pyroxenite occurs as thin (<1-2 m), cumulate layers within gabbroic rocks. Most exposed anorthositic rocks occur in the Nyangoma area in the eastern part of the Tete Complex. The anorthosites and leucotroctolites are massive, coarse grained (2-3 cm), and contain plagioclase (An47-An57) megacrysts up to 10 cm in length, interstitial olivine (Fo59-Fobs) and orthopyroxene (En59- En75, mean A1203 = 1.84 wt.%) rimmed by clinopyroxene (mean = Wo 46En38Fs i6), pyrite and Fe-Ti oxides. Secondary biotite, iddingsite, epidote and green spinet are present. The stable coexistence of olivine and plagioclase limits the depth of emplacement to <7-8 kbar, or <20- 25 km; a relatively shallow level of emplacement is favored by the generally fine grain size of the gabbroic and doleritic rocks. Compositions of coexisting plagioclase and mafic silicates (orthopyroxene and olivine) are similar to those of massif-type anorthosites. Previously unmapped meta-anorthosite occurs along the western and northern margin (within the Sanangoe Shear Zone) of the Tete Complex and has been metamorphosed to amphibolite grade. The rock contains plagioclase (An38-An39), with the more Ab-rich compositions related to the formation of garnet (mean = A1m67GrotsPYI6Sp2). Metamorphic orthopyroxene (Enso-En53), clinopyroxene (mean = Wo37En38Fs25), mizzonitic scapolite (Me63), amphibole, biotite and apatite are present. High Cl contents in amphibole, scapolite and biotite (e.g., up to 4.7 wt. % in amphibole), suggest that a Cl-rich metamorphic fluid infiltrated the western margin of the Tete Complex. Olivine melagabbro from the north-central part of the Tete Complex contains plagioclase (An70-An26), olivine (Fo82-Fos4) and clinopyroxene (mean = WanEn1Fs0.2, mean A1203 = 2.56 wt. %), with primitive compositions compared to those in Nyangoma anorthositic rocks and pyroxenites. Pyroxenites are modally dominated by clinopyroxene (mean = Wo46-48En36-39Fsi3-18) with accessory interstitial plagioclases (Ano-An45) and discrete and exsolved orthopyroxenes (En 56-En75). Clinopyroxenes with high A1203 contents up to 9 wt. % are similar to high-Al pyroxene megacrysts. One sample of pyroxenite contains orthopyroxene (En56-En60) and plagioclase (An40-An45) with more evolved compositions compared to those in Nyangoma anorthositic rocks and olivine melagabbro. Normal Fe4- and Na-enrichment trends accompanying fractionation from magmas that may be common to the Nyangoma anorthositic rocks, pyroxenites and olivine melagabbro, are associated with an increase in Al relative to Cr along a line of nearly constant relative Ti content. Gabbro contains olivine and plagioclase crystals that are commonly zoned, thus ranging widely in composition (Fool -Fos°, Anss-Ans2)• Clinopyroxene (mean = Wo36En47Fsi6) constitutes ca. 34 modal % of gabbro. New whole-rock (Nyangoma anorthosite and leucotroctolite) and mineral (plagioclase, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene) Sm-Nd isotopic data yields ages between 975 ±33 Ma and 1041 ±131 Ma. The igneous crystallization age of the anorthositic rocks is estimated at 1025 ±79 Ma (9-point whole-rock regression). Rb-Sr isotopic compositions for whole-rock samples reveal no meaningful age relationships. Initial Nd isotopic compositions (calculated at 1.0 Ga) correspond to E Nd values between +3.5 and +4.5 (mean = +4.1) with Is, = 0.70276 — 0.70288 (mean = 0.70282), both inferring magmatic derivation from a depleted mantle source, possibly with little or no contamination by Archaean crustal components. TDM model ages range between 1074 and 1280 Ma (mean = 1148 Ma). There is a striking similarity between the Tete Complex anorthosites and those of SW Madagascar in terms of Nd isotopic compositions and the nature of country rocks; in both regions the anorthosites were emplaced either magmatically or tectonically into shelf-type supracrustal metasediments (marbles, quartzites, graphitic schists, etc.). Anorthosites intruded similar country rocks in Draining Maud Land, eastern Antarctica. Although anorthosites from Mozambique and Madagascar share a common depleted mantle signature with little or no contamination by Archaean crustal components, a direct stratigraphic correlation between these two areas (and possibly eastern Antarctica), awaits further geological and geochronological data.