No description available.

This thesis describes the synthesis of a novel multimeric peptide ligand targeted to the human melanocortin 4 receptor. The synthesis of the peptide was attempted both by solid phase peptide synthesis and by solution phase peptide synthesis, leading to the conclusion that the necessary C- and N- terminal substituents were much easier to install via the solution phase route. The bifunctional peptide was purified and then multimerized in both protected and active amino acid forms using the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The multimers were characterized using MS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was found that a large portion of the monomer cyclized under CuAAC conditions, though sufficient multimerization took place to form up to nonamers, as determined by mass spectrometry.

No description available.

α-MSH immunoreactive peptides were fractionated and characterized in rat and human brain and rat pituitary by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. α-MSH and deacetylated α-MSH were two major naturally existing peptides in both brain and pituitary gland. Subsequent experiments examined the roles of these two peptides in neuronal function. The α-MSH was clearly more effective than deacetylated α-MSH in improving performance on a visual discrimination task after intraperitoneal administration and in inducing excessive grooming after intraventricular administration. The difference in behavioral potency may be explained by the fact that α-MSH was much more resistant to peptidase degradation than was deacetylated α-MSH. N-acetylation of α-MSH may be an effective regulatory process for modulating the behavioral potency of the secretory product of α-MSH-containing pituitary cells and neurons.

No / In this study, we have demonstrated the presence of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR1) transcripts in human skin. Sequence analysis confirmed that the transcripts of both genes were identical to those previously found in human brain. In culture, endothelial cells showed pro-MCH expression whereas no signal was found in keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. MCHR1 expression was restricted to melanocytes and melanoma cells. Stimulation of cultured human melanocytes with MCH reduced the ¿-MSH-induced increase in cAMP production. Furthermore, the melanogenic actions of ¿-MSH were inhibited by MCH. We propose that the MCH/MCHR1 signalling system is present in human skin and may have a role with the melanocortins in regulating the melanocyte.

