A comparative study of the development of places of worship in Sydney was conducted primarily through the collection of data from development applications to construct or to use premises as a place of worship over a five year period from 2000-2005. The data indicated that a greater and disproportionately higher number of applications by religious minorities were rejected. The significance of the findings does not lie exclusively in identifying the likelihood of development applications gaining approval. The process of determining development applications and the impacts of the outcome of the process were also important. This is why the content of the objections raised to development applications was analysed. The underlying themes in the opposition to development applications related strongly to citizenship, particularly how the boundaries of local forms of citizenship are negotiated. In establishing places of worship religious groups seek to have their citizenship claims recognised. These citizenship claims include: the right to access, mark and use space (Dunn 2005), equality of citizenship with local residents and with other religious groups, and importantly, the right to freedom of worship. One of the main assertions made in this thesis is that by restricting access to sites that people can worship and by restricting the practice of religion, the right to freedom of worship is compromised. Churches dominate the religious landscape of Sydney. This dominance can be partially attributed to the significant levels of historical assistance from the state with the building of Churches. This included access to land, free labour, support for clergy and income support which assisted in the development of early Churches. The appropriateness of giving this type of assistance is not debated in this thesis. However, the assistance itself is significant for two main reasons. Firstly it is emblematic of the privileged relationship between the Church and the state in Australia, and secondly, it raises questions over the lack of privileges afforded to religious minorities. In responding to the question of whether secularism is likely to assist religious minorities, the establishment of places of worship demonstrates how pluralising the Church state link may be of greater utility to religious minorities than strict forms of secularism. The examination of this issue introduces the importance of an equal relationship between the state and religious groups to equality of citizenship for religious minorities. The extent to which multicultural citizenship can assist religious minorities in realising their right to freedom of worship was critically examined in this thesis. The adequacy of the institutional responses to religious diversity was assessed. This included an examination of local government, courts, the media, heritage programs and the planning profession. The planning process demonstrates how a supposedly neutral or colour-blind approach can generate uneven outcomes, which discriminate against religious minorities. The broader policy and legislative responses to religious diversity were examined in order to identify how deficiencies in the multicultural framework contributed to difficulties for religious minorities establishing places of worship.

A comparative study of the development of places of worship in Sydney was conducted primarily through the collection of data from development applications to construct or to use premises as a place of worship over a five year period from 2000-2005. The data indicated that a greater and disproportionately higher number of applications by religious minorities were rejected. The significance of the findings does not lie exclusively in identifying the likelihood of development applications gaining approval. The process of determining development applications and the impacts of the outcome of the process were also important. This is why the content of the objections raised to development applications was analysed. The underlying themes in the opposition to development applications related strongly to citizenship, particularly how the boundaries of local forms of citizenship are negotiated. In establishing places of worship religious groups seek to have their citizenship claims recognised. These citizenship claims include: the right to access, mark and use space (Dunn 2005), equality of citizenship with local residents and with other religious groups, and importantly, the right to freedom of worship. One of the main assertions made in this thesis is that by restricting access to sites that people can worship and by restricting the practice of religion, the right to freedom of worship is compromised. Churches dominate the religious landscape of Sydney. This dominance can be partially attributed to the significant levels of historical assistance from the state with the building of Churches. This included access to land, free labour, support for clergy and income support which assisted in the development of early Churches. The appropriateness of giving this type of assistance is not debated in this thesis. However, the assistance itself is significant for two main reasons. Firstly it is emblematic of the privileged relationship between the Church and the state in Australia, and secondly, it raises questions over the lack of privileges afforded to religious minorities. In responding to the question of whether secularism is likely to assist religious minorities, the establishment of places of worship demonstrates how pluralising the Church state link may be of greater utility to religious minorities than strict forms of secularism. The examination of this issue introduces the importance of an equal relationship between the state and religious groups to equality of citizenship for religious minorities. The extent to which multicultural citizenship can assist religious minorities in realising their right to freedom of worship was critically examined in this thesis. The adequacy of the institutional responses to religious diversity was assessed. This included an examination of local government, courts, the media, heritage programs and the planning profession. The planning process demonstrates how a supposedly neutral or colour-blind approach can generate uneven outcomes, which discriminate against religious minorities. The broader policy and legislative responses to religious diversity were examined in order to identify how deficiencies in the multicultural framework contributed to difficulties for religious minorities establishing places of worship.

