No description available.

The relationship among oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA integrity, and longevity continues to be without a general consensus. Here, we hypothesize that short- and long-lived birds, including the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), guineafowl (Numida meleagris), quail (Corturnix japonica), and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) differ in oxidative stress measured by blood markers and that this difference correlates with mitochondrial genomic integrity both within and among species. In preliminary studies and to establish a reference and standard for the search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we used a combination of experimental and in silico tools for genome analysis to screen selected regions of the chicken (Gallus gallus) mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) for SNPs. A total of 113 SNPs was identified which formed 17 haplotypes. The length of the turkey mtGenome sequence developed was 16,967 bp in length, while that of the budgie was 18,193 bp. Annotation of both sequences revealed a total of 13 genes and 24 RNA (22 tRNA and 2 rRNA). Within the budgie mtGenome sequence, a duplicated control region was observed, and there was an additional nucleotide in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 sequence of both the turkey and budgie. The total number of SNPs within the D-loop and 16S rRNA in each of the four species ranged from zero in the quail to 22 in the budgie. The new mtGenome sequences revealed that the turkey was most closely related to the chicken and quail, and the budgie was closest to kakabo (Strigops habroptilus). Oxidative stress, estimated by biomarkers thiobarbiturate acid reacting substance (TBARS), plasma uric acid (PUA), and glutathione (GSH) and at 10, 30, 55, and 80 wks-of-age within each species, was not consistent. The level of GSH was highest in guineafowl, but lowest in budgie. While PUA, an antioxidant, exhibited a significantly (P<0.05) decrease as birds grew order, TBARS, a lipid peroxidation index, increased with age. In general, oxidant and antioxidant status appeared to vary among species and to be significantly affected by age, unlike mutations in the mtDNA which remained the same in younger and older birds. This primary findings and discoveries of this dissertation research include the large scale SNP discovery in previously described and novel avian mtGenomes including the chicken and turkey, the two main poultry species, and the determination that oxidative stress in birds appears to vary with age but that this does not affect mitochondrial DNA variation. Recent evidence of work in mice appears to support results described in this dissertation that mitochondrial DNA mutations do not increase with age, the central paradigm of the "Free Radical Theory of Aging". The dissertation also described resources and data that will be a foundation for the use of birds, especially the budgie, as a model for testing this theory that remains of interest to both agricultural and biomedical sciences. / Ph. D.

<p>TThe proposed research will provide a set of 16 near complete mtDNA gene orders. The observed gene rearrangements will be used to investigate the phylogeny of the Sub-Class Hydroidolina and the Family Hydractiniidae. All the medusozoan classes contain a linear mitochondrial genome (mtDNA genome), whereas the Class Anthozoa contains a circular mtDNA genome (Bridge et al., 1992). The linear structure of the medusozoan mtDNA genomes is the most likely reason why these genomes are underrepresented, because the most rapid methods of mtDNA genome sequencing take advantage of the circular nature of most animal mtDNA. In a circular genome where mtDNA gene order is unknown prior to isolation, the forward and reverse primer(s) are designed based on the sequences of one or two highly conserved regions. Linear mtDNA requires a more involved approach, making it more difficult to sequence in its entirety than circular mtDNAs. In chapter 1, a novel assay to determine linear mtDNA gene orders is presented. In chapter 2, the near-complete mtDNA genome sequences are presented, as well as 7 near-complete mtDNA gene orders determined by the mtDNA gene order assay. These data are used to investigate relationships in the Family Hydractiniidae. Finally, in chapter 3, an additional 9 near complete mtDNA gene orders are used to explore relationships in the sub-class Hydroidolina. This study significantly increases the number of known near-complete mtDNA genomes, as well as their mtDNA.</p> / Dissertation

Mitochondrial genomes provide a valuable dataset for phylogenetic studies, in particular of metazoan phylogeny because of the extensive taxon sample that is available. Beyond the traditional sequence-based analysis it is possible to extract phylogenetic information from the gene order. Here we present a novel approach utilizing these data based on cyclic list alignments of the gene orders. A progressive alignment approach is used to combine pairwise list alignments into a multiple alignment of gene orders. Parsimony methods are used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees, ancestral gene orders, and consensus patterns in a straightforward approach. We apply this method to study the phylogeny of protostomes based exclusively on mitochondrial genome arrangements. We, furthermore, demonstrate that our approach is also applicable to the much larger genomes of chloroplasts.

