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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is known as a valuable diagnostic tool for physicians as well as a research tool for biochemists. In addition to hydrogen (which is the most abundant atom with nuclear magnetic resonance capability), other species (such as 31P or 13C) are used as well, to obtain certain information such as metabolite concentrations in neural or muscular tissues. However, this requires nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transmitter/receivers (coils) capable of operating at multiple frequencies, while maintaining a good performance at each frequency. The objective of this work is to discuss various design approaches used for second-nuclei RF (radio frequency) coils, and to analyze the performance of a particular design, which includes using inductor-capacitor (LC) trap circuits on a 31P coil. The method can be easily applied to other nuclei. The main advantage of this trapping method is the enabling design of second-nuclei coils that are insertable into standard proton coils, maintaining a near-optimum performance for both nuclei. This capability is particularly applicable as MRI field strengths increase and the use of specialized proton coils becomes more prevalent. A thorough performance analysis shows the benefit of this method over other designs, which usually impose a significant signal-to-noise (SNR) sacrifice on one of the nuclei. A methodology based on a modular coil configuration was implemented, which allowed for optimization of LC trap decoupling as well as performance analysis. The 31P coil was used in conjunction with various standard 1H coil configurations (surface/volume/array), using the trap design to overcome the coupling problem (degraded SNR performance) mentioned above. An analytical model was developed and guidelines on trap design were provided to help optimize sensitivity. The performance was analyzed with respect to the untrapped case, using RF bench measurements as well as data obtained from the NMR scanner. Insertability of this coil design was then verified by using it with general-purpose proton coils available. Phantoms were built to mimic the phosphorus content normally found in biologic tissues in order to verify applicability of this coil for in vivo studies. The contribution of this work lies in the quantification of general design parameters to enable “insertable” second-nuclei coils, in terms of the effects on SNR and resonance frequency of a given proton coil.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis typical homogeneous and dendritic immobilized catalysts derived from salicylaldimines were investigated as catalysts for the oxidation of hydrocarbons using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant under aerobic conditions. This research work thus describes the synthesis of several new N-(aryl)salicylaldimines as well as peripheral functionalised salicylaldimine poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers. The dendritic ligands were obtained by modifying the peripheral groups of Generation 1 and Generation 2 poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer, (DAB-(NH2)n) which are commercially available. Both types of ligands were utilized to synthesize Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes using appropriate acetate salts. The ligands systems and metal complexes prepared were fully characterized using a range of physical techniques. The Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes were evaluated as catalysts for the oxidation of phenol and cyclohexene using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant under an oxygen atmosphere. The catalytic oxidation of phenol to the dihydroxybenzenes, catechol (CT) and hydroquinone (HQ), was investigated in aqueous media at various pH values. All the complexes investigated were active for the hydroxylation process producing CT as major product. The pH of the reaction medium was found to have much more of an influence on the activity and product selectivity of the Co(II) complexes as compared to the case for the Cu(II) complexes. All the catalysts investigated were also found to exhibit good activity for the oxidation of cyclohexene producing predominantly the allylic oxidation products 2-cyclohexene-1-one and 2-cyclohexene-1-ol. However the formation of the epoxide, cyclohexene oxide was also observed as minor product or in trace quantities. It was found that the cobalt catalysts produced 2-cyclohexene-1-one as major product, however higher levels of 2-cyclohexene- 1-ol was produced by all catalysts in catalytic runs where the oxidant to substrate ratio was reduced and when the metal loading was increased. In the case of the copper catalysts 2- cyclohexene-1-ol was produce in slightly higher levels than 2-cyclohexene-1-one.

