Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2007. / [School of Medicine] Department of Neurosciences. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Most of genes contained in a genome have been shown to exist in forms of families; however, little is known about their variation and evolution during the course of genome evolution. The present study shows that the numbers of the genes of the NBS-LRR-encoding gene family vary extremely significantly among different lines or cultivars of a species and among related species from the same genus. This suggests that plant genetics and evolution depend on not only gene sequence variation, but also the number of genes in multigene families. This study has further revealed that the variation of number of genes in the gene family in the Gossypium species is affected significantly not only by genome size variation, polyploidization and natural selection, but also by domestication/breeding. There is a positive correlation (P less than or equal to 0.05) between genome size and number of genes in the family, suggesting that species with larger genomes tend to have more NBS-LRR-encoding genes. It was observed that natural polyploids have significantly larger numbers of genes in the family and larger genomes than the artificial polyploids of their putative diploid ancestors. This indicates that polyploidization, perhaps post-polyploidization as well, either led to the loss of the genes in a gene family or slowed the process of gene number increase after polyploidization. It was shown that cultivated cottons have significantly more NBSLRR- encoding genes than wild species at both diploid and polyploidy levels. This result indicates that plant breeding likely allows accumulation of NBS-LRR-encoding genes that potentially provide resistance to pathogens. Therefore, plant breeders have selected not only for favorable alleles and favorable allele combinations, but also for the number of genes. Finally, difference (P less than or equal to 0.001) was found in number of genes in the NBS-LRR-encoding gene family among the species native to different geographical regions, suggesting that natural selection has played an important role in the variation in number of genes in the NBS-LRR-encoding gene family. The gene members that are favorable for fitness at the time are selected and accumulated in the genomes, but those that are not favorable for fitness at the time are lost in natural selection. As this is the first study in the field, further studies remain. These include, but not limited to, the universality of the findings in plants and animals, the universality of the findings in different gene families, genetics of the gene family size variation, relationship between the gene family size variation and phenotypic variation, gene family size variation and breeding, etc. Nevertheless, the findings obtained from this study are sufficient to shed light on many fundamental questions in biology, diversity and complexity of plants and animals.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1989. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-124).

Thesis (Ph.D. in Bioinformatics) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-150). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Orientadores: Michel Georges Albert Vincentz, Renato Vicentini dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T15:28:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DelBem_LuizEduardoVieira_D.pdf: 43647659 bytes, checksum: cc24ef3c44baab981cbc66519b37ce4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O sequenciamento de um número crescente de genomas completos tem transformado a biologia. Mais especificamente, no campo da biologia evolutiva, tem se tornado possível endereçar perguntas centrais sobre o funcionamento ultimato dos mecanismos de transformação genética, com potencial impacto em todos os campos da biologia, assim como na filosofia. Esta tese está dividida em dois aspectos importantes da evolução de genomas: o processo de duplicação e fixação de genes duplicados, que é a base do surgimento de famílias multigênicas, e a evolução de redes de regulação, que determinam as relações de causalidade nos processos celulares. Os dois aspectos se relacionam à evolução da complexidade, tanto no que tange o conteúdo gênico dos seres vivos quanto nas interações mecanistica entre os genes via seus produtos (RNAs e proteínas basicamente). No primeiro aspecto abordamos a evolução de dois mecanismos biológicos que depende da ação integrada entre proteínas de famílias distintas: o mecanismo de síntese e degradação do polissacarídeo de parede celular xiloglucano, e o ciclo das chaperonas calreticulina/calnexina envolvidas no controle de qualidade de proteínas sintetizadas no retículo endoplasmático. Nossos trabalhos mostraram que uma forma primordial de xiloglucano, mais simples, surgiu antes da conquista do meio terrestre pela linhagem das plantas, ao contrário do que se imaginava, e que o ciclo calreticulina/calnexina é produto da subfuncionalização em eucariotos basais de uma chaperona ancestral, além do surgimento de funções específicas na família da calreticulina em plantas terrestres. O interesse em evolução de famílias multigênicas nos levou a desenvolver um método (Phylexpress) para análise de ortologia em larga escala, bem como permitir a integração de dados de expressão na tentativa de entender a dinâmica evolutiva da expressão gênica em famílias multigênicas. Utilizamos nosso método para revisitar o conteúdo gênico dos ESTs públicos de cana-de-açúcar, como prova de conceito, numa análise comparativa com o proteoma predito de sorgo. Nossos resultados mostram uma cobertura em termos de ortólogos para apenas ~58% do proteoma predito de sorgo em contrates com estimativas anteriores, com métodos mais simples, que chegaram a 90% do proteoma hipotético de cana. Para abordar a dinâmica evolutiva de redes de regulação, realizamos medições, em escala genômica, das alterações nos níveis de mRNAs de plântulas de sorgo e arroz em resposta a tratamentos de curta duração (2hrs) com sinais exógenos de ABA (hormônio vegetal) e dos açúcares glicose e sacarose. Utilizamos dados públicos e experimentalmente comparáveis de Arabidopsis thaliana em resposta aos mesmos sinais para realizar comparações que revelassem respostas conservadas ou divergentes entre ortólogos. Além disso, buscamos entender a dinâmica evolutiva das respostas transcricionais num contexto de duplicação gênica em famílias multigênicas, onde há diversos genes potencialmente redundantes do ponto de vista bioquímico/estrutural. Nossa abordagem sugere que redes de regulação gênica em eucariotos complexos evoluem majoritariamente de forma neutra, pois parecem apresentar uma taxa de divergência constante, que independe da rede (disparada por cada um dos diferentes sinais) e das espécies envolvidas. Nossos dados são complementares e potencialmente confirmadores de modelos recentes de evolução não-adaptativa em redes de regulação gênica. Concluímos que a evolução da complexidade em sistemas biológicos está parcialmente ligada à diminuição da eficiência da seleção, causada majoritariamente por números populacionais efetivos restritivos presentes nas linhagens de eucariotos complexos (vertebrados e plantas terrestres) / Abstract: The availability of complete sequences of a growing number of genomes is transforming biology. More specifically, in the field of evolutionary biology, it became possible to address central questions on the ultimate mechanisms underlying genetic changes. It has a broad impact on biology and philosophy as well. This thesis deals with two important aspects of genome evolution: the process of gene duplication and fixation of duplicated genes, which is the basis of the origins of multigenic families, and the evolution of genetic regulatory networks that determines the causality of the cellular processes. Both aspects are related to the evolution of complexity regarding the gene content of living forms and the mechanistic interaction between the gene products (mainly RNAs and proteins). In the first aspect we studied the evolution of two biological mechanisms depending on the integrated function of proteins from distinct families. The mechanism of synthesis and remobilization of xyloglucan, a plant cell wall polysaccharide, and the calreticulin/calnexin cycle of protein folding that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our work showed that a primordial form of xyloglucan already existed before the land conquest by plants. We propose that the calreticulin/calnexin cycle is the product of subfuncionalization of an ancestral eukaryotic chaperone, and plants evolved specific calreticulin functions due to gene duplication. Our interest in the evolution of multigenic families impelled the development of Phylexpress, a method dedicated to large-scale orthology analyses. It can integrate expression data in the context of multigenic families with the goal of understand the evolutionary dynamics of gene expression. We used Phylexpress to revisit the gene content of the publicly available sugarcane ESTs as a proof of concept. Our results showed that the ESTs sampled orthologs for just ~58% of the predict sorghum proteome, in contrast with previous estimations acconting for 90% of the hypotethical sugarcane proteome. In order to approach the evolutionary dynamics of regulatory networks, we measured global changes in gene expression of sorghum and rice plantlets in response to short-term treatments (2hrs) with exogenous ABA (plant hormone) and the sugars glucose and sucrose. We took public data from comparable experiments using Arabidopsis thaliana in order to unravel conserved and divergent