Context: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has both direct and indirect effect on the growing immature brain that could lead to impaired neurodevelopmental outcome in children. The extent of the motor dysfunctions becomes a matter of concern as the children grow up to school age. Objective: Our objective was to determine the extent and severity of motor dysfunctions in HIV infected school-age children at a referral centre in Namibia. Methodology: A cross sectional prospective study of 60 HIV-infected children aged 6-12 years attending the paediatric HIV clinic in Windhoek was conducted. Severity of motor dysfunction was assessed using the Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) and the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), and clinical data were collected from medical records and from a care-taker questionnaire. Result: Of the 60 children enrolled in the study, 28(46.67%) were males. The mean age of the children was 9.73 years (S.D = 2.024). The median age at the time of diagnosis was 12 months, with a range of 1 to 73 and a SD of 16.11months. The median age at the time of commencement of treatment was 20.5 months (males) and 35 months (female) with a P-value of 0.0039. Over five percent (5.1%) of HIV-infected school age children had motor dysfunction scored at Level II of the GMFCS while 7% had a score of Level II on the MACS. A positive correlation existed between time of start of intervention with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and motor function outcomes (p<0.0001), the serum viral RNA load and the presence of seizures in the children (correlation coefficient = 0.31; P = 0.00327); serum viral load and developmental delays among the children (correlation coefficient= 0.4; p-value = 0.00159). The CD4 cell count and motor dysfunctions were correlated (correlation coefficient: 0.37; p-value <0.0001).The CD4 cell count at diagnosis had a significant inverse correlation to the outcome of behavioural problems in the children as well (coefficient = - 0.22; P-value = 0.004912). Conclusion: A significant proportion of school-age HIV-infected children have neurodevelopmental challenges and gross motor dysfunction in particular. A study with standardized tools to ascertain the extent of impairment in the other domains of development is needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of HIV infection on school-age children. / GR2018

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Ting, Lena; Committee Member: Chang, Young-Hui; Committee Member: Nichols, T. Richard; Committee Member: Schumacher, Eric; Committee Member: Thoroughman, Kurt. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

An overview of the varied clinico-neurological features of dyskinesias in general is presented, and literature an the epidemiology af tardive dyskinesia since the introduction of antipsychotic drugs in 1950, reviewed. Furthermore reasons for the wide variations in previously published prevalence figures have been critically highlighted, and suggestions based upon the current state of clinical and experimental knowledge put forward concerning the pathogenesis of drug induced movement disorders. The type and prevalence of abnormal or purposeless involuntary movements has been surveyed among a large sample of long term White patients resident in Town Hill Hospital for a period of not less than 4 years, mast af whom were either currently receiving or had received neuroleptic medication. This sample comprised 190 men and 98 women whose ages ranged from the third to the ninth decade. Patients manifesting abnormal movements were grouped into 5 general diagnostic categories for analysis viz. schisophrenic disorders, affective disorders, organic brain disorders and syndromes, defective mental development and discrete neurological disorder. The movements were clinically classified in terms cf the areas of the body involved and semi quantitatively measured according to a standardised duration rating scale procedure. Involuntary movements were noted to be present in a total o-f 83 patients examined, most o-f which were adjudged to correspond to the syndrome currently termed 'tardive dyskinesia'. Subtype analysis o-f movement distribution indicated that 277. of cases manifested classical oro-facial dyskinesia while 527. showed body dyskinesia o-f the type designated ' pseudaakathisia'; the balance o-f the patients presented combinations o-f the two types. Schizophrenic disorders constituted the commonest diagnostic category in the dyskinesia group up to the fifth decade. Functionally obtrusive involuntary movements were observed in only some 77. of the patients with dyskinesia. Prevalence overall was equal between the sexes, and no correlations were discerned between age, sex, diagnosis or dyskinesia subtype of cases and the rating scores obtained. Prevalence rates obtained by this survey are favourably low by comparison with many results of overseas investigators, and are similar in this respect to figures reported in the very few prevalence studies carried out to date in South African institutions. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-119). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Melbourne, School of Physiotherapy, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-116)

No description available.

Although heritability estimates of schizophrenia are high, studies attempting to identify specific genes for schizophrenia have been only modestly successful. Strategies to improve the power of genetic studies include the creation of homogeneous subtypes of schizophrenia based on symptom presentation, and the identification of behavioural abnormalities that reflect the presence of genes for schizophrenia ("behavioural markers of risk") even in the absence of the full clinical disorder. Oculomotor abnormalities are one of the most well-documented markers of risk. It is not known whether abnormalities in motor control are specific to the oculomotor system or whether they are found as well in other domains such as skeletomotor control. It is also not known whether different types of schizophrenia-related symptoms, which presumably have distinct neural bases, are associated with different behavioural abnormalities. / This thesis investigates oculomotor and skeletomotor function in clinically unaffected individuals who are at elevated risk for schizophrenia based on their scores on either a positive-symptom schizotypy questionnaire (Perceptual Aberration Scale) (n = 21) or a negative-symptom schizotypy questionnaire (Physical Anhedonia) (n = 20), and in Controls (n = 29). / In Manuscript 1, we review the evidence suggesting that skeletomotor deficits are present in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients and high-risk populations. The review supports the notion of skeletomotor dysfunction in these groups and underscores the lack of studies using instrumentation to characterize the deficits. In Manuscript 2, we compare the oculomotor performance of positive-symptom and negative-symptom schizotypes to that of controls. Results suggest that smooth pursuit deficits identify high-risk individuals with either positive or negative symptomatology, while antisaccade deficits identify primarily individuals with positive symptoms. In Manuscript 3, we use high-speed instrumentation and kinematic measures to evaluate skeletomotor function, and to assess the relationship between oculomotor and skeletomotor deficits in positive and negative-symptom schizotypes. This study revealed differential patterns of skeletomotor deficits in positive- and negative-symptom schizotypy, with both patterns suggestive of frontal-striatal dysfunction. In general, oculomotor and skeletomotor deficits were not associated. / Together these results support the notion of motor deficits across domains in risk for schizophrenia. In addition, they highlight the importance of distinguishing between positive and negative symptomatology when investigating the pathophysiology of risk for schizophrenia.

Bibliography: p. 172-185. / Includes bibliographies. / 185 p. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mental Health, 1968