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This thesis deals with the development of the competence tocreate assembly efficient products. The assembly-relatedknowledge that is resident within an organisation is ofinestimable value and should be used, refined and developed inorder to obtain assembly efficient products. The question ishow competence development can be promoted organisationally.This thesis has adopted the working hypothesis thatmodularisation promotes competence in the development ofassembly efficient products. This position is based on theliterature regarding competence development,competence-promoting organisations, and concurrentengineering. The empirical research reported in this thesis is along-term case study carried out at Volvo Car Corporation. Inthe licentiate thesis that preceded this doctoral thesis, itwas suggested that assembly work should be based on modules.The further topics researched in this thesis includeexamination of a modularisation process, examination of thecommunication interface between the assembly organisation andthe product development organisation, the effects ofmodularisation on the assembly process, and an investigation ofthe development of two assembly efficient products. The product of the research is a model representing theorganisational prerequisites for developing competence in thecreation of assembly efficient products. The key elements inthe model are a transparent organisational structure, clearintention in the organisation, and accommodation ofcross-functional exchange. Modularisation is a means ofcreating a transparent organisational structure that makes itpossible for members of the organisation to understand thecontext in which they work, which is a basic requirement fordeveloping competence. A structure for cross-functionalcooperation should be put in place to facilitatecross-functional exchange and learning. To succeed indeveloping assembly efficient products, an organisation mustalso clear signal that this is its intention. Visions, goalsand strategies must express this ambition. Only then will themembers of the organisation have the mindset that enables themto use their full potential to develop competence in creatingassembly efficient products. <b>Keywords:</b>competence-promoting organisation, transparentorganisation, modularisation, assembly efficiency, automobileindustry

<p>This thesis deals with the development of the competence tocreate assembly efficient products. The assembly-relatedknowledge that is resident within an organisation is ofinestimable value and should be used, refined and developed inorder to obtain assembly efficient products. The question ishow competence development can be promoted organisationally.This thesis has adopted the working hypothesis thatmodularisation promotes competence in the development ofassembly efficient products. This position is based on theliterature regarding competence development,competence-promoting organisations, and concurrentengineering.</p><p>The empirical research reported in this thesis is along-term case study carried out at Volvo Car Corporation. Inthe licentiate thesis that preceded this doctoral thesis, itwas suggested that assembly work should be based on modules.The further topics researched in this thesis includeexamination of a modularisation process, examination of thecommunication interface between the assembly organisation andthe product development organisation, the effects ofmodularisation on the assembly process, and an investigation ofthe development of two assembly efficient products.</p><p>The product of the research is a model representing theorganisational prerequisites for developing competence in thecreation of assembly efficient products. The key elements inthe model are a transparent organisational structure, clearintention in the organisation, and accommodation ofcross-functional exchange. Modularisation is a means ofcreating a transparent organisational structure that makes itpossible for members of the organisation to understand thecontext in which they work, which is a basic requirement fordeveloping competence. A structure for cross-functionalcooperation should be put in place to facilitatecross-functional exchange and learning. To succeed indeveloping assembly efficient products, an organisation mustalso clear signal that this is its intention. Visions, goalsand strategies must express this ambition. Only then will themembers of the organisation have the mindset that enables themto use their full potential to develop competence in creatingassembly efficient products.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>competence-promoting organisation, transparentorganisation, modularisation, assembly efficiency, automobileindustry</p>

The work of this thesis is concerned with the aggregation and advancement of modelling practise as used within modern day product development and optimisation environments making use of Model Based Design (¿MBD¿) and similar procedures. A review of model development and use forms the foundation of the work, with the findings being aggregated into two unique approaches for rapid model development and reconfiguration; the Plug-and-Simulate (¿PaS¿) approach and the Paradigm for Large Model Creation (¿PLMC¿); each shown to posses its own advantages. To support the MBD process a model optimisation algorithm that seeks to eliminate parameters that are of little or no significance to a simulation is developed. Eliminations are made on the basis of an energy analysis which determines the activity of a number of energy elements. Low activity elements are said to be of less significance to the global dynamics of a model and thus become targets for elimination. A model configuration tool is presented that brings together the PLMC and parameter elimination algorithm. The tool is shown to be useful for rapid configuration and reconfiguration of models and is capable of automatically running the optimisation algorithms thus producing a simulation model that is parametrically and computationally optimised. The response of the plug-and-simulate drivetrain submodels, assembled to represent a front wheel drive drivetrain, is examined. The resulting model is subjected to a torque step-input and an empirically obtained torque curve that characterises the input to a drivetrain undergoing steady acceleration. The model displays the expected response in both its full parameter and parameter reduced versions with simulation efficiency gains observed in the parameter reduced version. / EPSRC

The work of this thesis is concerned with the aggregation and advancement of modelling practise as used within modern day product development and optimisation environments making use of Model Based Design ('MBD') and similar procedures. A review of model development and use forms the foundation of the work, with the findings being aggregated into two unique approaches for rapid model development and reconfiguration; the Plug-and-Simulate ('PaS') approach and the Paradigm for Large Model Creation ('PLMC'); each shown to posses its own advantages. To support the MBD process a model optimisation algorithm that seeks to eliminate parameters that are of little or no significance to a simulation is developed. Eliminations are made on the basis of an energy analysis which determines the activity of a number of energy elements. Low activity elements are said to be of less significance to the global dynamics of a model and thus become targets for elimination. A model configuration tool is presented that brings together the PLMC and parameter elimination algorithm. The tool is shown to be useful for rapid configuration and reconfiguration of models and is capable of automatically running the optimisation algorithms thus producing a simulation model that is parametrically and computationally optimised. The response of the plug-and-simulate drivetrain submodels, assembled to represent a front wheel drive drivetrain, is examined. The resulting model is subjected to a torque step-input and an empirically obtained torque curve that characterises the input to a drivetrain undergoing steady acceleration. The model displays the expected response in both its full parameter and parameter reduced versions with simulation efficiency gains observed in the parameter reduced version.

