Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tilapia is presumed to have a well-defined genetic mechanism of sex determination, but not all sex ratios are compatible with a monofactorial sex determination model. A theory of autosomal gene influence, as well as temperature sex determination (TSD) has been proposed in order to explain large variations in sex ratios. This study assessed the variation in progeny sex ratio in O. mossambicus as a basis for the application of YY male technology in the production of all-male progeny groups. Three populations of O. mossambicus were sampled that are representative of the geographical distribution of the species in Southern Africa. Progeny groups were produced from randomly selected parents and maintained at constant temperature during the labile period of sex differentiation. Variation in sex ratios between different families of the same strain as well as between different strains was calculated. No significant differences were observed in sex ratio between strains, though a significant intra-group variation was identified. This study identified both male and female-biased sex ratios. The data in general conform to a monofactorial sex determination model. Male-biased sex ratio observed in one strain can possibly be ascribed to temperature sex determination (TSD). This strain of O. mossambicus originated from an area with different annual temperature patterns and the possibility of TSD having an adaptive advantage is discussed. This thesis also presents the results of a program to produce monosex male tilapia through the application of the YY male technology in O. mossambicus. Viable XY female and YY male genotypes were produced. XY females sired progenies ranging from 68-94% male ofspring, while YY males sired a mean progeny of 94% male phenotypes. From these results it is concluded that YY male technology provide a viable method for the production of all-male progeny in O. mossambicus. Once available on a commercial scale, the technology can be made more reliable through the application of the appropriate selection methods. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tilapia spesies is oorwegend onderworpe aan ‘n goed gedefinieerde enkelfaktor model van genetiese geslagsbepaling, hoewel afwykings van sodanige geslagsbepalingsmodel soms waargeneem word. Die invloed van outosomale gene, sowel as omgewings temperatuur word voorgehou as verklaring van die waargenome variasies in geslagsverhoudings. Hierdie studie behels die evaluasie van variasie in geslagsdifferensiasie van O. mossambicus as basis vir die implementering van die YY manlike tegnologie vir die produksie van slegs-manlike nageslag groepe. Monsters is bekom van drie populasies van O. mossambicus verteenwoordigend van die geografiese verspreiding van die spesie in Suider Afrika. Nageslag groepe is geproduseer vanaf ewekansig gekose ouerpare en by ‘n konstante temperatuur gehuisves tydens die sensitiewe tydperk van geslagsdifferentiasie. Variasie in geslagsverhouding tussen verskillende families binne dieselfde subpopulasie sowel as binne verskillende populasies is bepaal. Geen betekenisvolle verskille is waargeneem in die geslagsverhouding tussen die verskillende populasies nie terwyl betekenisvolle verskille tussen families binne ‘n populasie waargeneem is. Die data voldoen aan ‘n enkelfaktor genetiese geslagsbepalingsmodel, met die uitsondering van een populasies waar ‘n moontlike omgewingsverwante geslagsbepalingseffek waargeneem is. Die tesis sluit ook in die resultate in van ’n program om YY-tegnologie in O. mossambicus te vestig ten einde manlike nageslag groepe te produseer. Funksionele vroulike XY- en manlike YY genotipes is ontwikkel. Die vroulike XY-genotipes het manlike nageslag groepe opgelewer wat wissel van 68%-94% manlik, terwyl manlike YY-genotipes nageslag groepe gelewer het wat gemiddeld 94% manlik was. Die resultate bevestig die lewensvatbaarheid van YY-tegnologie vir die kommersiële produksie van manlike nageslaggroepe in O. mossambicus.