This thesis investigates the citizenship boundary encountered by foreign workers in the global labour market, with a focus on Canada and South Korea. In the past few years, there has been an increase in the number of incoming temporary migrant workers to both these countries. Temporary foreign workers often struggle to exercise their legal rights in the country of residence because they lack the membership that imparts the rights and duties inherent in citizenship. Territory-based citizenship fails to address the potential for access to citizenship of these immigrants in their countries of residence and the notion of “stakeholder principle,” initially introduced by Rainer Bauböck, is suggested to provide a flexible perspective on the criteria for access to the membership. This thesis uses the case of temporary foreign workers in Canada and South Korea as a case study to argue the relationship between this membership and its actual application of providing rights and protections to the resident aliens. Stakeholder citizenship provides a means of access to certain legal rights and protections to newcomers, but the limitations placed on certain migrant workers may result in their ineligibility for stakeholder status. The thesis concludes that, if temporary foreign workers cannot gain full access to social rights and integration, they should not be required to participate fully in the duties that accompany those rights. In all cases, both countries, the host state and the sending state, should cooperate to protect the legal status of TFWs. / Graduate

In order to satisfy customer demand for a high performance “global” mobility service, network operators (ISPs, carriers, mobile operators, etc.) are facing the need to evolve to a converged “all-IP” centric heterogeneous access infrastructure. However, the integration of such heterogeneous access networks (e.g. 802.11, 802.16e, UMTS etc) brings major mobility issues. This thesis tackles issues plaguing existing mobility management solutions in converged IP-based heterogeneous networks. In order to do so, the thesis firstly proposes a cross-layer mechanism using the upcoming IEEE802.21 MIH services to make intelligent and optimized handovers. In this respect, FMIPv6 is integrated with the IEEE802.21 mechanism to provide seamless mobility during the overall handover process. The proposed solution is then applied in a simulated vehicular environment to optimize the NEMO handover process. It is shown through analysis and simulations of the signalling process that the overall expected handover (both L2 and L3) latency in FMIPv6 can be reduced by the proposed mechanism by 69%. Secondly, it is expected that the operator of a Next Generation Network will provide mobility as a service that will generate significant revenues. As a result, dynamic service bootstrapping and authorization mechanisms must be in place to efficiently deploy a mobility service (without static provisioning), which will allow only legitimate users to access the service. A GNU Linux based test-bed has been implemented to demonstrate this. The experiments presented show the handover performance of the secured FMIPv6 over the implemented test-bed compared to plain FMIPv6 and MIPv6 by providing quantitative measurements and results on the quality of experience perceived by the users of IPv6 multimedia applications. The results show the inclusion of the additional signalling of the proposed architecture for the purpose of authorization and bootstrapping (i.e. key distribution using HOKEY) has no adverse effect on the overall handover process. Also, using a formal security analysis tool, it is shown that the proposed mechanism is safe/secure from the induced security threats. Lastly, a novel IEEE802.21 assisted EAP based re-authentication scheme over a service authorization and bootstrapping framework is presented. AAA based authentication mechanisms like EAP incur signalling overheads due to large RTTs. As a result, overall handover latency also increases. Therefore, a fast re-authentication scheme is presented which utilizes IEEE802.21 MIH services to minimize the EAP authentication process delays and as a result reduce the overall handover latency. Analysis of the signalling process based on analytical results shows that the overall handover latency for mobility protocols will be approximately reduced by 70% by the proposed scheme.

This paper examines the impact of dowry on household income mobility in Indian context. Dowry has many adverse effects in the society. Dowry, a key component of the extravagant wedding celebrations that are part of Indian culture, may act as a hindrance on efficacy of poverty alleviation programs. We utilize the two rounds of Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS) data to evaluate if dowry expenditure on a daughter’s marriage can explain the income mobility and possibly if it forces some households into poverty trap. Regression results suggest that dowry expenditure constitutes a significant financial burden to high income households contrary to the anecdotal belief that it more adversely affects lower income households.

We report diffraction experiments on some representative Fast Ion Conductors. The structures of anhydrous stoichiometric deuterium (DAl₁₁O₁₇) and silver (AgAl ₁₁O₁₇) beta aluminas have each been determined at four temperatures in the range 4 . 2K - 773K using powder neutron diffraction (PND) data. In DAl₁₁O₁₇, a strong D-O(5) hydroxyl linkage is maintained at all four temperatures .For AgAl₁₁O₁₇ at 4.2K,we have observed, for the first time in metal beta aluminas, a completely ordered cation distribution. The material, which was prepared by a new route, is accurately stoichiometric. At 298K,the silver atoms have become somewhat delocalised and by 773K they are organised in a highly diffuse manner. Single crystal neutron diffraction was used to elucidate the proton distributions in ammonium beta alumina, (NH₄) _1.25Al₁₁- 0_17.125, and the two derivatives (NH₄) _0.78H_0.25Al₁₁0₁₇ and 'HA1₁₁- 0₁₇.In the parent compound, the positions and orientations of the two independant (NH⁺₄) species are such that all protons are involved in favourable hydrogen-bonding schemes. In formation of the first derivative, one of these sites becomes completely depopulated. Our results clarify the thermal behaviour of (NH₄) _1.25Al₁₁0_17.125 and we propose schemes by which stoichiometric beta aluminas are formed from this precursor and the related (H₃0)_1+x- Al₁₁0_17.+x/2. The crystal structures of I-Ag₃PO₄(25°C and 375°C) , II-Ag₃PO₄(650°C) ,II-Na₃PO₄ (γ) (400°C) and the solid solutions Na_3(1-x)Al_xPO₄are described. The high-temperature forms are considered in relation to the fluorite structure and mechanisms for the ionic conduction of these phases are proposed. A single crystal X-ray diffraction study of β-Ag₂SO₄ (25°C) reveals that it is isostructural with thenardite, V-Na ₂SO₄.The high-temperature modifications a-Ag₂SO₄ (490°C) and α-K₂SO₄ (620°C) have been characterised using PND data. A PND experiment on silver (I) fluoride confirms that it adopts the rocksalt structure and we find no firm evidence for a significant population of defects.

Since the introduction of vaccines, many deaths due to various diseases including measles, have been drastically reduced. In Canada, there is a recommended vaccine schedule for all residents of the country; however, vaccine practises and immunisation schedules can vary from location to location as well as vary from country to country, leading to discrepancies in vaccine coverage and herd immunities. In addition, some anti-vaccination movements have been noted to persuade individuals into refusing vaccines, even in historically well immunised locations. In order to investigate the effect of varying vaccine coverage, a two patch metapopulation model for measles incorporating a single dose vaccine is formulated and studied. / October 2016

In this article, I introduce a novel airborne network mobility model, called the Smooth Turn Mobility Model, that captures the correlation of acceleration for airborne vehicles across time and spatial coordinates. E?ective routing in airborne networks (ANs) relies on suitable mobility models that capture the random movement pattern of airborne vehicles. As airborne vehicles cannot make sharp turns as easily as ground vehicles do, the widely used mobility models for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks such as Random Waypoint and Random Direction models fail. Our model is realistic in capturing the tendency of airborne vehicles toward making straight trajectory and smooth turns with large radius, and whereas is simple enough for tractable connectivity analysis and routing design.

Thesis advisor: Robert G. Murphy / Thesis advisor: Fabio Schiantarelli / Thesis advisor: James Anderson / This dissertation consists of four essays. The first two essays investigate macroeconomic fluctuations and their sources. The third and fourth essays examine international capital mobility. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1994. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Projektet redogör för AppConfig Community, vilket är en del av Enterprise Mobility Management (EMM). AppConfig Community består av flera Enterprise Mobility Management-leverantörer (EMM-leverantörer) och de har tillsammans tagit fram en standard på hur AppConfig till Android och iOS ska implementeras.   AppConfig handlar om konfigurering av appar via EMM-leverantörer. Projektet redogör för hur AppConfig implementeras enligt denna standard och hur företag kan använda det i sin verksamhet.   I projektet utvecklades en app enligt denna standard till båda plattformarna och appen läser in ett användarnamn från en EMM-leverantör.   Denna rapport redogör för de möjligheter och säkerhetsrisker med Enterprise Mobility (EM) samt vilka åtgärder som finns inom EMM för att förhindra säkerhetsriskerna.   Slutsatserna som kan dras av resultatet från projektet är att AppConfig är enkelt att implementera för företag och att konfigureringen via EMM-leverantörer kan underlätta arbetet med mobila lösningar för företag. / This project describes AppConfig Community, which is a part of Enterprise Mobility Management (EMM). AppConfig Community consists of a number of Enterprise Mobility Management-suppliers (EMM-suppliers) and together they have developed a standard for how AppConfig for Android and iOS has to be implemented.   AppConfig is about the configuration of apps via EMM-suppliers. This project intends to describe how AppConfig is implemented according to this standard and how companies can use it.   An app was developed for both platforms according to this standard and the app reads the configuration of a username from an EMM-supplier.   This report intends to describe the possibilities and risks with Enterprise Mobility (EM) and the procedures that are available in EMM to prevent these risks.   The conclusions that can be drawn from the result of the project is that AppConfig is easy to implement for companies and that the configuration via EMM-suppliers can facilitates the work with mobile solutions for companies.

Against the background of Nigeria’s substantial rise in oil income, under three distinct chapters, this thesis analysed poverty mobility, inequality, and developments in oil industry. Given that the rate of progress against poverty is considered to be an increasing function of growth (Ravallion and Chen, 1997; Ravallion, 2001; Dollar and Kraay, 2002, 2016); and based on documented evidence on the negative effect of oil intensity on growth, it is hypothesized that: (a) ‘resource-curse’ makes it harder to grow the economy (e.g Gelb (1988) and associates, Sachs and Warner (1995, 1997, 2001), Auty (2001); Gylfason (2011; 2001), and Sala-i-Martin and Subranmanian (2013)); (b) inequality is growth-impeding and also make it harder for the growth that occurs to help poor people (Ravallion, 2007). Therefore, the presence of ‘resource-curse’ and the high level of inequality in Nigeria could explain the country’s inability to address its rising poverty incidence, given its enournous oil wealth. In other words growth drives poverty reduction. Growth is crowded-out by ‘resource-curse’ (or oil intensity). Therefore oil intensity harms poverty reduction. To provide the contexts for these hypotheses, we open the thesis by clearly laying out, in Chapters 1 and 2, the groundwork for the analyses that follow: respectively, general introduction, and review of relevant literature. We analyse the evolution of welfare of households according to the demographics of the household heads in Chapter 3. In Chapters 4, 5 and 6, we asked the following questions and try to address the questions using original survey data on Nigeria and aggregate-level data on oil-related variables. What is the current extent of poverty and inequality in Nigeria? How have these evolved through the years? Is there micro-based evidence of the ‘curse-effect’ of oil on the average living standards of households in the country? Since a static poverty profile understates the extent of poverty, in Chapter 3, we construct and used a synthetic panel to measure poverty dynamics (i.e. the rates of poverty transitions, movement in and out of poverty or individual poverty experiences through time) in the country. In addition, we model the determinants of poverty dynamics using Censored Least Absolute Deviation (CLAD) estimator. The chapter produces evidence that there were more transitions [into] than exits from poverty over 1980-2010; and, as a result, absolute poverty incidence has risen by nearly four-fold over the period. We also find evidence that much of the observed poverty in Nigeria is chronic than transient and the determinants of transient and chronic poverty are not congruent. For instance, the dummy coefficient for households living in oil producing states indicate stronger impact on transient than chronic poverty. Finally, drawing on six sweeps of household surveys of Nigeria that together span 1980–2010 with a pooled sample size of about 97,000 households and data on Nigeria’s age-gender-specific life expectancy from the World Health Organization, this paper shows that about 72 percent to 91 percent of Nigeria’s poor are at risk of spending their entire life below the poverty line. To show this, I estimate the duration of poverty spells and link this to the average age of the poor and to the life expectancy. I find that the poor are expected to escape poverty at the age of 85.46 years on average. However, there is heterogeneity in the exit time, with the transient poor averaging 3–7 years below the poverty line and the chronically poor averaging 37 years or more. Given these exit times and life expectancy, the mean age of the poor at their expected time of escaping poverty exceeds the average life expectancy, meaning some of the poor are not guaranteed to escape poverty in their remaining lifetime. The implication is that growth in Nigeria has not been sufficient nor has it demonstrated the potential to help the poor break free from poverty. However, like Brazil, Nigeria can significantly reduce poverty without absolute reliance on economic growth by reducing its high inflation rate and substantially expanding its social security and social assistance transfers. In Chapter 5, using household surveys of Nigeria, we link and analyse the evolution of poverty in Nigeria to the response of poverty to growth. In particular, we test two hypotheses [put forward by earlier studies]: (i) "Growth is still good for the poor" - (Dollar, Kleineberg, & Kraay, 2016); (ii)" Inequality is bad for the poor" - (Ravallion and Chan, 2007). In a two-fold aim, we estimate the various measures of distribution in order to see how inequality has evolved over 1980-2010 on one hand, and link this evolution to the response of poverty to growth, on the other. Based on the findings, our measures of distribution are all in agreement that Nigeria is less unequal in 2010 than it was in 1980. This decline in inequality, we found, was partly driven by contractions in average living standards, 'pro-poor' growth during 1996-2004 and redistribution of welfare among the non-poor rather than, as expected, redistribution between the non-poor and the poor. Also, we found that the changing pattern of inequality has mitigated the impact of contraction on the poor and in another period, countervailed the gains of growth that should have accrued to the poor. We investigate in Chapter 6, at a micro-level, the hypothesis that the abundance of natural resources (e.g. oil) exerts a depressing effect on growth. Instead of growth in GDP per capita, growth in PCE was used as the LHS variable in the growth regression. Because the surveys in Nigeria are not panel, we follow Deaton (1985) to construct a pseudo panel for the above exercise. This chapter did not find – as far as our leading measures of oil intensity are concerned – negative effects of changes in oil intensity on changes in household consumption. However, growth in the country’s oil revenue is found to be growth-impeding in household consumption. For instance, based on our POLS (FE) results, a 1% rise in real oil revenue is associated with decline in per capita expenditure of households by 0.35%. The impact of the variable that measures oil output (in barrels) per person per day, is negative both for POLS and FE estimations and significant at 1% levels. This result has two implications. First, the country’s population size has been growing at a rate faster than the output from oil, i.e the country’s major source of revenue. More clearly, the more Nigerians there are, for every barrel of crude produced per day, the slower the growth in household welfare. Precisely, if the number of citizens for every barrel of crude produced per day grows by 100%, household welfare will decline by 52%. We provide general policy conclusion in Chapter 7.