Notre recherche s’intéresse au vécu du bébé dans la dyade lorsque la mère a vécu un événement traumatique et que lui ne l’a pas vécu. Pour ce faire, nous explorons l’impact du trauma maternel sur le contre-transfert d’un groupe de thérapeutes. Cette recherche qualitative est réalisée à partir d’entretiens collectifs. Des entretiens de recherche filmés mère-bébé ont été diffusé à huit focus groupes d’en moyenne cinq thérapeutes. Nous avons adopté une double méthode d’analyse du matériel : une analyse phénoménologique interprétative (Smith,2009) et une analyse psychanalytique de la dynamique groupale. Les résultats de notre étude mettent en avant la présence de manifestations contre-transférentielles intenses, s’exprimant à travers des réactions corporelles, sensorielles, verbales et affectives. L’exposition aux éléments irreprésentables du trauma, crée, une tension au sein du groupe, entraînant un repli sur des systèmes interactifs connus, et perturbe le recours aux outils de pensée habituels. L’enveloppe groupale et la fonction contenante sont particulièrement mobilisées et impactées par le récit des événements traumatiques. A travers les éprouvés sensoriels et les mécanismes d’empathie métaphorisante (Lebovici, 1998), les thérapeutes ont mis en lumière un sentiment de détresse originelle chez les bébés et des vécus d’abandon chez les plus grands. La dimension groupale favorise, cependant, le déploiement de mécanismes de défenses spécifiques permettant une relance des processus de pensée et de transformation. Cette recherche met en lumière les potentialités créatives d’un dispositif composé d’une équipe interprétante, dans la prise en charge de ces dyades, imposant la reconnaissance et l’analyse des éléments contretransférentiels et intertransférentiels. / Our qualitative research is part of a larger one which objective is to shed light on the infant’s experience in the context of his/her relationship to his/her traumatized mother. The mother’s trauma must have had occurred without the infant’s presence. Our section explores the impact of mother’s trauma on the countertransference reactions within focus groups of therapists. Eight groups composed each of four to five participants are shown a videotaped research interview of a traumatized mother and her infant. The data collected is analyzed upon the principles of two methods : the interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith, 2009) for the narrative discourse and the psychoanalytic analysis for the groups’ dynamics. Participants’expressed intense countertransference reactions : physical, sensory, cognitive and affective reactions. Exposure to the unrepresentable traumatic elements induces high tension in the group. The latter consequently withdraw into known interactional patterns as its thinking capacity seemed corroded by the toxicity of the traumatic elements.The “group envelope” and its holding function are eminently activated and impacted by the narrative of the traumatic events.Through the sensorial receptivity and the “metaphorizing empathy” (Lebovici, 1998) process,the participants’ reactions depict the original helplessness and the experience of abandonment experienced by new borns and infants. Moreover, the group dimension fosters the deployment of specific defensive mechanisms and restores the thinking and transforming processes. Our results reveal the pertinence and creativity of group settings in the treatment of mother-infant dyads stuck in the realm of trauma transmission. A group setting offers several interpretative capacities through the identification and analysis of countertransference and inter-transferencemechanisms.

<p>The overall purpose of this longitudinal exploratory study was to describe the interactive behaviors of American Indian mothers and their prematurely born infants. The first study examined behaviors of American Indian mothers and their premature infants when the infants were 3, 6, and 12 months of age corrected for prematurity as well as the effects of infant illness severity (NBRS) and socioeconomic status (maternal education) on these behaviors. Higher infant illness severity was associated with more maternal touch, more infant vocalization, and fewer opportunities for variety in daily stimulation. Higher maternal education was associated with more maternal talk; more infant vocalization; less infant touch; and higher scores on the provision of appropriate play materials, parental involvement with the child, and opportunities for variety in daily stimulation subscales of the HOME. The second study compared the interactions of American Indian and African American mothers with their prematures when the infants were 6 months corrected age. Most of the interactions between American Indian mothers and their premature infants were similar to those of African American mothers and their premature infants. However, American Indian mothers were more often the caregivers, looked more, and gestured more to their infants than African American mothers. Furthermore, American Indian infants expressed more positive affect and gestured more to their mothers than African American infants. The third study explored Lumbee mothers' responses to the birth and hospitalization of their premature infant at 3 months and explored the extent to which these early responses were related to maternal experiences of parenting at 12 months. This study indicated that culture appeared to be important in Lumbee mothers' responses to having a premature infant in the hospital and in caring for their infants. Promoting a strong cultural identity and family involvement may be protective factors for American Indians that enhance child development and health of premature infants who are at high risk for developmental delays and illnesses.</p> / Dissertation

Slow weight gain in infancy is the core sign of failure to thrive. However, it is far from clear what the cause of the slow weight gain in infancy is. Failure to thrive is mostly identified late in the first year at which time it becomes problematic to ascertain its causes retrospectively. The current study was designed to investigate weight gain and behaviour in the early weeks of infancy in a prospective study. Seventy-five eight-week old infants were recruited according to their weight gain from birth to eight weeks, and classified as having slow, average or fast weight gain. Infants and their mothers were observed during two feeds. Mother-infant interaction and sucking behaviour were assessed. In addition, mothers completed questionnaires on the infant's temperament and behaviour (such as sleeping and crying), and on their own eating behaviour and adaptation to motherhood. All infants were followed up at six months and weighed again. The follow-up weight at six months allowed the identification of infants with failure to thrive as traditionally clinically defined. Six infants were identified as failing to thrive at six months, all of which had slow weight gain from birth to eight weeks. The behaviours measured through observation and the questionnaires were investigated in relation to weight gain from birth to eight weeks and six months. No significant relationship was found between weight gain and maternal adaptation, the mother's eating behaviour or infant behaviour. One sucking behaviour parameter estimate, pause length, end, was found to be significantly related to weight gain to eight weeks. This result however, was entirely attributable to the estimates of one infant. This infant had particularly poor sucking behaviour and very slow weight gain from birth to eight weeks. Infant temperament, and in particular the infant's level of fear was related to weight gain from birth to eight weeks. Infants with higher levels of fear were more likely to have slow weight gain. The length of the feed, from which the sucking behaviour was observed, was related to weight gain, with infants with long feeds being more likely to have slow weight gain.

Phonetic aspects of mother-infant interaction are discussed in light of a functionalist Mother-infant phonetic interaction (MIPhI) model. Adults addressing infants typically use a speech style (infant-directed speech, IDS) characterized by, for instance, extensive suprasegmental (prosodic) modulations. This type of speech seems to interest young infants whose active experience with the spoken language appears to focus their speech perception on the phonological properties of the ambient language during the first year of life. This thesis consists of four articles discussing phonetic modifications at the suprasegmental, segmental and phonological levels, based on data from six Swedish mothersí IDS to their 3-month-olds. The first study concerns the tonal word accent 2 in disyllabic words, and shows how the lexical, bimodal, tonal characteristics of this accent are enhanced in IDS as compared to adult-directed speech (ADS). The second is a cross-linguistic investigation of vowel formant frequencies in Swedish, Am. English and Russian IDS. It shows that vowels like /i/, /u/, and /a/ are more clearly separated in IDS than in ADS, in all three languages. The third study addresses the voiced /voiceless contrast in stop consonants as measured by voice onset time (VOT) and shows that stop consonants seem to be poorly separated in early IDS samples. The fourth study investigates the quantity distinction in V:C and VC: sequences and indicates that this phonological contrast is well maintained in the IDS. Adult data are discussed within the MIPhI model, assuming that suprasegmental and segmental specifications in IDS follow different phonetic specification paths adapted to the infantsí capacities as these develop over the first 18 months of life. The adultsí phonetic adaptations appear to reflect a selective strategy of presenting linguistic structure in a ìgift-wrappingî that is attractive and functional for the infant. / För att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se

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This study sought to examine what gaps existed in practice through the perspectives of correctional social workers in terms of helping incarcerated mother–infant dyads bond. Additionally, it examined whether a prison nursery was viewed as a possible option within a smaller correctional facility. Theories used to guide this study included attachment theory and separation-individuation theory, which align with the research questions that sought to explore gaps in services, supports that could be established, and program feasibility. Action research, using an anonymous online survey, resulted in N = 6 social work participants who worked as prison social workers in the northeast region of the United States. Data were coded using thematic analysis to explore latent and semantic themes. Conclusions drawn from the dataset include the restrictive nature of the prison setting being a barrier to promoting attachment. An increase in parenting classes, substance use programming, and mental health treatment was seen as beneficial for supporting attachment. Promoting childhood normalcy and having access to nature and play things was seen as integral to the development of a prison nursery program. A prison nursery was seen as feasible within a smaller correctional facility in the northeast. Potential positive social change resulting from these findings include development of specific interventions to maintain mother–infant bonding in small departments of correction.

Typically, rhesus mothers begin rejecting their infants' attempts to nurse when the infants are approximately three months of age in order to begin the process of weaning. A small subgroup of mothers begin rejecting their infants earlier, at one or two months of age, typically before infants seek and maintain independence from their mother. The effects of this early maternal rejection on the development of infants and some potential factors that contribute to premature maternal rejection were explored in this study. Infants who were rejected early were hypothesized to subsequently spend less time in positive contact with their mother, have lower activity levels, were groomed less by their mother and, as a consequence of the maternal rejections, display a higher frequency of aggression toward other group members when compared to infants experiencing maternal rejection after the age-typical, three months of age. Mothers who were primiparous and/or had a poor early-rearing experience were hypothesized to be more likely to reject their infants prematurely. Consistent with these hypotheses, infants who were rejected early spent less time on their mother's ventrum and were groomed less by their mother, suggesting that early maternal rejection may lead to less positive mother-infant interactions and a more distant mother-infant relationship. Infants rejected early were also more likely engage in aggression. Given the punitive nature of the maternal rejection, the results suggest that aggression is transmitted from mother to infant through their interactions. Prematurely rejected infants were found to spend significantly more time in a passive, withdrawn behavioral state. When assessing the causes of premature rejections, primiparous mothers were not more likely to prematurely reject their infants, indicating that premature rejection was not simply a lack of experience with an infant. There was evidence that the mothers engaging in early rejection had poor early-rearing experiences, with surrogate-peer-reared mothers showing more early rejections than those who were reared by an adult female, and with mothers who were peer-reared having higher rates of rejection overall. The present results suggest that early rejection is associated with more difficult mother-infant relationships and may lead to increased likelihood of aggression in infants.

Advances in neonatology have led to increased numbers of high-risk neonates surviving and intensified interest in the developmental outcomes of this population. In the South African context prematurity and low birth weight are the most common causes of death in the perinatal period and the same risk factors that contribute to infant mortality also contribute to the surviving infants’ increased risk for developmental delays. As a result of the interacting biological and environmental risk factors of prematurity, low birth weight, poverty and HIV and AIDS in the South African context Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) has been developed as best practice to promote infant survival and to facilitate mother-infant attachment. Mother-infant attachment may lead to synchronous interaction patterns between the mother and infant which forms the basis of early communication development. Early communication intervention (ECI) services are recommended as early as possible as high-risk infants are especially at risk for feeding difficulties and communication developmental delays. It is, however, not clear what the content of an ECI programme should be and how it should be implemented according to the changing communication and feeding developmental needs of the infant while receiving KMC. There appears to be a dearth of research on the earliest stages of communication development in high-risk neonates, which should form the foundation of such a programme. A descriptive survey was conducted to describe the development of 25 high-risk infants and their mothers’ changing needs from admission to discharge from a KMC unit. Each participant and mother dyad was followed up over an average of 11 days of data collection with three to four data collection sessions. Data was collected by means of direct observation during routine care-giving activities. The different developmental subsystems of the participants’ feeding, communication, neuro-behavioural organization and mother-neonate interaction were described. The results demonstrated that subtle, but definite changes could be observed in the participants’ development. Development in all the different areas occurred over time as the participants progressed through the three developmental states of the in-turned state, coming-out state and reciprocity state. As the participants progressed during the 11 days of data collection and were increasingly able to attend to their environment, they also developed the ability to regulate and organize their own behaviour in order to develop more complex communication, feeding and interaction skills with their mothers. The functioning of the participants’ sensory systems developed in a specific order namely tactile, auditory and then visual. Although the participants developed consistently throughout their stay in the KMC unit, mother-neonate interaction never reached optimal levels. The importance of an individualized training programme for each mother is reflected in the finding that the neonate’s developmental level and progress needs to be considered when implementing the ECI programme. The need for speech-language therapy involvement in KMC is emphasized in the light of a shortage of practicing speech-language therapists in South Africa. It is therefore imperative that the prevention of communication delays and feeding difficulties in high-risk neonates as well as parent training assume priority. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted

Bonding is an emotional and biological process that creates a bond between a mother and her child and is among others important for easier breastfeeding, faster recovery of the mother etc. It is important to support it by an early contact between the mother and her newborn child. The diploma thesis aims to compare the discourse regarding mother-infant bonding and its support in our country around the year of 1980, when the rooming-in system appears, up to the present, with the milestone between 1998 and 2000, when the Centre of Active Birth was established as a result of changes in birth care that occurred then and which started to offer a different kind of care from the model that was known and used in the Czech Republic at that time. Emphasis will be put on the development of the discourse, changes in birth and after-birth care it has brought and changes of its participants and the role which women have as receivers of care. The theoretic part introduces the relatively little-known term 'bonding' and its support from the biological and social points of view, then discourse analysis will be applied in the methodological and experimental parts of the thesis. Analysed materials included media communication both in printed and electronic forms available at each analysed period. Keywords:...

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