<p>The purpose with this master’s thesis, with Scania CV AB in Södertälje as job initiator, has been to develop three different passenger seat concepts with focus on modularisation, functionality and production. The different concepts are: a foldable passenger seat, which is possible to fold away completely, a bench for two passengers, and a resting seat for resting during breaks when the vehicle is parked.</p><p>The main tools used during the search for concept solutions have been brainstorming, morphological analyses, and evaluation matrixes. Prototypes have been made in order to visualise the ideas but also for the possibility to test them in a real truck cabin and by that find advantages but also flaws. Final product specifications has been made and with that guidelines for a continued development work.</p><p>Experiences gained during this thesis work has been that by using ergonomic data and theories, well thought through designs, and standardised interfaces a good result can be achieved, which fulfils the demands and wishes placed on the future product.</p>

The purpose with this master’s thesis, with Scania CV AB in Södertälje as job initiator, has been to develop three different passenger seat concepts with focus on modularisation, functionality and production. The different concepts are: a foldable passenger seat, which is possible to fold away completely, a bench for two passengers, and a resting seat for resting during breaks when the vehicle is parked. The main tools used during the search for concept solutions have been brainstorming, morphological analyses, and evaluation matrixes. Prototypes have been made in order to visualise the ideas but also for the possibility to test them in a real truck cabin and by that find advantages but also flaws. Final product specifications has been made and with that guidelines for a continued development work. Experiences gained during this thesis work has been that by using ergonomic data and theories, well thought through designs, and standardised interfaces a good result can be achieved, which fulfils the demands and wishes placed on the future product.

Sistemas de software bem modularizados podem trazer diversos benefícios como reu- sabilidade, compreensão, adaptabilidade, manutenibilidade, entre outros. O conceito de separação de interesses está diretamente ligado à ideia de modularização e consiste na capacidade de manter cada interesse em sua própria unidade modular. Um interesse pode estar relacionado tanto a requisitos funcionais como não-funcionais e em diferentes níveis de abstração. Algumas das técnicas que têm sido utilizadas para modularização de interes- ses são a Programação Orientada a Aspectos (POA) e Refatoração. Entretanto, a maioria das propostas de refatoração que envolvem a POA possui limitações para a modularização de interesses transversais: muitas delas são de granularidade fina; algumas são definidas imprecisamente e possuem sobreposição de intenções. A seleção e composição de tais refatorações para a modularização de interesses é uma tarefa difícil e não-trivial, além de variar em cada contexto específico, o que dificulta o reuso. Algumas das propostas de refatorações são voltadas especialmente para interesses transversais, no entanto possuem um nível de abstração pouco elevado e encontram-se acopladas a mecanismos específicos de linguagens de programação OO e OA. Adicionalmente, a aplicação de refatorações deve ser planejada e acompanhada sistematicamente durante o desenvolvimento e manu- tenção de um software, pois envolve alocação de recursos e avaliação de custo/benefício. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um método de refatoração para modularização de interesses transversais, através de refatorações de granularidade alta, baseado em padrões recorrentes de estruturas transversais (chamados de sintomas). Além disso, como parte do método, propõem-se algoritmos para análise de impacto a fim de apoiar desenvolve- dores no processo decisório de aplicação de refatorações candidatas. Inicialmente, dois estudos bibliográficos foram conduzidos: o primeiro sobre propostas de refatorações que envolvem aspectos e o segundo sobre trabalhos de medição de interesses. Dois estudos de caso foram realizados totalizando 22 interesses de dois sistemas alvos. Este trabalho de avaliação possibilitou uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos resultados onde foi possível verificar a aplicabilidade do proposta. / Well-modularized software systems can bring several benefits such as reuse, com- prehension, adaptability, maintainability, among others. The concept of separation of concerns refers to the idea of modularisation, which consists on the ability to keep every concern in its own modular unit. A concern can refer to functional and non-functional requirements and can also be in different abstraction levels. Some of the techniques which have been applied for crosscutting concerns modularization are Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) and Refactoring. However, most of the aspect-oriented refactor- ings have limitations regarding the modularisation of crosscutting concerns. A number of them presents fine-grained transformations. While some of them are well-documented catalogues, a number of them are defined imprecisely, addressing the same situation and having overlapping intentions. They do not allow the designer to holistically reason about the elements involved in a crosscutting concern. It becomes difficult and non-trivial to choose a set of fine-grained refactorings and organize them in a feasible order to achieve the concern modularisation in a specific context. Some of the refactoring techniques are particularly focused on crosscutting concerns, however they are not placed in a suf- ficient abstraction level. Moreover they are coupled to specific OO and AO language mechanisms. Additionally, the application of refactorings should be planned and realized systematically during software development and maintenance since it involves resource allocation and tradeoff analysis. The goal of this work is to present a refactoring method for crosscutting concerns modularisation, through coarse-grained refactorings based on recurring patterns of crosscutting shapes (called symptoms). Also, as part of the method, algorithms for change-impact analysis are proposed in order to support developers during the decision process of the application of refactoring candidates. Initially, two biblio- graphic studies were made: the first one about refactoring approaches which involve as- pects, and the second one about concern measurement techniques. Two case studies were carried out totalizing 22 concerns of two target systems. This evaluation work allowed a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results. Thus it was possible to verify the applicability of our approach.