L’obésité se caractérise par un excès de masse adipeuse corporelle. Elle est due à un déséquilibre de la balance énergétique qui dépend de l’apport énergétique et les dépenses énergétiques, notamment via la thermogenèse du tissu adipeux brun (brown adipose tissue — BAT). Le BAT est sous l’influence de différents systèmes de neurotransmetteurs au sein du système nerveux central et en particulier au niveau de l’hypothalamus par le système mélanocortines (SM). Cependant, le rôle du SM dans l’hypothalamus sur le contrôle du BAT reste à éclaircir. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visaient à i) montrer que le noyau paraventriculaire de l’hypothalamus (PVH) est au centre de la modulation des effets du SM sur la thermogenèse du BAT par le système endocannabinoïde (SE) et ii) mettre en évidence que le noyau préoptique médial (MPO) est un site d’activation de la thermogenèse par les mélanocortines dépendant d’un relais dans le noyau dorsomédian de l’hypothalamus (DMH). Nous avons observé que l’injection intra-cérébro-ventriculaire de MTII, un agoniste des récepteurs aux mélanocortines, augmente la dépense énergétique via la thermogenèse du BAT. D’autre part, les effets du MTII sur le BAT sont inhibés ou partiellement potentialisés par l’injection respective d’un agoniste (Δ9-THC) ou d’un antagoniste (AM251) du SE. Par la suite, nous avons mis en évidence que ces observations font intervenir spécifiquement le récepteur aux mélanocortines 4 et le récepteur aux cannabinoïdes de type 1. Enfin, notre étude a montré que des neurones du PVH co-expriment ces deux récepteurs et que les effets sur la thermogenèse de l’injection de MTII dans le PVH, sont totalement inhibés par l’administration de Δ9-THC dans le 4éme ventricule, suggérant donc, que la modulation du SM par le SE a lieu au sein de neurones du PVH projetant vers la moëlle épinière. D’autre part, l’injection de MTII dans le MPO stimule la thermogenèse du BAT. Toutefois, des lésions du DMH causées par l’acide kaïnique inhibent les effets du MTII. De plus, l’expression de gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme du tissu adipeux blanc inguinal est stimulée par le MTII, mais seulement chez les rats lésés. Ces résultats permettent donc d’établir que le duo MPO-DMH est une cible importante dans la modulation de l’homéostasie énergétique par les mélanocortines. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre le rôle majeur du SM au sein de l’hypothalamus dans le contrôle de l’activité thermogène du BAT. Cependant, la compréhension des réseaux neuronaux impliquant le SM et ses co-régulateurs reste à éclaircir avant d’envisager un traitement thérapeutique de l’obésité via le SM. / Obesity is characterized by an adiposity excess. It is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, which includes a few components including brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. BAT is controlled by different neuronal systems of the central nervous system, including the melanocortin system (MS). However, the role of the hypothalamic melanocortin system in the control of BAT thermogeneis remains unclear. The studies presented in this thesis were designed to study i) that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is central for modulating the effects of MS on BAT thermogenesis by the endocannabinoid system (ES) and ii) to highlight the influence of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPO) as a site of the thermogenic action of MS and exploring the role played by the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) in this action. We observed that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of melanocotin II (MTII), a melanocortin receptor agonist, increased energy expenditure through BAT thermogenesis. The MTII effects on BAT were inhibited or partially potentiated by an injection of ES agonist (Δ9-THC) or antagonist (AM251) respectively. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the melanocortin 4 receptor and the cannabinoid receptor type 1 were specifically involved in these observations. Finally, our study showed that PVH neurons co-expressed both these receptors and the effects on thermogenesis of the MTII injection into the PVH were completely inhibited by the administration of Δ9-THC in the 4th ventricle, suggesting that the modulation of MS by the ES occurred through PVH neurons projecting to the spinal cord. On the other hand, the injection of MTII in MPO stimulated BAT thermogenesis. Nonetheless, DMH lesions caused by kainic acid inhibited the effects of MTII. Furthermore, the gene expression involved in inguinal white adipose tissue metabolism were stimulated by MTII, but only in lesioned rats. These results indicate that the MPO-DMH duet is an important target in the modulation of energy homeostasis by the melanocortins. All of these results show the major role of MS within the hypothalamus in the control of BAT thermogenic activity. However, understanding of neural networks involving the MS and its co-regulators remains to be clarified before considering therapeutic treatment of obesity through the activation of MS.

Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Les ultraviolets A (UVA) sont carcinogènes et produisent des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ERO). Le récepteur à la mélanocortine de type 1 (MC1R) est un récepteur couplé aux protéines G (RCPG) qui est impliqué dans la mélanogénèse et dans l'inflammation cutanée. Certains variants du gène sont associés à un risque accru de mélanomes et de carcinomes cutanés. Le MC1R est exprimé surtout dans les mélanocytes mais son expression peut être induite par les UV in vitro dans les kératinocytes et in vivo dans la peau. Le récepteur MC1R est activé par l'α-MSH. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d'étudier les effets du récepteur MC1R sur le stress oxydatif induit par les UVA dans des lignées kératinocytaires humaines HaCaT exprimant le récepteur MC1R ou son variant non fonctionnel Arg151Cys. Nous avons montré que la production d'ERO intracellulaire induite par les UVA est fortement inhibée dans les cellules HaCaT-MC1R et que cette inhibition est renforcée en présence d'α-MSH. L'inhibition du stress oxydatif induit par les UVA dans les cellules transfectées par le MC1R est en partie dépendante de la phosphorylation de la sous-unité activatrice, NoxA1 de la NADPH oxydase. Le traitement des cellules HaCaT-MC1R par un inhibiteur du récepteur au facteur de croissance épidermique (EGFR) restaure l'habilité de ces cellules à induire un stress oxydatif après irradiation UVA. Ces résultats montrent que l'activité constitutive du récepteur MC1R dans des kératinocytes pourrait inhiber le stress oxydatif induit par les UVA via des mécanismes dépendants de l'AMPc et de l'EGFR. / Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiations are responsible for deleterious effects, mainly due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) binds to Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R) in melanocytes to stimulate pigmentation and modulate cutaneous inflammatory responses. MC1R may be induced in keratinocytes after UV exposure. To investigate the effect of MC1R signaling on UVA-induced ROS (UVA-ROS) production, we generated HaCaT cells that stably express human MC1R (HaCaT-MC1R) or the Arg151Cys (R151C) non- functional variant (HaCaT-R151C). We then assessed ROS production immediately after UVA exposure and found that: (1) UVA-ROS production was strongly reduced in HaCaT-MC1R but not in HaCaT-R151C cells compared to parental HaCaT cells; (2) this inhibitory effect was further amplified by α-MSH treatment of HaCaT-MC1R cells before UVA exposure; (3) after UVA irradiation, NoxA1 phosphorylation was increased i n HaCaT-MC1R compared to HaCaT and HaCaT-R151C cells. Inhibition of PKA in HaCaT-MC1R cells resulted in a marked increase of UVA-ROS production; (4) the ability of HaCaT-MC1R cells to produce UVA-ROS was restored by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activity before UVA exposure. Our findings suggest that constitutive activity of MC1R in keratinocytes may reduce UVA-induced oxidative stress via EGFR and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.