No description available.

The transformation of genomic data into functionally relevant information about the composition of biological systems hinges critically on the field of computational genome biology, at the core of which lies comparative genomics. The aim of comparative genomics is to extract meaningful functional information from the differences and similarities observed across genomes of different organisms. We develop and test a novel framework for applying complex models of nucleotide evolution to solve phylogenetic and comparative genomic problems, and demonstrate that these techniques are crucial for accurate comparative evolutionary inferences. Additionally, we conduct an exploratory study using vertebrate mitochondrial genomes as a model to identify the reciprocal influences that genome structure, nucleotide evolution, and multi-level molecular function may have on one another. Collectively this work represents a significant and novel contribution to accurately modeling and characterizing patterns of nucleotide evolution, a contribution that enables the enhanced detection of patterns of genealogical relationships, selection, and function in comparative genomic datasets. Our work with entire mitochondrial genomes highlights a coordinated evolutionary shift that simultaneously altered genome architecture, replication, nucleotide evolution and molecular function (of proteins, RNAs, and the genome itself). Current research in computational biology, including the advances included in this dissertation, continue to close the gap that impedes the transformation of genomic data into powerful tools for the analysis and understanding of biological systems function.

As sequencing technology has taken off since the late 1990's, a unique phenomenon has been observed repeatedly: genes with little to no conservation across species. For a while, the predominant theory that arose to explain these genes was duplication and subsequent evolution of conserved genes. While this theory can explain some, still many genes have now been proven to arrive de novo - from previously non-coding DNA. This work further investigates the origins of these de novo evolved genes and their practical application relevance in crop biotechnology. This work demonstrates the dynamic nature of plant mitochondrial genomes between even closely related species, and the integral role of mitochondrial genomes in the origin of de novo orphan genes in plants. To better understand the functional potential of plant orphan genes, the network of the orphan gene Qua Quine Starch (QQS) is further elucidated. This analysis demonstrates the broad functionality of an orphan gene as a "fine-tuning knob" in many plant pathways. Further, QQS' role in protein and starch allocation and plant defense is tied to the Nuclear Factor Y subunit C4 (NF-YC4) transcription factor - this knowledge leads us to manipulate expression of native NF-YC4 transcription factors in important crop species to successfully increase seed protein, increase broad disease resistance, and expedite maturation in soybean. A key goal in biotechnology is creating non-transgenic plants with advantageous traits. To accomplish this, the CRISPR-CAS9 system was used to target and delete repressive cis-regulatory elements in the GmNF-YC4-1 promoter sequence. This has allowed us to modify the activity of GmNF-YC4-1 and thus increase soybean seed protein, making it possible to get a non-transgenic plant by segregating out the CRISPR-CAS9 T-DNA and keeping the regulatory deletion. Overall, this work uncovers a novel mechanism of orphan gene evolution and uses the study of the orphan gene QQS to develop important crop biotechnology.