Given the growing cultural and economic diversity of today’s students, this qualitative case study investigates how 4 social studies preservice teachers taught for critical multicultural citizenship during their student teaching semester. The tenets of critical citizenship emerge out of the intersection of critical pedagogy and multicultural education. These tenets for critical multicultural citizenship education include seeking out and challenging gaps in democracy, promoting critical reflection and consciousness, and advocating for collective action to transform institutional injustices. This case study traced perspectives held by participants about the nature of democracy and citizenship and explored how these preservice teachers enacted these views in their classroom teaching. Data collection measures included five observations, reflective journals, three interviews, and other assignments related to the participant’s student teaching coursework. Findings suggest that these participants, all preservice teachers of color, adopted views and teaching practices that aligned with critical multicultural citizenship; however, participants struggled to overcome constraints in their student teaching contexts in order to teach for this kind of citizenship. / text

El reconocimiento de los derechos indígenas en la Constitución de 1999 de Venezuela supone una tensión conceptual en la forma de concebir la ciudadanía: significa el tránsito de una ciudadanía homogénea a otra de carácter multicultural. Sin embargo, la realización de esos derechos ha encontrado dificultades prácticas relativas a la titulación de tierras, carencia de respaldo político a los intereses indígenas, conflictos con las fuerzas armadas, entre otros, que hacen perder de vista los problemas conceptuales que subyacen al reconocimiento y la construcción de ciudadanía. El objetivo de este ensayo, basado en una metodología hermenéutica y apoyada en el análisis del discurso de fuentes documentales, será exponer algunas reflexiones sobre las tensiones conceptuales que subyacen a los problemas de realización de los derechos indígenas en Venezuela en la última década, en especial aquellos relacionados con la construcción de una ciudadanía multicultural. Entre los principales hallazgos destacan la asimilación solapada y el falso reconocimiento en que ha incurrido el actual régimen institucional, y se concluye apuntando la necesidad de avanzar en una concepción intercultural para superar la mera condición multicultural de los derechos indígenas, aunado al necesario impulso de un marco democrático representativo para un genuino reconocimiento y ciudadanía plena. / The recognition of indigenous rights in the Constitution of Venezuela 1999 represents a conceptual tension in the way of conceiving the citizenship: means transit of a homogeneous citizenship to other multicultural character. However, the realization of those rights has found practical difficulties relating to land titling, lack of political backing for indigenous interests, conflicts with the armed forces, among others, that do lose sight of the conceptual problems underlying the recognition and the construction of citizenship. The aim of this trial, based on a hermeneutic methodology and supported in discourse analysis of documentary sources, will be present some reflections on conceptual tensions that underlie problems of realization of indigenous rights in Venezuela in the last decade, in particular those related to the construction of a multicultural citizenship.The main findings include overlapping assimilation and false recognition that has incurred the current institutional regime and we conclude pointing the need to move forward in an intercultural concept to surpass mere multicultural condition of indigenous rights coupled with the necessary impulse of a representative democratic framework for a genuine recognition and full citizenship.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa de mestrado baseada na busca de esclarecimentos acerca dos possíveis significados que os conceitos de cidadania e de cidadão podem manifestar. No desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, inspirada numa concepção de terapia filosófica de cunho wittgeinsteiniano, considerou-se que os sentidos atribuídos ao conceito de cidadania estariam vinculados a situações de uso deste conceito e que somente nestas situações de uso seus diferentes significados poderiam ser compreendidos. Assim, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir da análise de discursos extraídos de dois ambientes diversos. O primeiro grupo de discursos foi extraído de um ambiente correlato ao senso-comum (discursos veiculados em sites da internet e coletados em dezembro de 2008). O segundo grupo de discursos foi coletado em periódicos acadêmicos da área pedagógica veiculados entre janeiro de 1997 e dezembro de 2007; os periódicos pesquisados foram: Cadernos Cedes (UNICAMP), Cadernos de Pesquisa (Fundação Carlos Chagas) e Educação e Pesquisa (USP). A partir das análises desses discursos, verificou-se as semelhanças e as diferenças que aproximavam ou distanciavam os significados atribuídos ao conceito de cidadania em cada um deles. A partir da reflexão proporcionada pela verificação dessas aproximações e distanciamentos, pelas amostras de discursos analisados, descobrimos que é possível significar o conceito de cidadania a partir de, pelo menos, duas perspectivas: uma perspectiva que foi chamada de cidadania clássica e outra perspectiva que foi chamada de cidadania multicultural. Assim, os discursos coletados como exemplos puderam ser classificados em três diferentes grupos: um grupo de discursos atrelados a uma concepção de cidadania clássica, outro grupo de discursos atrelados a uma concepção de cidadania multicultural e, por fim, um terceiro grupo de discursos classificados como híbridos pelo fato de que, de alguma maneira, transitavam ou procuravam lidar com os pressupostos ou reivindicações de ambos os tipos de cidadanias, com implicações para as propostas correlatas de uma educação para a cidadania. / This M.A thesis presents research based on the search for enlightenment regarding the possible meanings that the concepts of citizenship and citizen may manifest. In the development of this research, inspired by a Wittgensteinian conception of philosophical therapy, it was assumed that the meanings attributed to the concept of citizenship would be bound to situations in which this concept is used, and that its different meanings could be understood only in these situations. Therefore, the research was developed based on the analysis of discourses extracted from two diverse environments. The first group of discourses was extracted from common sense-like sources (discourses published on web sites, collected in December, 2008). The second group of discourses was collected from pedagogical academic journals, published between January, 1997 and December, 2007. The journals were: Cadernos Cedes (UNICAMP), Cadernos de Pesquisa (Fundação Carlos Chagas), and Educação e Pesquisa (USP). The analyses of these discourses pointed at similarities and differences which brought together or kept away the meanings attributed to the concept of citizenship in each of them. Based on the aforementioned material, it is arguable that it is possible to signify the concept of citizenship from at least two perspectives, here named classic citizenship and multicultural citizenship. As a consequence, the discourses in the corpus could be classified into three different groups: the first connected to the concept of classic citizenship; the second to the multicultural one; and a third hybrid group. The third group was called hybrid because its discourses were in between assumptions and claims of the other two groups, or at least tried to address them, with implications for their proposals of citizenship education.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa de mestrado baseada na busca de esclarecimentos acerca dos possíveis significados que os conceitos de cidadania e de cidadão podem manifestar. No desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, inspirada numa concepção de terapia filosófica de cunho wittgeinsteiniano, considerou-se que os sentidos atribuídos ao conceito de cidadania estariam vinculados a situações de uso deste conceito e que somente nestas situações de uso seus diferentes significados poderiam ser compreendidos. Assim, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir da análise de discursos extraídos de dois ambientes diversos. O primeiro grupo de discursos foi extraído de um ambiente correlato ao senso-comum (discursos veiculados em sites da internet e coletados em dezembro de 2008). O segundo grupo de discursos foi coletado em periódicos acadêmicos da área pedagógica veiculados entre janeiro de 1997 e dezembro de 2007; os periódicos pesquisados foram: Cadernos Cedes (UNICAMP), Cadernos de Pesquisa (Fundação Carlos Chagas) e Educação e Pesquisa (USP). A partir das análises desses discursos, verificou-se as semelhanças e as diferenças que aproximavam ou distanciavam os significados atribuídos ao conceito de cidadania em cada um deles. A partir da reflexão proporcionada pela verificação dessas aproximações e distanciamentos, pelas amostras de discursos analisados, descobrimos que é possível significar o conceito de cidadania a partir de, pelo menos, duas perspectivas: uma perspectiva que foi chamada de cidadania clássica e outra perspectiva que foi chamada de cidadania multicultural. Assim, os discursos coletados como exemplos puderam ser classificados em três diferentes grupos: um grupo de discursos atrelados a uma concepção de cidadania clássica, outro grupo de discursos atrelados a uma concepção de cidadania multicultural e, por fim, um terceiro grupo de discursos classificados como híbridos