The topic of this thesis has been built on previous work of our group, especially Rieger et al. 2008 and Čepl et al. 2010. We examined and described the regularity of morphogenesis of S. marcescens, morphotype F colonies (from "the fountain", because of a shape it resembles). Typical colony consists of elevated red navel, low non-pigmented ring and again elevated red rim. Structured profile of the colony together with changes in pigmentation of structures during development without need of artificial dying, provides considerable advantage in observation of the morphogenesis. Aims of this thesis were (i) to find other factors that affect the morphogenesis, (ii) to characterize interactions of S. marcescens colonies with other bacterial strains (S. rubidaea and E .coli) and finally (iii) to study the phenomenon of induced resistance to the antibiotics described in (Heal and Parsons, 2002; Lu 2004; Bernier et al. 2011) in our model organisms. (i) Mutual interactions of colonies on the plate indicates that morphogenesis is affected by autocrine signals, which diffuse into the medium and the atmosphere and affect the development of surrounding colonies. We have detected changes of pH of the medium during the development of colonies in their vicinity. At ...

4 Neural crest-derived cellular cartilage is one of the defining characteristics of vertebrates. Elaboration of this tissue and its patterning allowed the evolution of jaws in the gnathostome lineage. Together these hallmarks helped jawed vertebrates become one of the dominant taxons in the animal kingdom. Lampreys, as basal jawless vertebrates, lie at a unique phylogenetic position that makes them ideal organisms for the study of evolution of vertebrate/gnathostome novelties. Larval lampreys possess a special oral skeleton composed of a tissue related to cartilage, termed mucocartilage. Despite considerable attention that has been paid to the evolutionary significance of mucocartilage, it is not yet clear, how this unique feature arises in development and to what extent it is homologous to gnathostome jaws. In this study, the development of oro-pharyngeal region was analyzed in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. SEM imaging revealed shaping and topographic relationships of embryonic tissues, detailed plastic histology coupled with expression analyses of several molecular markers were used to describe origin, histogenesis and morphogenesis of mucocartilage. Furthermore, genetic regulation of the tissue was investigated in order to identify its unique or shared features. Mucocartilage is seen to...

INDROVÁ E. 2008: Development and growth of the benthic water bug (Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Aphelocheiridae). MSc. Thesis, University of South Bohemia, Pedagogical Faculty, České Budějovice. 62 pp. Postembryonic morphogenesis of the benthic water bug (A. aestivalis) was studied. Morphometric characters were measured in specimens of population from the Dračice River (South Bohemia: Třeboňsko). Differential characters of individual developmental stages are described and illustrated. Growth of this species is characterised by diagrams and equations of selected body parametres.

Plant physiologist Bohumil Němec is one of the most important people in the history of Czech science. In this thesis, crucial concepts and theories that B. Němec developed in his scientific and popularizing publications are described and put in context. In addition, materials from the personal fond of B. Němec located in the Archive of the CAS were used. Particular questions tackled in this thesis are those of stimuli transmission in plants, the starch-statolith theory of gravitropism, morphaesthesia, organogenes, Němec's approach to evolutionary theory, and genetics, and the division of organisms in two groups. Moreover, Němec's role in the contemporary debates about vitalism, mechanism, and the effect of these two philosophies on the approach towards scientific research is indicated. By that, Němec's transition from the mechanism to the so-called physiology of stimuli (Rheizphysiologie) is illustrated. The outcome of the thesis is broadening the knowledge in the history of plant physiology, especially the history of the natural sciences in the Czech context.

This thesis follows previous works of our group (Rieger T. et al., 2008; Cepl J. et al., 2010 and Patkova I. et al., 2012), where we focused on the morphology of the bacterial colonies Serratia marcescens and its variety caused by changing of the inoculation conditions on nutrient agar. When bacterial colonies S. marcescens are grown on nutrient agar enriched with glucose isolated enough from other colonies in its living space, it can form coloured structured colonies, which we named morphotype "fountain" (F). This morpotype becomes ideal for following studies of mutual influencing of the bacterial colonies, because of its ability of pigmentation change or structure loss caused by altering surrounding inoculation conditions. We noticed in normal sowed agar plates, that bacterial colonies, which grows in the close distance with other colonies develop their pigmentation sooner, than colonies, that grows more isolated. We studied how is this influencing happening and what are the necessary conditions for it. We proved, that different species of bacterial macrocolonies (S. marcescens - morphotype (M), S. rubidea and E. coli) emits into the nutrient agar informative signal, which makes the recipient colonies S. marcescens reacts on this signal with the same manner (X structure). It looks, that this is...

