Monoterpenoid derivatives are some of the most effective asymmetric controllers used in organic synthesis. They are also precursors in target syntheses, especially in synthesis of natural products with useful biological properties. However, there are still significant opportunities to develop new structural synthetic modifications. This project target focuses on employing commercially available chiral pool cyclic ketones, such as R-(-)-carvone, (+)-isomenthone, and (-)-isopinocamphone to create new potential substrates for biocatalytic modifications, via terpenone enolate alkylations, aldol additions, and formation of alkylidenes. Evaluation of these substrates has been carried out using isolated enzymes as biocatalysts to reduce the double bond and/or carbonyl group, as well expansion of six membered rings by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase to generate lactone derivatives, consequently resulting in new high-value terpenone, terpenol and lactone derivatives. Bioreduction of R-(-)-carvone substituted (with Me or OH) at C6 and/or C3 via OYEs afforded with highly diastereoselectivity in most cases with varied yields; and there was no activity observed toward substrates with substituents bigger than Me. Biooxidation of dihydrocarvone substituted (Me) at C6 or C3 via cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO_Phi1) was selective, and oxidised only one diastereomer. For instance, (2R,3R,6R)-methyldihydrocarvone was completely converted to lactone with high regio- and enantioselectivity, while for the (2S,3R,6R)-diastereomer no lactone was produced, and starting material was recovered. (+)-Isomenthone, R-(-)-carvone, (-)-isopinocamphone and their derivatives were treated with carbonyl reductase, and only (+)-isomenthone, R-(-)-carvone and anti (5S,6S)-hydroxycarvone showed reaction, with varied yields and selectivities. The bioreduction and oxidation of substrates were scaled up to 50-100 mg as part of chemo-enzymatic reactions. The simulation of substrates with PETNR enzyme was studied, and docking was modelled.

Grazing trials were conducted in west-central Utah in August and November, 1983. Sheep were stocked in 0.06 hectare paddocks containing a homogeneous stand of the shrub big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsptridentata). Stocking rate was 1344 animal-unit-days per hectare. Close observation was made of plants and plant parts of the sagebrush that the sheep consumed or refused to consume. Similar samples were hand-harvested from browsed and rejected plants and plant parts. These samples were later analyzed in the laboratory for monoterpenoid content, crude protein levels and digestible organic matter. There was large variability of monoterpenoid concentrations from plant to plant ranging from 0.06% to 0.63% dry matter basis among the browsed plants and from 0.30% to 1.80% among the rejected . Sheep consumed those plants and plant parts that were relatively lower in monoterpenoid content. They did not select for the proximate constituents (crude protein and digestible organic matter) of the whole plant or plant parts. The rejected plants and plant parts were generally higher in bach monoterpenoids and proximate constituents than were the corresponding browsed plants and plant parts. Seasonal effects were important on the composition of entire diets selected by the free grazing sheep. From observation, sheep consumed more sagebrush in autumn than they did in summer. Samples collected from esophageally fistulated sheep showed crude protein content to be significantly (P = O.OS) higher in autumn than in summer. As sheep shifted the ir dietary select i on from annual grasses to big sagebrush , genera l ly upward trend in dietary crude protein was observed during both seasons . In vitro organic matter digestibilities (IVO MD ) were generally low due to the nature of plant parts consumed by the sheep, i.e., they consumed growth from the previous year. Feeding station intervals (FSI) , the time spent per feeding station, were measured . A feeding station is the amount of forage available to a grazing animal when its forefeet are stationary. As sheep shifted their dietary selection to sagebrush, FSI increased significantly. Apparently shrubs offered relatively larger amounts of forage to select from than herbaceous vegetation call ing for more time per feeding station.

[ES] Las plantas son plataformas versátiles para la síntesis de compuestos valiosos para el ser humano a través de la ingeniería metabólica y la biología sintética. Estas "biofactorías" pueden producir sustancias de alto valor para fines industriales, médicos y agrícolas, incluyendo feromonas sexuales de insectos, que ofrecen una alternativa sostenible a los pesticidas en la protección de cultivos. Sin embargo, estas feromonas se producen típicamente mediante síntesis química, una estrategia no muy ecológica, lo cual subraya la necesidad de métodos de producción más sostenibles. Las rutas biosintéticas de las feromonas sexuales de polillas están actualmente bien descritas, y se han identificado muchos de los genes responsables de su síntesis. Nuestro grupo desarrolló recientemente plantas transgénicas estables de Nicotiana benthamiana, denominadas 'SexyPlant', que producen y emiten feromonas volátiles biológicamente activas como Z11-16OH, Z11-16OAc y Z11-16Ald. Esto se logró integrando rutas biosintéticas de varias especies de polillas en N. benthamiana, utilizando genes tanto de polillas como de plantas y aprovechando el metabolismo endógeno de ácidos grasos de la planta. Sin embargo, este enfoque provocó problemas de toxicidad debido a la acumulación de compuestos y a las interrupciones en la ruta metabólica de ácidos grasos de la planta. En el primer capítulo, abordamos estos problemas de toxicidad en 'SexyPlant' explorando acetiltransferasas alternativas para mejorar la eficiencia de conversión de Z11-16OH a Z11-16OAc. También investigamos la activación de esta ruta biosintética utilizando reguladores transcripcionales basados en CRISPR combinados con promotores sintéticos, creando líneas transgénicas estables ('GuidedPathway' y 'NonGuidedPathway') con dos configuraciones génicas diferentes que acumulan biomasa y no producen ni emiten feromonas sexuales de polilla hasta ser específicamente activadas por elementos genéticos ortogonales apropiados. Aunque el rendimiento de producción es menor que en las plantas 'SexyPlant' constitutivas, en este capítulo demostramos el potencial para activar la ruta biosintética y exploramos los cuellos de botella en el sistema. El segundo capítulo se centra en la producción heteróloga de monoterpenoides irregulares, una familia de compuestos que incluyen feromonas sexuales de la superfamilia Coccoidea (por ejemplo, los insectos escama). A pesar de que la ruta biosintética de estas moléculas es desconocida, expresamos genes derivados de plantas con actividades similares. Introdujimos genes que codifican para la sintasa de crisantenil difosfato (CPPS) de Tanacetum cinerariifolium y la sintasa de lavandulil difosfato (LPPS) de Lavandula x intermedia en tabaco y N. benthamiana para lograr una expresión transitoria y estable, resultando en líneas transgénicas. Caracterizamos la producción y emisión de estos compuestos volátiles en diferentes tejidos y etapas de desarrollo foliar, identificando las hojas juveniles como el tejido más productivo. Además, buscamos producir feromonas sexuales de Coccoidea coexpresando LiLPPS con LiAAT4, logrando la producción de acetato de lavandulil, un componente de la mezcla de feromonas de la cochinilla Dysmicoccus grassii, la feromona de agregación de Frankliniella occidentalis, y un larvicida conocido para mosquitos. Estos 'biodispensadores' emitieron hasta 0,63 mg de acetato de lavandulil por día, sugiriendo que se necesitarían entre 200 y 500 plantas por hectárea para igualar la eficacia de los dispositivos comerciales de liberación de feromonas. En resumen, esta tesis ofrece diferentes estrategias para abordar la producción de feromonas sexuales de insectos y compuestos volátiles asociados en biofábricas de plantas, explorando las limitaciones de esta biosíntesis. / [CA] Plants are versatile platforms for synthesizing valuable compounds through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. These "biofactories" can produce high-value substances for industrial, medical, and agricultural purposes, including insect sex pheromones, which offer a sustainable alternative to pesticides in crop protection. However, these pheromones are typically produced via chemical synthesis, which is not environmentally friendly, highlighting the need for more sustainable production methods. The biosynthetic pathways of moth sex pheromones are currently well-described, with many of the genes responsible for their synthesis identified. Our group recently developed stable transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants, termed 'SexyPlant,' that produce and emit volatile, biologically active pheromones like Z11-16OH, Z11-16OAc, and Z11-16Ald. This was achieved by integrating biosynthetic pathways from multiple moth species into N. benthamiana, using genes from both moths and plants while leveraging the plant's endogenous fatty acid metabolism. However, this approach led to toxicity issues due to compound accumulation and disruptions in the plant's fatty acid metabolic pathway. In the first chapter, we address these toxicity issues in 'SexyPlant' by exploring alternative acetyltransferases to enhance the conversion efficiency of Z11-16OH to Z11-16OAc. We also investigate the activation of this biosynthetic pathway using CRISPR-based transcriptional regulators combined with synthetic promoters, creating stable transgenic lines ('GuidedPathway' and 'NonGuidedPathway'), with two different gene configurations that accumulate biomass and do not produce or emit moth sex pheromones until specifically activated by appropriate orthogonal genetic elements. Although the production yield is lower than in constitutive 'SexyPlant' plants, in this chapter, we demonstrate the potential for activating the biosynthetic pathway and explore the bottlenecks in the system. The second chapter focuses on the heterologous production of irregular monoterpenoids, a family of compounds that include sex pheromones of the Coccoidea superfamily (e.g., scale insects). Despite the biosynthetic pathway for these molecules being unknown, we expressed plant-derived genes with similar activities. We introduced genes encoding chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CPPS) from Tanacetum cinerariifolium and lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LPPS) from Lavandula x intermedia into tobacco and N. benthamiana to achieve transient and stable expression, resulting in transgenic lines. We characterized the production and emission of these volatile compounds in different tissues and leaf development stages, identifying juvenile leaves as the most productive. Additionally, we aimed to produce Coccoidea sex pheromones by co-expressing LiLPPS with LiAAT4, achieving production of lavandulyl acetate, a component of the mealybug Dysmicoccus grassii pheromone blend, the aggregation pheromone of Frankliniella occidentalis, and a known mosquito larvicide. These 'biodispensers' emitted up to 0.63 mg of lavandulyl acetate per day, suggesting that 200-500 plants per hectare would be needed to match the efficacy of commercial pheromone release devices. In summary, this thesis provides different strategies for addressing the production of insect sex pheromones and associated volatile compounds in plant biofactories, exploring the limitations of this biosynthesis. / [EN] Les plantes són plataformes versàtils per a la síntesi de compostos valuosos per a l'ésser humà a través de l'enginyeria metabòlica i la biologia sintètica. Estes "biofactories" poden produir substàncies d'alt valor per a fins industrials, mèdics i agrícoles, incloent feromones sexuals d'insectes, que ofereixen una alternativa sostenible als pesticides en la protecció de cultius. No obstant això, estes feromones es produïxen típicament mitjançant síntesi química, una estratègia no molt ecològica, la qual cosa subratlla la necessitat de mètodes de producció més sostenibles. Les rutes biosintètiques de les feromones sexuals de les arnes estan actualment ben descrites, i s'han identificat molts dels gens responsables de la seua síntesi. El nostre grup va desenvolupar recentment plantes transgèniques estables de Nicotiana benthamiana, denominades 'SexyPlant', que produïxen i emeten feromones volàtils biològicament actives com Z11-16OH, Z11-16OAc i Z11-16Ald. Açò es va aconseguir integrant rutes biosintètiques de diverses espècies d'arnes en N. benthamiana, utilitzant gens tant d'arnes com de plantes i aprofitant el metabolisme endogen d'àcids grassos de la planta. No obstant això, este enfocament va provocar problemes de toxicitat degut a l'acumulació de compostos i a les interrupcions en la ruta metabòlica d'àcids grassos de la planta. En el primer capítol, abordem estos problemes de toxicitat en 'SexyPlant' explorant acetiltransferases alternatives per a millorar l'eficiència de conversió de Z11-16OH a Z11-16OAc. També investiguem l'activació d'esta ruta biosintètica utilitzant reguladors transcripcionals basats en CRISPR combinats amb promotors sintètics, creant línies transgèniques estables ('GuidedPathway' i 'NonGuidedPathway') amb dos configuracions gèniques diferents que acumulen biomassa i no produïxen ni emeten feromones sexuals d'arna fins a ser específicament activades per elements genètics ortogonals apropiats. Encara que el rendiment de producció és menor que en les plantes 'SexyPlant' constitutives, en este capítol demostrem el potencial per a activar la ruta biosintètica i explorem els colls de botella en el sistema. El segon capítol se centra en la producció heteròloga de monoterpenoides irregulars, una família de compostos que inclou feromones sexuals de la superfamília Coccoidea (per exemple, els insectes escama). Malgrat que la ruta biosintètica d'estes molècules és desconeguda, expressem gens derivats de plantes amb activitats similars. Introduïm gens que codifiquen per a la sintasa de crisantenil difosfat (CPPS) de Tanacetum cinerariifolium i la sintasa de lavandulil difosfat (LPPS) de Lavandula x intermedia en tabac i N. benthamiana per a aconseguir una expressió transitòria i estable, resultant en línies transgèniques. Caracteritzem la producció i emissió d'estos compostos volàtils en diferents teixits i etapes de desenvolupament foliar, identificant les fulles juvenils com el teixit més productiu. A més, busquem produir feromones sexuals de Coccoidea coexpressant LiLPPS amb LiAAT4, aconseguint la producció d'acetat de lavandulil, un component de la mescla de feromones de la cotxinilla Dysmicoccus grassii, la feromona d'agregació de Frankliniella occidentalis, i un larvicida conegut per a mosquits. Estos 'biodispensadors' emeteren fins a 0,63 mg d'acetat de lavandulil per dia, suggerint que es necessitarien entre 200 i 500 plantes per hectàrea per a igualar l'eficàcia dels dispositius comercials de lliurament de feromones. En resum, esta tesi oferix diferents estratègies per a abordar la producció de feromones sexuals d'insectes i compostos volàtils associats en biofàbriques de plantes, explorant les limitacions d'esta biosíntesi. / Mateos Fernández, R. (2024). Bioproduction of Insect Sex Pheromones and Related Volatile Compounds in Plants [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/211184