Malgré la relocalisation au noyau d'une majorité des gènes du procaryote ancestral à l'origine des mitochondries, une poignée de gènes réside encore dans l'organite après près de deux milliards d'années d'évolution. Les raisons du maintien d'un génome mitochondrial sont mal comprises. Je me suis intéressé à cette problématique via des expériences de relocalisation artificielle de gènes mitochondriaux chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nous avons réussi, pour la première, à exprimer de manière fonctionnelle depuis le noyau le gène ATP9 qui encode une petite protéine hydrophobe essentielle au canal à protons de l'ATP synthase. Majoritairement mitochondrial chez les eucaryotes, comme S.cerevisiae, ce gène est retrouvé dans le génome nucléaire de la majorité des métazoaires, des algues vertes chlorophycées et des champignons filamenteux ascomycètes tel que Podospora anserina. Nos résultats montrent que l'hydrophobicité de la sous-unité Atp9p doit être diminuée pour qu'elle puisse être importée dans la mitochondrie depuis le cytosol. Nous avons également identifié un certain nombre d'autres adaptations pour optimiser l'expression du gène ATP9 relocalisé. Il apparaît donc que si le transfert du gène ATP9 est en principe possible chez la levure, il s'agit d'un processus très complexe. Une telle évolution n'a donc que peu de chances de se produire et d'être maintenue par la sélection naturelle, à moins que le transfert du gène ATP9 au noyau ne confère quelque avantage à l'organisme. Nous avons confirmé cette hypothèse par une étude menée chez P.anserina où nous avons montré que la relocalisation au noyau du gène ATP9, qui s'est produite naturellement au cours de l'évolution, a permis la mise en place de régulations spécifiques permettant d'ajuster les besoins en ATP synthase au cours du cycle de vie de ce champignon. Les résultats de cette étude nous amènent à introduire une nouvelle hypothèse selon laquelle les variations de contenu en gènes des génomes mitochondriaux ne sont pas influencées uniquement par des contraintes au niveau de la structure de leur produits, mais aussi par le mode de vie de l'organisme. / Despite the nuclear relocation of most genes of the ancestral procaryotic genome which gave birth to mitochondria, a small set of genes still remains into the organite after 2 billions years of evolution. The reasons for this maintenance of mitochondrial genome are currently not clear. I studied these questions by experimenting artificial relocations of mitochondrial genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We managed, for the first, to functionally express the ATP9 gene from the nucleus, which encodes a small hydrophobic essential subunit of the proton chanel of the ATP synthase. Mostly mitochondrial within eukaryotes like S.cerevisiae, this gene can be found in the nuclear genome in most metazoans, chlorophyceans green algae and ascomycota filamentous fungi like Podospora anserina. Our results show that the hydrophobicity of the Atp9p subunit has to be decreased to be imported into the mitochondria from the cytosol. We also identified some adaptations optimizing the expression of the relocated ATP9 gene. It seems that if the ATP9 gene relocation is possible within the yeast, yet it is a complex and difficult process. Such an evolution has only few chances to occur and to be maintained by natural selection, unless it could confer some advantage to the organism. We have confirmed this hypothesis in a study made on P.anserina, in which we showed that the natural ATP9 relocation to the nucleus that appeared during its evolution allowed the setting up of specific regulations modulating the ATP synthase needs during the life-cycle of this fungus. The results presented here lead us to introduce a new hypothesis postulating that the variations of the set of genes contained in the mitochondrial genome are influenced not only by the constraints generated by their products structure, but also by the lifestyle of the organism.

A mitocôndria é a organela citoplasmática responsável pelo maior sistema produtor de energia, a fosforilação oxidativa (OXPHOS). Foi proposto que em células tumorais a hiper-regulação da glicólise em condições normais de oxigênio (Efeito Warburg), está associada a defeitos na OXPHOS e pode regular o fenótipo tumoral, por exemplo, o potencial metastático da célula por meio da indução de vias pseudohipóxicas durante a normóxia. Estudos recentes mostraram que vários tipos de tumores possuem mutações somáticas em seu genoma mitocondrial, o que pode alterar as funções da OXPHOS levando a troca de metabolismo energético nas células tumorais e induzindo a tumorigênese. Diante disto, o presente trabalho avaliou a instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial em etapas bem definidas da progressão do câncer colorretal. O DNA genômico foi extraído de amostras de adenoma, adenocarcinoma, tecido adjacente e sangue periférico de nove pacientes diagnosticados com Câncer colorretal. O genoma mitocondrial foi amplificado e sequenciado para que fossem feitas as buscas por mutações nas amostras de sangue periférico, adenomas e adenocarcinoma. Foi também medido o número de cópias relativas do mtDNA. Foram encontradas um total de 233 mutações, das quais 162 foram em comum entre os três tecidos avaliados. As amostras de adenocarcinoma foram as que apresentaram uma maior média de mutações por amostra (44,6), seguidas dos adenoma (40,2) e do sangue periférico (34). As amostras de adenocarcinoma apresentaram uma maior instabilidade do mtDNA refletidas a partir de um maior número de mutações somáticas (tanto do tipo InDel como mutações de uma única base), mutações não sinônimas com maior patogenicidade, maior número de mutações em heteroplasmia e com taxa de heteroplasmia elevada. Já as amostras de adenoma apresentaram instabilidade dos seus mtDNA intermediários entre o tecido não tumoral e tumoral, refletindo bem a etapa de modificação celular no qual esses tecidos se encontram. Na análise do número de cópias relativas, as amostras de adenocarcinoma tiveram diminuição no número de cópias relativas quando comparadas com tecido adjacente (p= 0,01) e com adenomas (p= 0,04). Em síntese, o presente trabalho sugere que a instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial parece ter um papel importante no desenvolvimento de tumores colorretais. / The mitochondrion is a cytoplasmic organelle responsible for the major energy producing system, which is the oxidative phosphorylation enzyme pathway (OXPHOS). It was proposed that glycolysis up-regulation during normal oxygen conditions (Warburg effect) may induce defects in the mitochondrial respiration and regulate tumoral phenotypes, for example, metastatic potential through the induction of pseudohipoxic pathways during normoxia. Recent studies have shown that many kinds of tumors have mtDNA somatic mutations, which could alter the OXPHOS functions, leading to changes in glucose metabolismo and improvind tumorigenesis. This study analyzed the mitochondrial genome instability of well defined stages of colorectal cancer. Genomic DNA was extracted from adenoma, adenocarcinoma, adjacente tissue and peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with Colorectal cancer. The mitochondrial genome was amplified and sequenced for mutations screening in adenoma, adenocarcinoma e blood samples. It was also analyzed the relative mtDNA copy number. It was find a total of 233 mutations, which 162 were in common among the three analyzed tissues. The adenocarcinoma samples presented a greater mutation mean per sample (44.6) followed by adenomas samples (40.2) and blood samples (34). The adenocarcinoma samples also shown a greater mitochondrial genome instability refleted by increased of somatic mutations (InDels and single nucleotide variation), non sinonimous mutations with higher patogenicity, increased number of heteroplasmatic mutations and higher heteroplasmatic levels. The adenoma samples showed intermadiate instability of its mtDNA, which well reflects the intermediate stage of cellular modifications of this tissue. The mtDN copy number analysis shown that the adenocarcinoma samples presented decreased number of mtDNA content when compared with adjacente tissue (p= 0.01) and adenoma samples (p= 0.04). In summary the presente study suggests that the mitochondrial genomic instability seems to play an importante role in colorectal tumorigenesis.

