Due to its extensive applications, VANETs had emerged as one of the important research areas in wireless networks. The main motto of vehicular technologies is to enhance traffic management by improving safety and also provide a reliable data exchange and information services among vehicles.   Vehicular communications is a co-operative technology that enables communication among different vehicles, infrastructure and other devices. V2V, V2I communication models are commonly used in vehicular networks. Recently, extensive research is being performed on hybrid model which integrates both V2V and V2I models. The main goal of this research is to study the nature of these communication models in an urban and highway traffic environment and suggest a simulated model which helps to which provide reliable vehicular communication.   Literature study helps to gain knowledge on the background of vehicular networks. Later, a simulated model is designed with the help of SUMO and NS-3 which implements all these communication models. The simulated model which is developed is classified into different phases and each phase represents a different communication model. Each phase is completely different from one another. All these phases are incorporated in both urban and highway traffic environments.   Performance metrics are evaluated and analyzed to study the behavior of these models. Throughput, PDR, Packet-Drop and Propagation-Delay are the performance metrics considered.   Simulation analysis shows that hybrid model exhibits a stable communication behavior when compared with V2V and V2I in both urban and highway traffic environments.

The urban population is predicted to increase to 66% by 2050. The rapid growth of urbanization and increasing congestion are significant challenges faced by the world today. Innovative solutions in urban mobility are key for a successful development and a sustainable future. The new paradigm, Internet of Things (IoT), facilitates the need for new approaches in urban transportation, leading to a modern concept: Smart Mobility. The boom of technology and innovation from recent years allowed a great expansion of IoT. Furthermore, the number of smart devices that communicate, cooperate and complement each other, grows rapidly in every domain broadening the scope of IoT applications. This paper sets to discuss the impact that IoT might have on urban mobility, mentioning its implications, challenges and technical solutions. It further reviews the advancements made in the transport infrastructure along the years that support the emergence of Smart Mobility. Three main research questions stay at the forefront of this paper which are drafted in pursuit of the solutions for the problems and challenges currently faced by urban transportation. Which leads to a sustainable future with efficient and effective urban transportation system. The paper uses a mix-method approach, using on one hand qualitative research for literature review (State of the field) and on the other hand quantitative research to assess public opinion on the research topic, through an online questionnaire. To answer the research questions with proper arguments, both research methods were necessary, which lead to optimal results. The results of the questionnaire were interpreted based on Spearman's correlation and descriptive statistical analysis. They brought an in-depth view on the public opinion regarding IoT and the developments enabled by this paradigm within the urban mobility sphere. The output of the questionnaire highlights the eagerness of participants usually stuck in traffic to see innovation within urban mobility. Over all the results based on the opinions suggest that the public strongly believes in the Internet of Thing's applications and its adaptation will benefit the urban transportation system. Furthermore, new developments in the urban mobility sphere will be largely embraced.

In industrialized countries, mobility represents one of the most important sources of CO2 emissions. Most research on promoting sustainable, climate-friendly modes of transportation has focused on urban areas. Rural areas-although characterized by high dependency on individual car ownership and usage-have received less attention. This article explores the potential role of rural employers in supporting sustainable alternatives to commuting by (single-occupied) motorized vehicles among their employees. We conduct a collective case study that considers five employers located in Eastern Austria (Burgenland), drawing from multiple data sources including structured surveys, expert interviews, focus groups, and site visits. Our analysis shows that employers have little incentive to implement measures that foster sustainable mobility among their employees. On the one hand, the costs accruing to employers for implementing such measures tend to exceed the corresponding benefits by a significant margin (unlike in urban areas where significant cost reductions can arise for employers). On the other hand, also employees generally exhibit little demand for such measures. We conclude that both from a societal and a business perspective, it is not efficient to promote sustainable mobility in rural areas via employers.