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar o Movimento de Arte Contemporânea de Moçambique, MUVART, no período compreendido entre 2004 e 2010, especificamente em sua cidade capital Maputo. Este título foi dado a um grupo formado em sua maioria por jovens artistas moçambicanos e seus fundadores foram Anésia Manjate, Carmem Muianga, Gemuce, Jorge Dias, Ivan Serra, Marcos Muthewuye, Mudaulane, Lourenço Cossa, Vânia Lemos, Quentin Lambert e Xavier MBeve. Inicialmente, situamos a arte africana e a arte africana contemporânea, tendo em vista a construção de um cenário de apreciação da arte em Moçambique. Os marcos escolhidos foram os séculos XVII e o século XVIII. Com base no Movimento de Arte Contemporânea de Moçambique, MUVART, revela-se o contexto histórico das relações entre a arte tradicional e a arte contemporânea moçambicana. A presença de quatro grupos étnicos fixados no território e de três artistas da geração anterior à analisada na presente pesquisa possibilita a introdução ao tema.Atenção especial é dada a uma atividade desenvolvida pelo grupo, a Bienal Expo- Arte Contemporânea, pontuada nas edições de 2004, 2006, 2008 e 2010. Amplia-se o debate com a interlocução de outros artistas convidados na referida exposição que, embora não fazendo parte do grupo original, dialogam com as linguagens contemporâneas. Recupera-se a história individual de cada artista e a história do grupo, sugerindo leituras do cenário da arte contemporânea em Moçambique, suas definições e a projeção na produção estética dos próprios artistas, a compreensão e a apreciação do público especializado. A terceira parte consiste na apresentação dos artistas fundadores do Movimento de Arte Contemporânea de Moçambique, MUVART, com ênfase nos trabalhos inseridos na Bienal Expo-Arte Contemporânea. Torna-se imprescindível atrelar à narrativa momentos históricos de suma importância para Moçambique que irão influenciar a arte moçambicana, considerando que a arte moçambicana começa a ganhar autoria paulatinamente, na concepção moderna de obra e autor, uma vez que na arte tradicional esta noção está imersa no seio da comunidade.Todavia,ideologicamente, esta produção autoral é intrinsecamente identificada com os ideais colonizadores, ou seja, deixa de ser exclusivamente uma produção conectada a um grupo específico para refletir os desejos externos a estas comunidades. A implicação destes movimentos irá desaguar na etapa posterior denominada pós-revolução, influenciando, no nosso caso específico, a sociedade moçambicana e consequentemente o percurso da geração seguinte, jovens artistas que já nasceram sob os auspícios da paz e que trazem como lastro esta história a ser contada e recontada. / The present work has the purpose to introduce Contemporary Art Movement of Mozambique, MUVART, between the period of 2004 and 2010, specifically in its capital city of Maputo. This title was given to a group mostly formed by young artists of Mozambique and its founders were Anésia Manjate, Carmem Muianga, Gemuce,Jorge Dias, Ivan Serra, Marcos Muthewuye, Mudaulane, Lourenço Cossa, Vânia Lemos, Quentin Lambert e Xavier MBeve. At first, the African art and the contemporary art are placed, bearing in mind a scenery, constructed of art appreciation in Mozambique.Landmarks of the seventeenth and the eighteenth century were chosen. Based on Contemporary Art Movement, MUVART, the historical context between the traditional art and the Mozambicans contemporary art,is revealed. The presence of four ethnical groups in the territory and three artists from previous generation being analyzed in the present research, made possible the introduction to this subject. Special attention is given to the groups developed activity, the Biennial Contemporary Expo-Art, scored in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010 editions. The discussion increases when other invited artists in the mentioned exposition dialogue in a contemporary manner with the original group, although they did not belong to it. Each artists individual history and the groups history are recovered, suggesting readings of the contemporary art scene in Mozambique, their definitions and the projection of the artists own aesthetics production, the comprehension and appreciation of the specialized public. The third part consists of the artists founders of the Contemporary Art Movement of Mozambiques presentation, MUVART, emphasizing the works presented in the Biennial Contemporary Expo-Art. It becomes strictly necessary to tie up historical moments of great importance to Mozambique to the narrative that will influence the Mozambican art, considering that it starts to gain gradually its authorship, in the conception of modern work and author, once the idea of traditional art is immersed within the pale of the community. Although, ideologically, this authorial sort of production is intrinsically identified with the colonizers ideals, meaning, no longer an exclusive production connected to a specific group reflecting external desires to these communities. The implication of these movements will flow into a later stage, called post-revolution, influencing, in our specific case, the Mozambican society and consequently the course of the next generation, young artists who were born under the auspices of peace, bringing as ballast this story to be told and retold.