pelo fato de que, de alguma maneira, transitavam ou procuravam lidar com os pressupostos ou reivindicações de ambos os tipos de cidadanias, com implicações para as propostas correlatas de uma educação para a cidadania. / This M.A thesis presents research based on the search for enlightenment regarding the possible meanings that the concepts of citizenship and citizen may manifest. In the development of this research, inspired by a Wittgensteinian conception of philosophical therapy, it was assumed that the meanings attributed to the concept of citizenship would be bound to situations in which this concept is used, and that its different meanings could be understood only in these situations. Therefore, the research was developed based on the analysis of discourses extracted from two diverse environments. The first group of discourses was extracted from common sense-like sources (discourses published on web sites, collected in December, 2008). The second group of discourses was collected from pedagogical academic journals, published between January, 1997 and December, 2007. The journals were: Cadernos Cedes (UNICAMP), Cadernos de Pesquisa (Fundação Carlos Chagas), and Educação e Pesquisa (USP). The analyses of these discourses pointed at similarities and differences which brought together or kept away the meanings attributed to the concept of citizenship in each of them. Based on the aforementioned material, it is arguable that it is possible to signify the concept of citizenship from at least two perspectives, here named classic citizenship and multicultural citizenship. As a consequence, the discourses in the corpus could be classified into three different groups: the first connected to the concept of classic citizenship; the second to the multicultural one; and a third hybrid group. The third group was called hybrid because its discourses were in between assumptions and claims of the other two groups, or at least tried to address them, with implications for their proposals of citizenship education.

I evaluate Will Kymlicka’s theory of multiculturalism in Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, and how it accounts for Indigenous nations in Canada. I ask whether any failures of multiculturalism can be attributed to either the normative or descriptive claims of his theory. I find points of failure in both claims, depending on the theme in question. Chapter 1 introduces the project and outlines subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 presents an account of Kymlicka’s multiculturalism (including why I chose Kymlicka’s framework as my focus) and the guiding questions of the thesis. Chapter 3 presents major legislation, policy, and jurisprudence in Canada concerning Indigenous nations and multiculturalism in practice. Chapter 4 examines four major claims or themes found in Chapter 2 against the material in Chapter 3: citizenship in Indigenous nations; the characterization of treaties; exercising group-differentiated rights, and; the Canadian state’s exercise of authority over Indigenous nations.

The study sought to uncover the constitution of migrant women's agency as they rebuild their lives in Australia, and to explore how contact with any publicly funded services might influence the capacity to be self determining subjects. The thesis used a framework of lifeworld theories (Bourdieu, Schutz, Giddens), materialist, trans-national feminist and post colonial writings, and a methodological approach based on critical hermeneutics (Ricoeur), feminist standpoint and decolonising theories. Thirty in depth interviews were carried out with 6 women migrating from each of 5 regions: Vietnam, Lebanon, the Horn of Africa, the former Soviet Union and the Philippines. Australian based immigration literature constituted the third corner of triangulation. The interviews were carried out through an exploration of themes format, eliciting data about the different ontological and epistemological assumptions of the cultures of origin. The findings revealed not only the women's remarkable tenacity and resilience as creative agents, but also the indispensability of Australia's publicly funded infrastructure or welfare state. The women were mostly privileged in terms of class, education and affirming relationships with males. Nevertheless, their self determination depended on contact with universal public policies, programs and with local community services. The welfare state seems to be modernity's means for re-establishing human connectedness that is the crux of the human condition. Connecting with fellow Australians in friendships and neighbourliness was also important in resettlement. Conclusions include a policy discussion in agreement with Australian and international scholars proposing that there is no alternative but for governments to invest in a welfare state for the civil societies and knowledge based economies of the 21st Century.