The synthetic utility of nitrile-stabilized carbanions as reactive intermediates for selective carbon-carbon bond formation has prompted numerous studies toward characterization of the solution structure of these nucleophiles. In hopes of eventually gaining a better understanding of the structural properties which may mediate reactivity and selectivity, researchers have designed elegant structure elucidation strategies. These studies have offered key advancements toward the characterization of these intermediates; however, contradictory evidence has hindered unambiguous structural determination—particularly for lithiated benzylic nitriles in low dielectric, ethereal media. Chapter 1 of this dissertation presents a review of the synthetic utility of metalated nitriles and the spectroscopic and computational techniques employed to characterize their solution structure. Also reviewed herein are the controversial determinations drawn from these efforts. The research and data which follow in Chapters 2 and 3 focus on resolution of the conflicting structural determinations drawn from multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and vibrational (IR and Raman) spectroscopy. Employing a strategy to slow the lithium-nitrogen exchange rate in low dielectric media, new 7Li, 31P, and 15N NMR spectroscopic evidence (with support from computational modeling) lead us to amend our previous assessments and propose that lithiated arylacetonitriles adopt an aggregated triple-ion structure in THF/hexane with sub-stoichiometric HMPA. Due to the limitations of computer resources and the effect of non-linear scaling, theoretical modeling of aggregated and solvated lithiated benzylic nitriles became impractical at the 6-31+G(d) basis set. These limitations led to the use and comparative analysis of two alternative basis sets for the DFT analysis of lithiated benzylic nitrile derivatives' 6-31(+LiX)G(d) and 6-31â +â G(d). Defined upon the principal of resonance stabilization, these basis sets were constructed by application of varying levels of computational theory on a per-atom basis. By applying higher levels of theory only to the atoms most intimately involved in the electronic distribution, "accurate" replacement models for 6-31+G(d) structures were obtained with considerable savings in computational resources. This study in basis set economy is detailed fully within Chapters 4 and 5. / Ph. D.

Les benzoxaboroles (qui sont les dérivés cycliques des acides boroniques) s’imposent comme une nouvelle classe de molécules intéressantes, pour la formulation de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques (notamment avec la commercialisation de l’AN2690, dérivé fluoré du benzoxaborole, en tant qu’antifongique), tout comme la formation de matériaux fonctionnels. A ce jour, il n’y a pas eu de mise au point de synthèse systématique de petites molécules benzoxaboroles multivalentes, limitant ainsi leur utilisation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, différentes approches de synthèse ont été développées et ont permis l’obtention de 12 nouveaux composés bi- ou tri-valents. La principale réactivité de ces composés est leur capacité à complexer les cis-diols. Étant donné que la force de l’interaction est dépendante de la nature du substrat, il est important de pouvoir l’analyser en détail. La complexation entre les benzoxaboroles avec les diols est généralement réalisée par la méthode spectrofluorimétrique qui est controversée, particulièrement dans le cas des molécules organoborées multivalentes. Pour analyser en détail la stœchiométrie de ces complexations, une méthode RMN multinucléaire en solution a ici été développée. Les composés bi- ou tri-valents ont ensuite été testés en tant qu’agent thérapeutique. En effet, récemment, l’activité d’inhibition contre l’anhydrase carbonique de motifs benzoxaboroles monovalents a été discutée dans la littérature. La multivalence nos molécules pouvant être un avantage, leur constante d’inhibition contre l’anhydrase carbonique ont été mesurées. Enfin, dans un tout autre domaine, la réactivité avec les diols et la multivalence de nos composés ont été mises en avant par la formation de nouveaux complexes moléculaires. / Benzoxaboroles (which are cyclic derivates of boronic acids) are emerging as an interesting class of molecules for the design of news therapeutic agents (in particular with the commercialization of AN2690, which is a fluorinated derivative of benzoxaborole, as an antifungal agent), as well as for the formation of functional materials. However, to date, only few syntheses of small molecules of multivalent benzoxaborole have been described in the literature. In this thesis, different approaches were explored to isolate 12 new bi- or tri-valent benzoxaboroles. The main reactivity of these compounds is their ability to bind to cis-diols. Given that the strength of interaction between an organoboron molecule and a diol depends on the nature of the interacting counterparts, it is important to be able to measure it in detail. The complexation between benzoxaboroles and cis-diols is usually studied by a spectrofluorimetric method, which is controversial, especially in the case of multivalent benzoxaboroles. To analyse in detail the stoichiometry of these complexation, a multinuclear NMR method in solution was developed in this thesis. The di- or tri-valent benzoxaboroles were then tested as therapeutic agents. Indeed, recently, the activity of monovalent benzoxaborole against carbonic anhydrases was discussed in the literature. Since the multivalence of our molecules could be a benefit, the measurement of their inhibition constants against carbonic anhydrases was performed. Finally, in a completely different type of application, their reactivity toward cis-diols and their multivalence was put forward to create new complexes.