La Réserve Nationale de Niassa (RNN, Mozambique) est une des plus grandes aires protégées en Afrique (42,140 km2) et inclut une population humaine d'environ 39,000 résidents au sein de ses limites. La RNN a subit 10 ans de guerre d'indépendance (1964-1974) puis 15 ans de guerre civile (1977-1992), périodes pendant lesquelles les populations animales ont fortement diminué. Malgré d'importants efforts de conservation, les densités de la communauté d'herbivores y sont très faibles comparées à d'autres systèmes de savanes similaires, notamment la densité de la population de buffles qui est considérée comme une espèce clé dans l'industrie locale des trophées de chasse et est donc logiquement devenue une priorité de gestion pour la RNN. Nous avons répondu à cette problématique à travers trois protocoles. Premièrement, nous avons analysé les données de 5 comptages aériens (2002-2011), réalisés en fin de saison sèche, afin d'explorer les relations entre la distribution de la population de buffles et plusieurs variables environnementales, reflétant les équilibres à long terme et à large échelle avec les ressources clés. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié les stratégies d'utilisation de l'espace et de sélection de l'habitat de 9 troupeaux de buffles dans des zones contrastées et sur une période de 3 ans. Enfin, nous avons analysé les potentiels impacts directs et indirects des moyens de subsistance des foyers locaux sur le buffle et les ressources naturelles à partir de questionnaires réalisés dans des villages contrastés. Les résultats montrent que l'arrangement spatial des rivières permanentes et de l'eau résiduelle dans le réseau hydrographique secondaire est principalement responsable de la distribution de la population de buffles dans la RNN en saison sèche. La taille des domaines vitaux fait partie des plus grandes jamais observée pour cette espèce avec de larges mouvements saisonniers en réponse à une ségrégation des ressources. Les feux de brousse contraignent fortement la sélection de l'habitat et leur ampleur limite énormément la disponibilité en fourrage pour le buffle. Aucun évitement évident de la présence humaine (proximité aux villages / routes) n'a été observé par les deux premiers protocoles, mais les réponses aux questionnaires suggèrent un potentiel impact du braconnage sur la dynamique de la population de buffles. Ces résultats fournissent de précieuses informations aux gestionnaires d'aires protégées. A une si grande échelle, en raison de l'hétérogénéité des covariables environnementales, les actions de gestion doivent être adaptées aux zones contrastées de la RNN / The Niassa National Reserve {NNR, Mozambique) is one of the vastest protected areas in Africa {42,140 km2) and includes around 39,000 local residents within the limits of the Reserve. NNR suffered from 10 years of independence war {1964-1974) and 15 years of civil war {1977-1992), during which wildlife population decreased substantially. Despite important conservation efforts, the density of ungulate community remains strikingly low compared to other similar savanna systems, especially buffalo which is considered as a key asset for the local trophy hunting industry and has logically become a management priority for the NNR. We addressed this issue through three main protocols. First, we investigated data from 5 aerial surveys {2002-2011) at the end of the dry season to explore relationships between buffalo distribution and environmental covariates, reflecting large scale and long-term equilibriums with key resources. Second, we investigated space use and habitat selection strategies at annual and seasonal scales by GPS tracking the movements of 9 buffalo herds in contrasted areas over 3 years. Third, we assessed the potential direct and indirect impacts of household's livelihood on buffalo and natural resources using questionnaires in contrasted villages. Results show that the spatial arrangement of permanent rivers and residual water in seasonal tributaries strongly drives buffalo distribution within NNR in the dry season. Home range sizes were among the largest on record for the species with large seasonal movements in response to segregated resources. Bushfires appeared to strongly constraint habitat selection and the magnitude of their extension to greatly limit the availability of forage for buffalo. No obvious avoidance of human activities {villages/road proximity) was observed by the first two protocols, but responses to the questionnaires suggest a potentially severe impact of poaching on buffalo population dynamics. Results provide valuable information for wildlife managers. At such a large scale, due to the heterogeneity of environmental covariates, management actions must be adapted to the contrasting zones within NNR

M.Phil. / Successfully establishing an organisational service delivery footprint in Africa is a challenge that faces many South-Africa-based companies. Africa is a large continent, containing numerous countries, dialects and cultures. Each country presents its own set of unique opportunities and threats, and therefore a focused approach is required to develop a plan for organisations to not only grow into new markets and to service new clients, but also to expand service-rendering capability among its current clients by providing services from the product source to their end destination in Africa. It is therefore the purpose of this research project to focus on Mozambique and the Port of Maputo, with a detailed consideration of the strategic value that the Port of Maputo presents to organisations on the basis of its geographic location and proximity to product sources, both within Mozambique and its neighbouring countries ...

