Thesis (D. Min.)--Acadia University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 154-159). Also available in print.

Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-58).

Company law in Pakistan does not recognise shareholders’ right of derivative action. This situation raises the question as to what extent derivative action, if recognised under the company law in Pakistan, can promote good corporate governance and contribute to reinforce enforcement powers of shareholders as to safeguarding their rights? The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, this thesis argues that an effective derivative action system could act as a means of disciplining corporate management in Pakistan. Second, it presents it argumentations that other legal and extra-legal managerial disciplinary mechanisms have limitations of their own that support the introduction of a statutory derivative action system in Pakistan. The methodologies used in this thesis are doctrinal, historical, case study, comparative and semi-structured interviews. Doctrinal analysis has been employed when analysing statutes and case law. Case study methodology has been used to exemplify problems of directorial misconduct and providing empirical evidence for carrying out further analysis. A comparative approach has been utilized for which the UK has been chosen for comparative purposes to identify lessons that Pakistan can learn from the UK derivative action system while finding ways for effective use of derivative action system in Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews are aimed at providing an evaluation of the reform proposals. This study contributes to the subject of derivative action in three key ways. First, it provides an in-depth examination of the regulatory framework pertaining to shareholder protection in Pakistan in order to highlight the inherent challenges presented by un-updated legal framework. Second, based on the findings from this thesis, reform proposals are made as to codifying derivative actions, clarifying the procedural route for derivative proceedings and providing a funding mechanism to attract shareholders to bring derivative actions to enforce corporate rights. Third, suggestions proposed in this thesis are supported by both the opinions of the interviewees and original research on judicial experience of other jurisdictions, particularly the UK. The findings made in this study and proposals have implications for law reforms and are expected to inform practitioners, academics, legislators and policy makers on the way forward in reforming shareholder protection in Pakistan. Thus, this thesis would inform reforms in the company law in order to strengthen the enforcement power of shareholders and ensure corporate accountability in Pakistan.

abstract: Police misconduct is a relatively rare event, though typically, it is a male dominated event. As such, research on police misconduct has largely ignored women. Generally, research examines differences in misconduct by using sex as a control variable, or has focused on small samples of female officers using qualitative methods. Neither of these methods is able to explore or explain the possibility that factors related to officers' decisions to commit misconduct may differentially impact males and females. As a consequence, we are left with a shallow understanding of when and why women commit misconduct. This research fills this gap by a large sample (N=3,085) of matched police officers in the New York City Police Department, half of which committed career-ending misconduct between 1975 and 1996. Additionally, unlike previous research, this data includes a large sample (N=435) of females. Research has determined that some factors, such as having children or employment problems, are risk factors for misconduct regardless of sex; likewise, other factors, such as age and higher education, create protection against misconduct. Using logistic regression and split-sample z-score comparisons, analyses will focus on examining how the predictors differentially explain the likelihood of police misconduct for men and women. As expected, some predictors of misconduct that are salient for women, such as getting divorced, are not statistically significant for men; likewise, some variables that are significant for both men and women have a larger effect size for one sex, such as citizen complaints, which are of more predictive value for women than for men. These findings yield important theoretical, empirical, and policy implications. Notably, there is evidence that a gendered theory of police misconduct may be necessary. Additionally, conceptualizations within mainstream criminological theories may need to be rethought; for example, divorce was found to be a protective factor for women in this study, rather than a risk factor as both strain and life-course criminology would indicate. The findings also demonstrate the need for gender-specific models when studying police misconduct. Finally, the results of this study yield important policy implications, such as the utility of gender-specific hiring considerations and early-intervention "red flags." / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2015

This thesis analysed and compared the effectiveness of the anti-corruption legislation and anti-corruption agencies in the Eastern Cape and Northern Cape provinces. The thesis consists of six chapters. This study is based on the assumption that the struggle against corruption is best approached by developing a system of laws, institutions and supporting practices which promote integrity and make corrupt conduct a high-risk activity. It is imperative that a systemic approach is embarked upon in order to address the manner in which the major institutions and processes of the state are conquered and exploited by corrupt individuals and groups. With the magnitude in which hurdles exist that hamper the effectiveness of the country's anti-corruption legislation and anti-corruption agencies; South Africa is incapable of curbing corruption. With the purpose to determine a desired state of affairs, characteristics of effective anti-corruption agencies and anti-corruption legislation were presented. These served as a yardstick in measuring how effective such agencies and legislation are in South Africa. Reasons for failure of agencies and legislation are discussed. After discussing types of anti-corruption agencies, those that perform better than ix others were identified. Through literature review, the status quo concerning anti-corruption initiatives in South Africa was assessed. It was revealed that the level of the success of South African anti-corruption agencies and legislation has been limited. In the case of anti-corruption agencies, weaknesses such as fragmentation; insufficient coordination; poor delineation of responsibility; and assimilation of corruption work into a broader mandate were identified as major causes. Measures that are needed, such as informed citizens; a need to foster and sustain high levels of professional and ethically imbued civil servants; and legislation that supports the transition towards a corruption-free society that are needed to complement implementation of anti-corruption legislation, were also recognised. Ways of addressing such shortcomings that the writers identified are also presented. The methodology and design followed in the study are described. This is followed by the analysis and interpretation of the survey. The research findings are then presented. Based on the findings a number of recommendations that would assist in improving the effectiveness of anticorruption agencies and anti-corruption legislation are made. Flowing from the discussion of effective anti-corruption models that were identified by literature a model that would be ideal for South Africa is recommended.

Police suicide has been a largely under-researched topic with a small number of quantitative studies- that limit the exploration of potential causals models in the literature. This restricts current scholarly explanations behind officer suicide, furtheradding barriers to adequate prevention and detection. This study was focused on possible explanations behind police suicide, using Zhang's strain theory of suicide and Joiner's interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide to explain the variables used in the model. Using a moderation model, the research question asked to what extent an officer's education level affects the relationship between levels of police officer misconduct and risk for suicide. This study used archival data collected in a national study on law enforcement officers, partially funded by the National Institute of Justice and published in 1997(N=412). Logistic regression was used to analyze significance of the model, ultimately being unable to detect significance between the variables, neither individually on an officer's risk for suicide (officer misconduct= p>.05; officer education= p>.05) nor combined as an interaction to an officer's risk for suicide (p>.05). Recommendations for future research include utilizing a research design that better controls officer risk for suicide by equally weighing suicidal and nonsuicidal groups of officers. This will allow for a researcher to more validly compare the influence of the variables by viewing the effect on both groups (suicidal vs. non-suicidal). Implications for social change include contributing to the under-researched literature base of police suicide, increasing awareness of police suicide through scholarly publication and presentations, and advocating for better educated officers.

A mail survey of a nationwide sample of department heads in university departments of mechanical engineering, physiology, and psychology was conducted, in order to determine what these departments were doing to educate their Ph.D. students in research ethics. Department heads were also asked to supply names of the Ph.D. students in their departments. Based on the survey responses, departments within each discipline were then divided into those placing a relatively high versus low emphasis on teaching research ethics. Random samples of students in each emphasis category for each discipline were then surveyed and asked to rate the seriousness of 44 different hypothetical acts of misconduct, to determine if students from departments placing relatively higher emphasis on research ethics education had stricter standards than those from departments placing relatively lower emphasis on research ethics education. The two major findings of the study were (a) the majority of departments in physiology and psychology require some form of formal education in research ethics of their Ph.D. students, but only a very small percentage of mechanical engineering departments require such training; (b) the present study found no evidence that education of Ph.D. students in research ethics has any effect on the strictness of their stated ethical standards.

No description available.

No description available.