This thesis describes the synthesis, structure, equilibriaand other properties of novel thallium(III) monomeric andplatinum-bonded complexes with nitrogen donor ligandsethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine,porphyrin, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline in solutionand in solid. The existence of three complexes withthe general formula[Tl(en)n]3+(n = 1-3) and their overall stability constantshave been established in pyridine. All three complexes wereidentified by their205Tl and1H NMR chemical shifts and205Tl-1H coupling constants. The formation process of thecomplexes was followed by1H NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of[Tl(en)3](ClO4)3was determined; the thallium(III) ion isN-coordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry. Two [Tl(dien)n]3+(n = 1-2) complexes were proved to exist insolution and the structure of the bis-complex [Tl(dien)2]2+inu-facialisomers was determined in solid. In addition,crystal structures of [Tl(en)2CN](ClO4)2with cyanide bridging between two Tl(en)2units forming an infinite chain structure and of[Tl(tren)2(CN)2](ClO4) with a distorted pseudo-octahedral coordinationaround thallium were determined. Thallium(III) complexes with2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline have been studied inDMSO using205Tl,13C and1H NMR spectroscopy. In addition, aseven-coordinated thallium was found in the crystal structureof [Tl(bipy)3(dmso)](ClO4)3, and six-coordinated thallium in pseudo-octahedralgeometry in [Tl(phen)2Cl2](ClO4). The solvated complex [Tl(dmso)6]3+has been prepared using concentrated aqueoussolution of Tl(ClO4)3by a solvent replacement reaction in DMSO, and thewater-free solid compound [Tl(dmso)6](ClO4)3was crystallized from DMSO. The structure of thecomplex [Tl(dmso)6]3+is a regular octahedron with the Tl-O bonddistance 2.224(3) Å. It represents an easy and secure wayto introduce water-free Tl(III) into organic phase withoutreduction. Through several reactions, novel heteronuclear Pt-Tlcomplexes with the composition [(NC)5Pt-Tl(tpp)]2-, [(NC)5Pt-Tl(thpp)]2-, [(NC)5Pt-Tl(bipy)n](n = 1-2), [(NC)5Pt-Tl(en)n-1](n = 1-3) and [(NC)5Pt-Tl(phen)n](n = 1-2), have been synthesized in solution.Multinuclear NMR (195Pt,205Tl,13C and1H), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction dataare fully compatible with formation of unsupported Pt-Tl bondedcomplexes both in solution and in solid. The huge1J(195Pt-205Tl) spin-spin coupling constants (48-66 kHz) wereobserved by both195Pt and205Tl NMR spectroscopy in solution and they providea strong evidence of formation of the Pt-Tl bond in solution.In all six determined crystal structures of the Pt-Tl compoundsa very short Pt-Tl bond is found with distances2.6117(5)-2.6375(5) Å. The calculated values of Pt-Tlforce constants (1.38-1.91 N/cm) are characteristic for asingle metal-metal bond. In the Pt-Tl compounds, the oxidation state of the metalions is intermediate between the stable states PtII/PtIVand TlIII/TlI, respectively, and this is reflected by their195Pt and205Tl chemical shifts. It turns out that N-donorligands can really stabilize the Pt-Tl bond both in solutionand in solid. The character of the metal-metal bond anditstheoretical basis are discussed. <b>Keywords:</b>Thallium, Platinum, Cyanide, N-donor ligand,Metal-metal bond, Multinuclear NMR, Raman spectroscopy, X-raydiffraction, Equilibrium, Spin-spin coupling.