This dissertation deals with the economic aspect of culture and focuses on the patterns of renewable natural resources utilisation among the people living in the Matutuine District of Southern Mozambique. The study also focuses on the demography, history and socio-political organisation of the area. Against this background the study emphasises the importance of the fact that these aspects will have to be taken into account if the establishment of the planned Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area in the same region is to be in any way successful. This area has no conservation status at present but has been earmarked to become part of the Lumbobo Transfrontier Conservation Area. This will mean that the entire area, or a substantial part thereof, will have to be proclaimed as a protected area. In Southern Africa the establishment of conservation areas have often been coupled with the removal of people from such areas. People removed from land declared as nature conservation areas were often denied access to resources they previously utilised to survive. The research findings indicate that the local people who live in the Matutuine District of Mozambique are extremely dependent on the natural environment for their everyday survival. The vast majority of people are concentrated in small villages where they practise subsistence agriculture. Due to nutrient poor soils and other factors, the local people are not able to produce enough foodstuffs to fulfil their survival needs. Although most people own small stock, the absolute minority of people own cattle. This is largely, although not solely attributable to the turbulent history of the area, especially the effects of the Mozambican Civil War. The poverty of the people in the area increases their dependence on natural resources. Local people supplement their diets by fish, caught in the lakes and rivers in the area, and wild fruits. Due to the effects of the Civil War, most fauna in the area have been depleted but people still hunt wild animals, especially small game, for food. The local people are thus extremely dependent on the resource base of the area earmarked to become part of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area. With the information presented in this study it is possible for the planners of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area to devise a strategy that will not impair the livelihoods of the local people who live in the area, but instead accommodate their socio-economic needs in the planning process and in the eventual establishment of the Lubobo Transfrontier Conservation Area. / Dissertation (MA (Anthropology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Anthropology and Archaeology / Unrestricted

Mozambique is faced with severe poverty and this study examines what are the main legal and institutional challenges to the implementation and enforcement of socio-economic rights in Mozambique. The author looks at how contributions can be made to the improvement of promotion, protection, and fulfilment of socio-economic rights as well as the improvement of the rule of law and good governance in Mozambique. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of K.K.K. Ampofo of the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))-- University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Thesis (MScAgric (Conservation Ecology and Entomology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / This study assessed (a) the inclusion of local communities in the process of the establishment and management of Parque Nacional do Limpopo (PNL); (b) local community resources use practices, livelihoods strategies, land resources use and ownership and institutional arrangements at the grassroots; and (c) attitudes and perceptions of local communities towards the park and its implications for the sustainability of the park. The study shows that local stakeholders were left out in the planning and implementation processes of the park, which was through top-down approach. There was a lack of involvement of local communities and co-ordination with local stakeholders concerning on-the-ground activities. Local community participation occurs through consultation, thereby depriving primary stakeholders of any decision-making power. However, the study notes that the ongoing interaction between the park management, community advocacy organisations and local communities in the park represents a positive step towards the evolving practice of participatory governance of the protected area. It is also shown that local communities have diverse livelihood strategies, including subsistence agriculture, livestock herding, forest products harvesting, small businesses, handicrafts and cash remittances by migrate labourers. It is worth noting that land and forest resources use constitutes the foundation of their livelihood strategies. Local communities considered land to belong to traditional land chiefs who head local socio-cultural and political organizations in rural areas. They allocate land and control access to natural resources. Other community members asserted that the land belongs to the respective families that inherited and use it. The legal framework in Mozambique authorises the establishment of new institutions at the grassroots. This overlaps with the pre-existing traditional institutions in the rural areas, resulting in power conflicts and in some cases disruption of local institutions for governance ...