Oxytocin release within the brain modulates several social behaviours in animals and humans. Moreover, low central oxytocin content has been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and autism. The exogenous administration of oxytocin has been proposed for therapeutic treatment, but oxytocin does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in physiologically significant amounts. An alternative approach to oxytocin administration is to stimulate central oxytocin release using melanocortins. Central administration of the naturally occurring melanocortin, α-MSH, has been shown to trigger somatodendritic oxytocin release in vitro. Unfortunately, endogenous melanocortins also do not penetrate the BBB in neuroactive amounts. In this study, I investigated whether systemic administration of synthetic melanocortin receptor 3/4 (MC3/4) agonist, Melanotan-II (MT-II), affects oxytocin neuronal activity and secretion in anaesthetised rats. I hypothesised that systemic administration of MT-II directly (centrally) acts on magnocellular oxytocin neurones to trigger somatodendritic oxytocin release from neurones of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus in vivo. Firstly, using double immunohistochemistry against Fos protein, a widely used marker for neural activity, and oxytocin, I showed that intravenous (i.v.; 1 mg/kg), but not intranasal (1 and 30 μg rat), administration of MT-II markedly induced Fos expression in magnocellular oxytocin neurones of the SON and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus, and this response was prevented by prior intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the melanocortin antagonist, SHU-9119 (1 μg rat). In addition, brain areas receiving peripheral inputs which are involved in the regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release were also analysed, showing that i.v. MT-II significantly increased Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), but not in circumventricular organs of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region. MT-II-induced Fos in the NTS was not prevented by the i.c.v. melanocortin antagonist. Then, using in vivo electrophysiology, I investigated whether i.v. administration of MT-II affects the electrical activity of SON neurones. Extracellular single-unit recordings from identified magnocellular neurones of the SON showed that MT-II significantly increased the firing rate in oxytocin neurones, however, no significant changes in firing rate were detected in vasopressin neurones. Finally, in vivo oxytocin release experiments showed that i.v. administration of MT-II did not trigger somatodendritic oxytocin release within the SON as measured by microdialysis and subsequent radioimmunoassay. Interestingly, the i.c.v. administration of MT-II (1 μg rat) also failed to trigger oxytocin release within the SON. The analysis of oxytocin content in plasma revealed that the change in oxytocin concentration was significantly greater in i.v. MT-II injected rats compared to vehicle-injected rats. Taken together, these results show that after i.v., but not intranasal, administration of MT-II, the activity of magnocellular neurones of the SON is increased. As previous studies showed that SON oxytocin neurones are inhibited in response to direct application of melanocortin agonists, the actions of i.v. MT-II are likely to be mediated, at least in part, indirectly by activation of inputs from the caudal brainstem.

No description available.