Este estudo realiza uma análise da evolução da mobilidade dos rendimentos reais do trabalho no Brasil para o período de 1984 a 2001. A partir dos dados da PME, Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego, calcula-se a evolução temporal de cinco indicadores de mobilidade dos rendimentos reais do trabalho, destacando suas principais diferenças entre subgrupos da amostra (gênero, faixa etária, faixa de educação e região metropolitana). Através do Método de Efeitos Fixos, aplicado a indicadores de mobilidade calculados para células da amostra, compostas por indivíduos de características semelhantes, estima-se os determinantes econômicos e demográficos da mobilidade dos rendimentos reais do trabalho no Brasil. Dentre as variáveis econômicas, o rendimento médio real, a taxa básica de juros real e o salário mínimo real afetam positivamente a mobilidade dos rendimentos; a taxa inflação, quando controlada pelos outros fatores econômicos, apresenta apenas efeitos distributivos sobre os rendimentos, fato corroborado pelo efeito negativo do Plano Real sobre os indicadores de mobilidade baseados nas trocas entre os indivíduos; a taxa de desemprego também desempenha um papel importante na determinação da mobilidade, apresentando impactos diferentes, dependendo do conceito de mobilidade adotado. A importância das variáveis demográficas fica evidenciada tanto pelas diferenças nos níveis de mobilidade entre os diversos subgrupos da amostra como pelos resultados da análise econométrica. Os homens apresentam, em geral, mobilidade superior às mulheres, exceto para variação direcional per capita nos rendimentos reais. Grupos mais jovens também descrevem mobilidade direcional maior nos rendimentos quando comparados com indivíduos das faixas etárias superiores, mas apresentam menor mobilidade ocasionada por trocas relativas entre os mesmos. A educação parece contribuir para diminuir a mobilidade dos rendimentos daqueles que concluíram o nível superior. / This paper makes an analysis of the evolution of real earnings mobility for Brazilian workers from 1984 to 2001. The evolution of five real earnings mobility indicators is calculated using the PME, Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego, data set, and it is done by emphasizing their main differences among sample subgroups (gender, age groups, education groups and geographical areas). The economic and demographic determinants of real earnings mobility in Brazil are estimated using the Fixed Effect Method to the mobility indicators calculated for sample cells, composed by individuals of identical characteristics. Among the economic variables, the real average earning, the real interest rate and the real minimum wage have a positive effect in earnings mobility; the inflation rate, when controlled by the other variables, has only distributive effects on earnings, which is corroborated by the Real Plan negative effect on mobility indicators based in trades among individuals; the unemployment rate also plays an important role in mobility determination, presenting different impacts, depending on the concept of mobility adopted. The importance of demographic variables becomes clear when we look at the differences among the various subgroups mobility levels and the econometric results. Men, usually, have more mobility than women, except for per capita directional changes in real earnings. Younger groups also have more directional mobility compared to older individuals, but have lower mobility caused by relative trades among them. Education level seems to contribute to diminish the earnings mobility for those that have more than fourteen years of education.

by Fung Yuen King Lucille. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1981. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-177).

Thesis (M.A.)--Acadia University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.)--Acadia University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-92).

Thesis (doctoral)--Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [255]-275).

Este estudo realiza uma análise da evolução da mobilidade dos rendimentos reais do trabalho no Brasil para o período de 1984 a 2001. A partir dos dados da PME, Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego, calcula-se a evolução temporal de cinco indicadores de mobilidade dos rendimentos reais do trabalho, destacando suas principais diferenças entre subgrupos da amostra (gênero, faixa etária, faixa de educação e região metropolitana). Através do Método de Efeitos Fixos, aplicado a indicadores de mobilidade calculados para células da amostra, compostas por indivíduos de características semelhantes, estima-se os determinantes econômicos e demográficos da mobilidade dos rendimentos reais do trabalho no Brasil. Dentre as variáveis econômicas, o rendimento médio real, a taxa básica de juros real e o salário mínimo real afetam positivamente a mobilidade dos rendimentos; a taxa inflação, quando controlada pelos outros fatores econômicos, apresenta apenas efeitos distributivos sobre os rendimentos, fato corroborado pelo efeito negativo do Plano Real sobre os indicadores de mobilidade baseados nas trocas entre os indivíduos; a taxa de desemprego também desempenha um papel importante na determinação da mobilidade, apresentando impactos diferentes, dependendo do conceito de mobilidade adotado. A importância das variáveis demográficas fica evidenciada tanto pelas diferenças nos níveis de mobilidade entre os diversos subgrupos da amostra como pelos resultados da análise econométrica. Os homens apresentam, em geral, mobilidade superior às mulheres, exceto para variação direcional per capita nos rendimentos reais. Grupos mais jovens também descrevem mobilidade direcional maior nos rendimentos quando comparados com indivíduos das faixas etárias superiores, mas apresentam menor mobilidade ocasionada por trocas relativas entre os mesmos. A educação parece contribuir para diminuir a mobilidade dos rendimentos daqueles que concluíram o nível superior. / This paper makes an analysis of the evolution of real earnings mobility for Brazilian workers from 1984 to 2001. The evolution of five real earnings mobility indicators is calculated using the PME, Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego, data set, and it is done by emphasizing their main differences among sample subgroups (gender, age groups, education groups and geographical areas). The economic and demographic determinants of real earnings mobility in Brazil are estimated using the Fixed Effect Method to the mobility indicators calculated for sample cells, composed by individuals of identical characteristics. Among the economic variables, the real average earning, the real interest rate and the real minimum wage have a positive effect in earnings mobility; the inflation rate, when controlled by the other variables, has only distributive effects on earnings, which is corroborated by the Real Plan negative effect on mobility indicators based in trades among individuals; the unemployment rate also plays an important role in mobility determination, presenting different impacts, depending on the concept of mobility adopted. The importance of demographic variables becomes clear when we look at the differences among the various subgroups mobility levels and the econometric results. Men, usually, have more mobility than women, except for per capita directional changes in real earnings. Younger groups also have more directional mobility compared to older individuals, but have lower mobility caused by relative trades among them. Education level seems to contribute to diminish the earnings mobility for those that have more than fourteen years of education.