Thesis (MScConsEcol)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mopane woodlands are some of the most economically and ecologically important vegetation types of southern Africa, providing an array of services and products for sustaining livelihood of local communities in dry and low lying areas. Although Mopane woodlands, like other African savannas, have received attention in the last decades, few studies were carried out using an integrated approach that combines socio-economic and environmental considerations. The aim of this study was to document the impact of harvesting woody resources in order to recommend ways of meeting ecological and economic objectives for sustainable use of communal resources in a rural community in the Mahel area, Mozambique. This was achieved by looking at the pattern of species composition, resource availability and dynamics of the woody vegetation and how the woodland is used. The study found that woodland resources in the area have a promising potential. Local communities who also recognised the crucial importance of these resources for their livelihood corroborated this. Thus, conservation measures are needed because the current unsustainable utilisation of the resources may lead to degradation of the woodland resource base. The species richness and diversity of the vegetation appeared to be influenced by a number of ecological and anthropogenic factors, but soil characteristics are the most important determinant of distribution and composition of the Mopane and Acacia woodlands in Mahel. The harsh environmental conditions on hard clay soils lead to dominance of over 80% of the Mahel area by Colophospermum mopane. There was evidence of high variation of species richness per plot at a distance from the villages. On the other hand species diversity near the villages was higher because of human activities. Colophospermum mopane formed mono-specific stands far from the villages. One of the most important aspects of the study is the invaluable contribution of baseline information for long-term studies for biodiversity assessment and monitoring of vegetation changes caused by impact of harvesting in the Mopane woodland. The availability of woody resources in the Mahel area was higher in Mopane woodland (937 stems ha-I) than in Acacia woodland (271 stems ha -1). The population structure of most tree species was shown to be stable in Mopane woodland. Therefore, sustainable harvesting in the woodland for firewood, construction material and poles, other than charcoal production could be encouraged. The preference across use types and species depended mostly on availability of resources in the woodland. Colophospermum mopane was the species with highest multiple use, including for firewood, charcoal, construction material, fencing poles and edible caterpillars. Local people perceived that crop production was a more important source of benefits for their livelihoods than cattle farming, woodland use and cash income. Application of strategic management planning is crucial in the Mahel area. This will require a suitable zoning scheme for appropriate use of the woodland resources and conservation of the vegetation as a guarantee for sustainable development of the local communities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mopanie bosveld is een van die mees ekonomies en ekologies belangrike plantegroei tipes en voorsien 'n reeks dienste en produkte wat bydrae tot die lewensonderhoud van plaaslike gemeenskappe in die droeë en laagliggende dele van Suider Afrika. Alhoewel Mopanie bosveld, soos ook ander savanna tipes in Afrika, in die afgelope dekades aandag geniet het, is daar 'n tekort aan studies wat sosio-ekonomiese, sowel as omgewingsaspekte, integreer en aanspreek. Die doel van die studie was om die impak van oes en benutting van houtagtige hulpbronne te dokumenteer en sodoende aanbevelings te maak aangaande die ekologiese en ekonomiese aspekte van die volhoudbare benutting van gemeenskaplike hulpbronne in die Mahel gebied, Mosambiek. Dit is gedoen deur ondersoek in te stel na die patroon van spesie samestelling, die beskikbaarheid en gebruik van bosveld hulpbronne en die dinamiese prosesse van die houtagtige plantegroei. In die studie is gevind dat daar belowende potensiaal in die gebruik van die houtagtige hulpbronne in die studiegebied, opgesluit is. Die bevinding is bevestig deur die plaaslike gemeenskappe wat die belangrikheid van die hulpbronne in hul lewensonderhoud herken. In die lig van die huidige onvolhoudbare verbruik van die hulpbron, is maatreëls vir die bewaring hiervan nodig om moontlike oorbenutting van houtagtige hulpbronne te voorkom. Dit wil voorkom asof die spesierykheid en diversiteit deur 'n aantal antropogeniese faktore beinvloed word, maar grondeienskappe is die belangrikste faktor wat die verspreiding en samestelling van Mopanie en Akasia bosveld in die Mahel, bepaal. Die ongunstige omgewingstoestande op harde, klei grond, lei daartoe dat tot 80 % van die Mahel gedomineer word deur Colosphospermum mopane. Daar was verder aanduidings van hoër spesierykheid per plot soos daar van plaaslike nedersettings wegbeweeg word. Daar was egter 'n hoër spesiediversiteit nader aan nedersettings, as gevolg van menslike