Estudos recentes relataram oncogenes induzindo a reprogramação metabólica no câncer. Essa reprogramação é fundamental para que as células cancerosas tenham nutrientes e biomoléculas suficiente para manter sua alta taxa proliferativa. A mitocôndria tem um papel central no metabolismo energético da célula e alterações no seu genoma, tanto em relação a mutações como em número de cópias, já foram bastante observados em vários tipos tumorais. Além disso, deficiência no fator de transcrição mitocondrial A (TFAM), fundamental para a transcrição e estabilidade do mtDNA, já foi associada com o crescimento tumoral. Diante disso, nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial no metabolismo energético e crescimento do melanoma. Para isso, nós medimos a instabilidade do mtDNA utilizando como parâmetros: o acúmulo de mutações no mtDNA, alterações no mtDNAcn e a expressão do TFAM. O impacto da instabilidade do mtDNA foi avaliado em três modelos diferentes de melanoma: um modelo in vitro de linhagens celulares, dados de expressão gênica de tumores de melanoma metastático proveniente do TCGA e um modelo murino induzível de melanoma (BrafV600E/Ptennull), adicionado a um background alternativo de deficiência para o TFAM/mtDNAcn. Esse modelo murino também nos permitiu avaliar a deficiência do TFAM limitada a células tumorais (Tfamflox) e tanto em células tumorais, como no seu microambiente (Tfam+/-). Nas análises in vitro, nós observamos correlações positivas entre o mtDNAcn e a expressão do TFAM com a taxa de consumo de glicose e produção de ATP, indicando um impacto desses parâmetros na bioenergética celular. Análises de expressão gênica, utilizando tanto as linhagens de melanoma como tumores de melanoma metastático, nos sugeriram que o TFAM regula genes indutores de angiogênese, a resposta imunológica humoral e vias metabólicas de aminoácidos. Nas análises in vivo, nós observamos um aumento dos tumores em camundongos Tfam+/-, indicando que a deficiência de TFAM/mtDNAcn em células tumorais e no seu microambiente induz a tumorigênese, o que confirma os dados de expressão gênica encontrados com linhagens e tecido de melanoma. Além disso, análises de metabolômica e transcriptômica combinadas nos sugeriram que as células de melanoma com deficiência no TFAM/mtDNAcn são mais dependentes do metabolismo de glutamina. Diante disso, nós concluímos que a deficiência do TFAM/mtDNAcn tem um papel importante no crescimento do melanoma, induzindo a expressão de genes pro-tumorigênicos e aumentando o consumo da glutamina para suprir as necessidades proliferativas das células cancerosas. Esses dados são relevantes e podem nos ajudar a entender melhor o papel da mitocondrial na progressão do melanoma. / Recent studies have shown many oncogenes triggering metabolic reprogramming in cancer. The metabolic switch in cancer cells is necessary to supply the high demand for nutrients and biomolecules for proliferative cells. In this context, mitochondria play a central role in the energetic metabolism of the cell and changes in its genome, such as an increased load of mutations and alterations in mtDNA content, have been reported in several cancers. In addition, deficiency in the Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM), responsible for transcription and maintenance of mtDNA stability, was previously associated with tumor growth. Based on that, our goal was to evaluate the impact of the mitochondrial genome instability in the energetic metabolism and melanoma growth. mtDNA instability was inferred measuring mtDNA mutations load and content, as well as TFAM expression. Its impact was evaluated in three different melanoma models: an in vitro model using melanoma cell lines, gene expression data from metastatic melanoma tumors, publicly available at TCGA, and an inducible murine model of melanoma (BRAFV600E/PTENnull), crossed onto different TFAMdeficient backgrounds. The murine model also provides us a tractable model to examine the consequences of mtDNA instability limited to cancer cells (Tfamflox) and in both cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (Tfam+/-). In vitro analysis showed us a positive correlation between mtDNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and TFAM expression with glucose consumption and ATP production, pointing an impact of these parameters in cellular bioenergetics. Further gene expression analysis, using both cell lines and metastatic melanoma data, suggested that TFAM could regulate the expression of angiogenesis genes, humoral immunity and amino acid metabolism. In vivo analysis confirmed the gene expression data, and revealed a higher melanoma growth in Tfam+/-. Also, combined metabolomics and transcriptomics data suggested that TFAM/mtDNAcn deficient melanoma cells rely mostly on glutamine metabolism to supply their energetic requirements. In conclusion, these data indicate that TFAM/mtDNAcn influences melanoma growth by triggering pro-tumorigenic signals and inducing metabolic reprogramming towards glutamine metabolism. These results are relevant and might help us understand how mitochondria affect melanoma progression.