The bark beetle, Ips typographus is economically important pest of spruce standings across Europe. The knowledge of biology and ecology of bark beetles is important to protect spruce forests against beetles outbreaks. The research of pathogens of bark beetles is the main goal to use biological control of bark beetles and replace chemical or mechanical methods using today. During the bark beetle outbreak in Sumava mountains three main pathogens showed up very promising. Microsporidium Chytridiopsis typographi, the virus Ips typographus Entomopoxvirus and negregarine Menzbieria chalcographi were the most occured pathogens attacking beetles in Sumava outbreak area. Transmission of microspo ridium and virus have been introduced and propagated in living bark beetles in labo ratory. The reaserach of biology, transmission, morphogenesis and ultrastructure of these pathogens begun in living beetles in laboratory conditions. Results which were obtained can be divided to virological and microsporidian parts. In both cases the infection and routine passage have been successful in laboratory condition and now the infections of microsporidium Ch. typographi nad ITEV are routinely propagated to purchase infected material. Unlike the original description of ITEV in laboratory infected beetles the synthesis and origin of microspindles was described. In TEM the first steps of newly formed virions occluded into the spheroid were observed, including microspindles occlusion. ITEV develops in midgut epithelium of host. The successful infection of Ch. typographi has been managed in laboratory. Obtai ned results completed and revised findings which were published in first descriptions. Purchased results offer a possibility to compare old a new findings concernig this microsporidium. Budding as a unique process of multiplication has been described in microsporidia. This process is uncommon in microsporidia and has not never been observed. It acts as a tool to multiple vegetative stages in the life cycle. The ultrastructures and complete life cycle was described in Ch. typographi and the former description was revised.

Exocyst is protein complex evolutionary conserved in yeasts, animals and plants, which plays a role in control of cell morphogenesis and polarity. It is a tethering complex whose function is to attach secretory vesicles to specifi c foci on plasma membrane. Complex exocyst is formed by eight subunits. Subunit EXO70 is encoded by 23 paralogue genes in genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutation in paralogue subunit EX070H4 causes defect in trichome maturation. Mutant trichomes have thin, not reinforced cell wall, making them soft and elastic. Transcription of EXO70H4 gene is induced by UV radiation, therefore observations of plants cultivated on UV-B radiation were done. Analysis of mutants cultivated on UV-B radiation revealed hyperaccumulation of vesicules in cytoplasm, which were visible by light microscope. Hyperaccumulation was not observed in control plants cultivated on UV-B radiation, but thickening of cell wall was induced. Th is reaction to UV in trichomes hasn't been described yet. Analysis of cellular localization made with YFP tagged constructs revealed that EXO70H4 localizes into mobile corpuscules associating with Golgi apparatus. It was found with yeast two hybrid system that EXO70H4 interacts with TRS120, subunit of tethering complex TRAPPII which is active in Golgi apparatus....

Micrasterias rotata is a phylogenetically and morphologically well defined species that is widely distributed in Central Europe in a broad temperature gradient. For its complex cell shape Micrasterias rotata is a suitable model organism for cell morphogenesis research. This thesis investigated whether there could be a different pattern in morphological integration resulting from the temperature stress in Micrasterias rotata cells cultivated on a temperature gradient. The optimum and a limits of growth on the temperature gradient were related to the sampling locations of the studied strains isolated from a lowland wetland and an high alpine lake. Differences in the growth rates among the strains suggested a local adaptation to the climatic conditions of the original locations but relatively high values of the assumed optimum growth temperature suggested an intra- species evolutionary adaptation. The temperature-related size reduction rule was not confirmed; however, a similar pattern of variation in shape occurred in both strains. The morphological integration analysis has basically confirmed that the Micrasterias cell is composed of a number of morphological modules related to its differentiation into the lobes and sublobes. Integration between the lobes of the opposite semicell was primarily...