responses across orthologs. Furthermore, we analyzed the evolutionary change in transcriptional responses in a context of gene duplications in multigenic families, leading to a set of potentially redundant genes in terms of biochemical/structural properties. Our approach suggests that gene regulatory networks in complex eukaryotes evolve mainly neutrally, in a constant rate that is independent of the analyzed network (triggered by each one of the signals) and the species. Our data is complementary and potentially confirmatory of recent models of nonadaptive evolution in regulatory networks. We concluded that the evolution of the complexity in biological systems is partially connected to the attenuation of the efficiency, mainly due to low effective population sizes present in the lineages that gave rise to complex eukaryotes (vertebrates and land plants) / Doutorado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Babesia canis est un hémoparasite du phylum des Apicomplexes transmis par la morsure de tique et responsable de la piroplasmose canine en Europe. Dans la perspective de développer un vaccin recombinant, nous avons réalisé deux études visant à mieux comprendre les interactions hôte/parasite au cours du cycle érythrocytaire. Nous avons étudié d'une part le rôle des antigènes parasitaires solubles (APS) dans le déclenchement des signes cliniques et d'autre part celui de l'antigène Bc28.2 codé par la famille multigénique Bc28 dans les mécanismes d'échappement à l'hôte.Les APS de B. canis induisent une réponse protectrice anti-maladie chez les chiens vaccinés. Toutefois, leur rôle exact dans la pathogénèse reste à définir. Contrairement à ce qui est décrit dans la pathogenèse à B. bovis, nos analyses réfutent l'hypothèse qu'ils pourraient agir sur le système kallicréine-kinine plasmatique. Par contre elles suggèrent, pour la première fois chez le genre Babesia, un rôle direct des APS dans le déclenchement précoce de la réponse inflammatoire observée au cours de la pathogenèse.De part leur fonction essentielle dans la survie parasitaire, les antigènes localisés à la surface de l'érythrocyte (rôle dans l'agglutination des hématies parasitées) ou des mérozoïtes (rôle dans l'invasion) sont de bons candidats vaccins. Cependant et probablement dans une perspective d'échappement à l'hôte, ils sont codés par des familles multigéniques. Chez B. canis, la famille multigénique Bc28 contient le gène Bc28.1 qui code pour un antigène à ancrage GPI préalablement caractérisé à la surface du mérozoïte. Nous montrons qu'un autre gène, désigné Bc28.2 (plusieurs copies dans le génome) contient 2 cadres de lecture chevauchant et serait capable d'exprimer des antigènes polymorphes de 28 kDa et 50 kDa par un mécanisme de recodage traductionnel +1. De façon originale, ces protéines seraient localisées non pas à la surface des mérozoïtes mais à la surface des hématies parasitées. / Babesia canis is an apicomplexan haemoparasite transmitted by tick bite and responsible of canine babesiosis in Europe. Understanding host/parasite relationships during the erythrocytic cycle is crucial for further development of a recombinant vaccine. In that way, the role of soluble parasite antigens (SPA) in the onset of clinical signs and the role of Bc28.2 antigen (encoded by the B. canis Bc28 multigene family) in host evading process were investigated.B. canis-derived SPA induce a protective anti-disease immunity in vaccinated dogs but their precise role during the pathogenesis remains unknown. In contrast to B. bovis, our analysis disproved the hypothesis that B. canis SPA could act on the plasma kallikrein-kinin system. However they strongly suggest, for the first time in the genus Babesia, a direct role of these SPA in the onset of the inflammatory response which is early observed during pathogenesis. Because of their essential function in the parasite survival, antigens located on the surface of infected erythrocyte (role in agglutination of erythrocytes) or on the surface of merozoites (role in the invasion) are good vaccine candidates.However, and probably for host evading, they are encoded by multigene families. In B. canis, the Bc28 multigene family contains the Bc28.1 gene that encodes for a GPI-anchored antigen previously characterized on the merozoite surface. We demonstrated here, that another gene designated Bc28.2, is multicopy and composed of two overlapping open reading frames (Orf1 and Orf2). It allows, though +1 programmed ribosomal frameshift, expression of polymorphic antigens of 28 kDa and 50 kDa. Unexpectedly, these proteins seem localized on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes, suggesting they play a crucial function in evading host through agglutination process of infected erythrocytes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 6, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.