aktiwiteite. Daar was 'n tendens vir Colosphospermum mopane om mono-spesifieke opstande met groter afstand van nedersettings te vorm. Een van die mees belangrike aspekte van die studie is die bydrae wat dit lewer tot grondbeginsels vir langtermyn studies, wat fokus op die impak van menslike gebruik van Mopanie bosveld op die biodiversiteit en plantegroeisamestelling van die hulpbron. Die beskikbaarheid van houtagtige hulpbronne was hoër in die Mahel Mopanie bosveld (937 stamme ha-I) as in Akasia bosveld (271 stamme ha-I). Daar is gevind dat die populasiestruktuur, sowel as regenerasie van die populasie, stabiel is in Mopanie bosveld. Derhalwe kan benutting van die bosveld vir vuurmaakhout (uitsluitende charcoal) en boumateriaal aangemoedig word. Die voorkeur van sekere spesies en aanwending vir sekere gebruike het meestal afgehang van die beskikbaarheid van die verkillende hulpbronne in die bosveld. Colosphospermum mopane is die spesie wat die meeste aangewend is vir gebruik vir onder andere, vuurmaakhout, charcoal, boumateriaal, heining pale en die voorsiening van eetbare ruspus. Daar is verder bevind dat die plaaslike inwoners gewasproduksie as 'n belangriker ondersteuningsfaktor vir lewensonderhoud sien as lewendehawe produksie, bosveld benutting en kontant inkomste. Die toepassing van strategiese bestuursbeplanning is van kardinale belang in die Mahel. Dit sluit die ontwikkeling van 'n sonerings skema in, om die toepaslike gebruik van bosveld hulpbronne en die bewaring van die plantegroei te verseker vir die toekomstige volhoudbare gebruik van die hulpbron deur plaaslike gemeenskappe.

Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study deals with an analysis of Mozambican education policy documents, linking this analysis to theories of democratic citizenship education. It suggests that, for Mozambican people to become active citizens who are able to face and challenge their social problems, a deliberative democratic citizenship education has to be adopted in their schools. In such deliberation the citizens should participate equally and freely in different debates and activities, without feeling intimidated by those in power. If such deliberative democratic citizenship education does not exist in schools, the citizens may not be able to recognise their rights and find solutions for the problems in society. The ideas of philosophers of deliberative democratic citizenship education, such as Amy Gutmann and David Thompson, Seyla Benhabib and Iris Marion Young, are used to think about democratic citizenship education in Mozambique. This analysis assists in answering the following research question: ‘Can the education policies in schools contribute to promoting democratic citizenship education in the Mozambican society? If not, what should be done?’ Furthermore, interpretive methodology and analytical inquiry are applied as methods to interpret and understand the education policy documents and to undertake a critical analysis of the concept of democratic citizenship education, as well as of education policy documents. The analysis of Mozambican education policy documents illustrates clearly that the government is concerned about the eradication of illiteracy, by increasing access to education, equality and quality of education, and the preparation of citizens who know their basic rights and can contribute to the development of their communities and democracy. The results demonstrate that the government is achieving some of the goals related to access to education. For instance, the government increased the number of primary schools from 7 013 in 1999 to 11 859 in 2008. However, more still needs to be done with respect to the quality of education. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that Mozambican education policies lack democratic citizenship education. For instance, the education policies were analysed in three distinct periods, namely post-independence, post-civil war and the period of the Millennium Development Goals. The policies are indicated to be inadequate to cultivate democratic citizens in Mozambican society, particularly because there is a need to boost a deliberative democratic citizenship education in schools. For example, in the first period, citizens did not have an opportunity to deliberate and be autonomous citizens in the educative process. Everything was done by the government. In the second period the government allowed the participation of other organisations, communities and institutions in the educative process, but there is no specification of how those citizens participated in the process of decision making. In the third period the government became concerned about important aspects and values of democratic citizenship education that should be taught directly in school. In this context the government introduced Civic and Moral Education and themes to be discussed in the classroom, which potentially will enable citizens to be critical. This situation shows that, in public schools, teachers should educate learners through classroom deliberations. It implies that teachers need to create conditions for the teaching and learning process so that all citizens, independent of their origin, class, sex and race, can participate and work together in