A comparing study of planting spots and terrain impact in different types of terrain.

Forest plantations in the UK are often established on seasonally waterlogged peaty gley soils which often require site preparation (drainage and mounding) to lower the water table and prepare planting positions. Substantial changes in the physical environment of peaty gley soils can accompany site preparation including fluctuations in soil temperature and soil moisture. These and other changes can all affect soil properties and decomposition processes and well as the dynamics of CO2, CH4 and N2O. A field experiment was established at Harwood Forest (NE England) to investigate the effects of three site management practices (drainage, mounding and fertilisation) frequently used for afforestation and replanting on peaty gley soils in the UK on soil properties and various of C and N, environmental variables (soil temperature, water content and water table height) and emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O. The relationship between GHG emissions and environmental variables was also examined. The experiment was laid out in a factorial split-plot design. Drainage decreased C and N concentration in the 10 cm soil layer. The soil bulk density in the 0 to 20 cm soil layer was increased by mounding. Drainage and fertilisation increased soil CO2 efflux, whereas mounding did not affect soil CO2 efflux. All three practices affected soil CH4 fluxes with drainage reducing the fluxes and mounding and fertilisation increasing the fluxes. Nitrous oxide emissions were significantly affected by mounding and fertilisation, with mounding decreasing emissions and fertilisation increasing emissions. Soil temperature was the main environmental factor controlling soil respiration in this site. Over the two years study drainage and fertilisation increased the total greenhouse budget by 13.1% and 97.9%, while mounding caused a reduction of−17.6%. Drainage plus mounding reduced the total greenhouse budget by 6.9%, while drainage plus mounding plus fertilisation increased the total greenhouse budget by 101.8%. There is a potential for up-scaling GHG emissions from newly drained peaty gley for inclusion in the UK Land Use Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Greenhouse Gas Inventory. However up-scaling and evaluation of the net emissions requires high quality data from different sites newly drained for afforestation. More studies are needed if net fluxes from newly drained sites are to the included in the LULUCF Greenhouse Gas Inventory.

Soil scarification means lot to the regeneration of the forest because a good soil scarification boost the increment of the plants and it also makes the plants less attractive to dangerous insects. The surveys purpose was to investigate how different site factors influence the soil scarifications results. The goal was to see if any scarification method was better adapted to a certain site then the other. In order to see a result the survey investigated the bearing capacity of the stands, the surface structure and the slope of the terrain. The surveys material has been collected during august - October 2013 on SCA: s forest in Ångermanland in Sweden. Totally has 65 harrowed sites and 35 scalped sites been visited and material collected from. The survey result shows that the scarification quality after scalping was higher than after harrowed sites. The number of 5: s and 4: s was more frequent after scalping but the number of mineral 3: s was higher after harrowing. The analysis of the results shows that scalping was more sensitive to the site slope and surface structure then harrowed sites, but when used on the the right ground it will provide a better quality result. The conclusion of the survey was that harrowing is the better choice of the scarification methods because it showed a more stable result then scalping that is more depending on the terrain conditions. Harrowing should not be used on moist ground due to the risk of Hylobius abietis attacking the plants. Scalping on the other hand showed a better result of the scarification quality and on the right ground it is the optimal choice.

Vid föryngring ger markberedning en bra förutsättning för plantan att överleva och växa, och med mindre risk för snytbaggeangrepp. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur snytbaggeskydd och olika markberedningsmetoder långsiktigt påverkar stamantal, medelhöjd och volymproduktion hos gran (Picea abies). Markberedningsmetoderna som jämfördes var högläggning, fläckmarkberedning och inversmarkberedning. De jämfördes med att inte markbereda alls. Hälften av plantorna var behandlade mot snytbagge med permetrin, dessa var jämt fördelade i försöket. Studien genomfördes i en försöksyta 9284, vid SLU:s försökspark i Siljansfors, Mora kommun. Beståndet var 17 år när det mättes (16 år efter plantering) hösten 2018. Då mättes trädens höjd, diameter samt grönkronans höjd. Volym beräknades med volymfunktioner. Högläggning, inversmarkberedning, och fläckmarkberedning (i nu nämnd ordning) och snytbaggeskydd gynnade granplantornas volymtillväxt, gav flest stammar samt högst höjd. Att högläggning och inversmarkberedning var så framgångsrika i detta försök beror troligen på att marken i Siljansfors är näringsfattig och fuktig. Hög planteringspunkt ökar risken för en planta att torka. Permetrinbehandling hade en positiv effekt på volymen och stamantalet, dock var det ingen signifikant skillnad vad gäller höjden. Markberedning samt permetrinbehandling ger bestående långsiktiga resultat för produktionen. / In regenerations, soil preparation provides good conditions for plants to survive and grow, and reduces the risk of damage by pine weevil (Hylobius abietis). The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of protection against pine weevil damage and the long-term effect of different soil scarification methods on the number of trees, tree height and the volume production of spruce (Picea abies). The soil preparation methods that were compared were mounding, patch scarification and the inverse method. These were compared as well as to, no soil preparation at all. Half of the plants were treated against pine weevil with permethrin. These were evenly distributed in the experiment. The study was conducted in the trial area 9284, at SLU's experimental park in Siljansfors, Mora municipality. The trees were 17 years old when measured (16 years after planting) in the autumn 2018. Then tree height, diameter and the height of the green crown was measured. Volume was calculated with volume functions. Mounding, the inverse method and patch scarification (in the order mentioned) and pine weevil protection benefited the volume production of the spruce trees, the numbers of trees and tree height. The fact that mounding and the inverse method was so successful in this experiment is probably due to that the soil in Siljansfors is nutrient-poor and moist. High planting points increases the risk of drought. Permethrin treatment had a positive effect on volume production and the number of plants, however, there was no significant difference regarding tree height. Soil preparation and permethrin treatment provide lasting long-term effects on production.