Tato dizertační práce se zabývá studiem morfogeneze dimethakrylátových sítí. V práci byly využity zjednodušené systémy založené na monomerech, které bývají typicky využívány jako složky matric pryskyřičných kompozitních materiálů využívaných v oblasti záchovné stomatologie. Kinetika a mechanismy formování polymerních sítí byly studovány především s ohledem na strukturu jednotlivých monomerů, jejich vzájemný molární poměr a koncentraci iniciačního systému využitého pro radikálovou polymeraci. Vypočtené profily konverze funkčních skupin a reakčních rychlostí byly využity jako základ pro pochopení a interpretaci mechanismů morfogeneze sítí a porovnání se známými modely. Dále byla studována kinetika termické degradace, která je s morfologií vytvrzených sítí přímo spjata. V rámci takto charakterizovaných systémů byla stanovena teplotní závislost dynamického modulu a byl popsán vztah mezi supra-molekulární strukturou dimethakrylátových sítí a jejich viskoelastickou odezvou v daném teplotním rozmezí. Kinetika polymerace byla studována pomocí diferenční kompenzační foto-kalorimetrie (DPC) a infračervené spektroskopie (FTIR). Proces termické degradace byl analyzován pomocí termo-gravimetrické analýzy (TGA). Viskoelastické parametry byly charakterizovány pomocí dynamicko-mechanické analýzy (DMA). Reaktivita jednotlivých systémů je přímo odvozena od molekulární struktury monomerů, která ovlivňuje mobilitu reagujících složek v průběhu polymerace. Kinetika polymerace je řízena především difúzí, přičemž její rychlost je dána tuhostí monomerní páteře, koncentrací funkčních skupin a vlivem fyzikálních interakcí. Omezená mobilita rostoucích řetězců, postranních funkčních skupin i samotných monomerů vede k monomolekulární terminaci makro-radikálů a omezení stupně konverze funkčních skupin. Vzhledem k tomu, že k zásadnímu omezení mobility dochází již v počáteční fázi polymerace, tj. v bodu gelace, je případná termodynamická nestabilita vedoucí k fázové separaci polymerujícího systému potlačena a proces kopolymerace je ve své podstatě náhodný. To bylo prokázáno i prostřednictvím identifikace jedné teploty skelného přechodu u charakterizovaných kopolymerů. Heterogenní charakter morfogeneze je spjat s rozdílnou reaktivitou postranních funkčních skupin. V počátečních fázích polymerace dochází k propagaci reakcí postranní funkční skupiny s radikálem na stejném rostoucím řetězci, což vede ke vzniku tzv. primárního cyklu. Pravděpodobnost cyklizace souvisí především s flexibilitou monomerní páteře. Heterogenita polymerace je charakterizována vznikem vnitřně zesítěných struktur, tzv. mikrogelů, a jejich následným spojováním. Tuhost monomeru naopak přispívá k vyšší efektivitě zesítění a více homogenní morfologii vytvrzené sítě. Heterogenita dimethakrylátových sítí se odráží v mechanismu termické degradace, přičemž přítomnost strukturně odlišných domén vede k rozkladu ve dvou krocích. Průběh soufázového modulu a teplota skelného přechodu korelují s tuhostí polymerních sítí, efektivitou zesítění a přítomností fyzikálních interakcí, které vyztužují strukturu sítě nad rámec kovalentního zesítění. Heterogenní morfologie sítí se projevuje rozšiřováním spektra relaxačních časů. Experimentální data jsou v kvalitativní shodě s existujícími numerickými modely popisujícími kinetiku radikálové polymerace multifunkčních monomerů.

of the thesis The presented work explores the function and regulation of intracellular signaling that utilizes phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidic acid (PA), especially in the context of cellular morphogenesis of plants. PLDs cleave membrane phospholipids to phosphatidic acid, which has important biophysical and signaling role in many contexts, such as stress response, regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and vesicular transport. Vesicular transport is essential in focused tip growth of plant pollen tubes and root hairs. Part of the work deals with NADPH oxidases, that are an emerging counterpart of PLD/PA signaling. Tobacco pollen tubes served as the main experimental model, as it enables assessing of changes in secretory pathway after pharmacological or genetic treatments. A technique utilizing antisense oligonucleotides was used for selective knock-down of PLD isoforms, NADPH oxidase and newly studied family of lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) in pollen tubes. This enabled to assess functions of individual isoforms. For studying of selected gene families, various bioinformatic tool were utilized, such as dendrogram construction, analysis of available expression data and creating of virtual proteome. These tools together enabled to select potentially important genes for further experimental...