deliberation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie handel oor ’n analise van Mosambiekse onderwysbeleidsdokumente, en verbind hierdie analise aan teorieë van demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys. Dit stel voor dat vir Mosambiekers om aktiewe burgers te word wat die vermoë het om hulle sosiale probleme te konfronteer en uit te daag, ’n beraadslagende demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys in hulle skole nodig is. In sulke beraadslaging moet burgers op ’n gelyke voet en vrylik aan debatte of aktiwiteite deelneem, sonder dat hulle deur die maghebbers geïntimideer word. Indien so ’n beraadslagende demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys nie in die skole bestaan nie, sal burgers moontlik nie hulle regte herken nie en ook nie oplossings vir die samelewing se probleme kan vind nie. Die idees van filosowe van beraadslagende demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys soos Amy Gutmann en David Thompson, Seyla Benhabib en Iris Marion Young is gebruik om demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys in Mosambiek te oorweeg. Hierdie analise dra daartoe by om die volgende navorsingsvraag te beantwoord: ‘Kan die onderwysbeleide in skole ’n bydrae maak tot die bevordering van demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys in die Mosambiekse samelewing? Indien nie, wat moet gedoen word?’ Verder is verklarende metodologie en analitiese ondersoek as metodes gebruik om die onderwysbeleidsdokumente te interpreteer en te verstaan en om ’n kritiese analise van die konsep van demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys, sowel as van die onderwysbeleidsdokumente, te onderneem. Die analise van Mosambiekse onderwysbeleidsdokumente toon duidelik dat die regering ernstig is oor die uitwissing van ongeletterdheid, met toenemende toegang tot onderwys, gelyke en kwaliteitopvoeding, en die voorbereiding van burgers wat bewus is van hulle basiese regte en ’n bydrae kan maak tot die ontwikkeling van hulle gemeenskappe en die demokrasie. Die resultate toon dat die regering sommige van sy doelwitte behaal met betrekking tot toegang tot onderwys. Byvoorbeeld, die regering het die aantal laerskole vermeerder van 7 013 in 1999 tot 11 859 in 2008. Meer moet egter nog gedoen word met betrekking tot die kwaliteit van onderwys. Die studie demonstreer verder dat Mosambiekse onderwysbeleide ’n gebrek aan demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys toon. Die onderwysbeleide is byvoorbeeld in drie afsonderlike tydperke geanaliseer, naamlik ná onafhanklikheid, ná die burgeroorlog en in die tydperk van die Millennium Ontwikkelingsdoelwitte. Die beleide is duidelik onvoldoende om demokratiese burgers in die Mosambiekse samelewing daar te stel, veral omdat daar nog ’n behoefte daaraan is om ’n beraadslagende demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys in skole ’n hupstoot te gee. Byvoorbeeld, in die eerste tydperk is burgers nie die geleentheid gegun om te beraadslaag en as outonome burgers in die onderwysproses op te tree nie. Alles is deur die regering gedoen. In die tweede tydperk het die regering deelname deur ander organisasies, gemeenskappe en instansies in die onderwysproses toegelaat. Maar daar is geen aanduiding van hoe hierdie burgers in die besluitnemingsproses deelgeneem het nie. In die derde tydperk was die regering besorgd oor belangrike aspekte en waardes van demokratiese burgerskapsonderwys wat direk in die skool onderrig moet word. In hierdie konteks het die regering Burgerleer en Sedeleer en temas wat in die klaskamer bespreek moet word, ingevoer wat burgers potensieel sal help om krities te wees. Hierdie situasie toon dat onderwysers in staatskole leerders in klaskamerberaadslaging moet opvoed. Dit impliseer dat onderwysers vir die onderrig- en leerproses toestande moet skep waarin alle burgers, ongeag hulle oorsprong, klas, geslag en ras, kan deelneem en saam kan beraadslaag.

Mozambique is undergoing intensive socio-economic reforms to reconstruct war damages and develop the nation. The reforms consist of economic liberalisation through structural adjustment and monetarist economic stabilisation, e.g. government withdrawal from economic activities, privatisation, deregulation, reduction of tariff levels on imports and tax on investments, cuts of expenditure on social services, restrictive credit system, focus on monetarism, increased taxation on individual income, etc. The nature of these reforms, on the surface, leads to morally questionable conditions. There is social chaos and disintegration, high indices of corruption, subtle recolonisation, decline of civil services, etc. At the bottom lie the market ethics and fundamentalist theological discourse by dint of which the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund deny historical consciousness, lack institutional memory, vest themselves with unquestionable international authority, dictate and impose policies without accountability for the social consequences. If there is any hope for Mozambicans, it lies in development ethics which relies heavily on the liberation motif, historical consciousness, and African Heritage. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Theological Ethics)