<p>This thesis describes the synthesis, structure, equilibriaand other properties of novel thallium(III) monomeric andplatinum-bonded complexes with nitrogen donor ligandsethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine,porphyrin, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline in solutionand in solid.</p><p>The existence of three complexes withthe general formula[Tl(en)_n]³⁺(n = 1-3) and their overall stability constantshave been established in pyridine. All three complexes wereidentified by their²⁰⁵Tl and¹H NMR chemical shifts and²⁰⁵Tl-¹H coupling constants. The formation process of thecomplexes was followed by¹H NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of[Tl(en)₃](ClO₄)₃was determined; the thallium(III) ion isN-coordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry. Two [Tl(dien)_n]³⁺(n = 1-2) complexes were proved to exist insolution and the structure of the bis-complex [Tl(dien)₂]²⁺in<i>u-facial</i>isomers was determined in solid. In addition,crystal structures of [Tl(en)₂CN](ClO₄)₂with cyanide bridging between two Tl(en)₂units forming an infinite chain structure and of[Tl(tren)₂(CN)₂](ClO₄) with a distorted pseudo-octahedral coordinationaround thallium were determined. Thallium(III) complexes with2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline have been studied inDMSO using²⁰⁵Tl,¹³C and¹H NMR spectroscopy. In addition, aseven-coordinated thallium was found in the crystal structureof [Tl(bipy)₃(dmso)](ClO₄)₃, and six-coordinated thallium in pseudo-octahedralgeometry in [Tl(phen)₂Cl₂](ClO₄).</p><p>The solvated complex [Tl(dmso)₆]³⁺has been prepared using concentrated aqueoussolution of Tl(ClO₄)₃by a solvent replacement reaction in DMSO, and thewater-free solid compound [Tl(dmso)₆](ClO₄)₃was crystallized from DMSO. The structure of thecomplex [Tl(dmso)₆]³⁺is a regular octahedron with the Tl-O bonddistance 2.224(3) Å. It represents an easy and secure wayto introduce water-free Tl(III) into organic phase withoutreduction.</p><p>Through several reactions, novel heteronuclear Pt-Tlcomplexes with the composition [(NC)₅Pt-Tl(tpp)]^2-, [(NC)₅Pt-Tl(thpp)]^2-, [(NC)₅Pt-Tl(bipy)_n](n = 1-2), [(NC)₅Pt-Tl(en)_n-1](n = 1-3) and [(NC)₅Pt-Tl(phen)_n](n = 1-2), have been synthesized in solution.Multinuclear NMR (¹⁹⁵Pt,²⁰⁵Tl,¹³C and¹H), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction dataare fully compatible with formation of unsupported Pt-Tl bondedcomplexes both in solution and in solid. The huge¹J(¹⁹⁵Pt-²⁰⁵Tl) spin-spin coupling constants (48-66 kHz) wereobserved by both¹⁹⁵Pt and²⁰⁵Tl NMR spectroscopy in solution and they providea strong evidence of formation of the Pt-Tl bond in solution.In all six determined crystal structures of the Pt-Tl compoundsa very short Pt-Tl bond is found with distances2.6117(5)-2.6375(5) Å. The calculated values of Pt-Tlforce constants (1.38-1.91 N/cm) are characteristic for asingle metal-metal bond.</p><p>In the Pt-Tl compounds, the oxidation state of the metalions is intermediate between the stable states Pt^II/Pt^IVand Tl^III/Tl^I, respectively, and this is reflected by their¹⁹⁵Pt and²⁰⁵Tl chemical shifts. It turns out that N-donorligands can really stabilize the Pt-Tl bond both in solutionand in solid. The character of the metal-metal bond anditstheoretical basis are discussed.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Thallium, Platinum, Cyanide, N-donor ligand,Metal-metal bond, Multinuclear NMR, Raman spectroscopy, X-raydiffraction, Equilibrium, Spin-spin coupling.</p>

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23715号 / 理博第4805号 / 新制||理||1688(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 竹腰 清乃理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18298号 / 工博第3890号 / 新制||工||1597(附属図書館) / 31156 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 山子 茂, 教授 中條 善樹, 教授 村田 靖次郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM